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EN
The aim of this article is to present and analyse the original files and parchment diplomas of the Poor Clares of Gniezno as regards office practice, including the methods of authenticating documents in the monastery and the degree of literacy of the nuns themselves. The documents are held by the Archdiocese Archives in Gniezno. The material and topical division of archives was also presented. The query covered parchment diplomas from the Gniezno Diplomas collection and documents from loose files kept in the AKM – A Cap section. The loose files - are over 2,500 units and over 4,000 cards. 161 originals were selected, including three parchment diplomas. All of them are included in the Appendix. Documents were authenticated by signatures and/or stamping a seal by paper or on paper. Two types have survived – one with a pointed-oval shape, indicating the medieval provenance of the seal, which has analogies to the well-known stamps of other female monasteries, e.g. Poor Clares in Skala and Cracow. The second type is a round stamp that began to appear on documents from the second decade of the 18th century. The dominant language is Polish, moreover, there are individual files written in Latin – mainly letters to clergy, but also to laypeople. Eight material categories were distinguished: contracts – the largest part of the collection – 77, settlements – 25, postings – 16, letters – 11, confirmations – 8, certificates – 7, permits – 7, others – 10. They were authenticated by 31 abbesses. In the 17th century, two superiors prepared individual files themselves, because we are dealing with the identification of hands thanks to their signatures. On the other hand, there are seven such cases in the next century, and one in the 19th century. In addition, two documents were prepared by a sister who served as a secretary in the first half of the 18th century, and one by a regular nun in 1762. It should be assumed that the remaining documents came from the hand of public writers, prosecutors of the monastery of the Poor Clares or Franciscans from the nearby Gniezno convent, with which the sisters maintained – as is clear from the records of monastics and provinces – good relations.
PL
Celem artykułu jest prezentacja oraz analiza oryginalnych akt i dyplomów pergaminowych klarysek gnieźnieńskich znajdujących się w zasobie Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie pod kątem praktyki kancelaryjnej wypracowanej przez stulecia w klasztorze. Przedmiotem zainteresowania był także sposób uwierzytelniania dokumentów oraz problematyka piśmienności samych zakonnic. Kwerendą objęto dyplomy pergaminowe ze zbioru Dyplomy Gnieźnieńskie oraz dokumenty pomieszczone w zespole Akta Kapituły Metropolitalnej seria Luzy Zakon Klarysek (A Cap. Luzy O 14-52). To ponad 2500 jednostek i ponad 4000 kart. Wyselekcjonowano 161 oryginałów, w tym 3 dyplomy pergaminowe. Wszystkie zostały umieszczone w Aneksie do artykułu. Dokumenty były uwierzytelniane podpisami i/lub odbiciem tłoka pieczętnego przez papier lub na papierze. Zachowały się dwa typy – jeden o kształcie ostroowalnym, wskazujący na jego średniowieczną proweniencję, analogiczny do znanych z publikacji tłoków pieczętnych innych klasztorów żeńskich, m.in. klarysek w Skale i Krakowie. Drugi typ to tłok okrągły, który zaczął być stosowany na dokumentach wspólnoty od drugiej dekady XVIII stulecia. Językiem dominującym dokumentów jest polski, ponadto zdarzają się pojedyncze akta sporządzone w języku łacińskim – to głównie listy do osób duchownych, rzadziej świeckich. Wyróżniono 8 rzeczowych kategorii akt: kontrakty, które stanowią największą część zbioru – 77, ugody – 25, nadania – 16, listy – 11, potwierdzenia – 8, poświadczenia – 7, zezwolenia – 7 oraz inne – 10. Zostały one uwierzytelnione przez 31 ksień. Jak wynika z analizy duktów pisma, dwie przełożone z XVII stulecia przygotowały pojedyncze akta własnoręcznie. Natomiast z kolejnego stulecia pochodzi siedem takich przykładów, w XIX wieku zaś ksieni sporządziła jeden dokument. W XVIII wieku niektóre dokumenty wystawiła też siostra sprawująca urząd sekretarki, a w jednym przypadku dukt pisma wskazuje na szeregową zakonnicę (1762). Należy przypuszczać, że większość dokumentów wspólnoty przygotowywali pisarze publiczni bądź urzędnicy klasztoru, np. prokuratorzy dóbr lub też franciszkanie z pobliskiego konwentu gnieźnieńskiego, z którymi klaryski były w dobrych relacjach, jak wynika z treści akt i klasztoru i prowincji.
EN
The aim of the article is to collect information on the last moments of life, rituals, gestures and customs connected with “going to the Lord”, and the funeral, in the order of St Claire in the light of mediaeval and early-modern sources, as well as to compare those data with data on other orders. As St Clare nunneries in Poland have not been archaeologically explored so far, the data collected here can provide a starting point for further interdisciplinary research. As in other orders, a dying Clarisse was attended by appointed nuns or the whole congregation keeping vigil and praying. She also received Communion and the Anointing of the Sick. St Clare at her deathbed asked for Franciscan brothers to be summoned. A dead nun had her eyes and mouth closed, then the body was washed and incensed and finally dressed in the garments in which it was to be buried. The body was then carried in procession and placed on a bier in the church choir. In two rules of the order – Clare’s of 1253 and Pope Urban IV’s of 1263 – it was stressed that with the approval of the prioress a Franciscan monk should administer the sacraments to a dying Clarisse, he should also say mass for her, participate in preparing the grave and conduct the funeral. If it was necessary to dig, open or close a grave, the rule allowed two trusted monks to assist. Prioresses were buried in medio ecclesiae, while other nuns in a less exposed part of the convent church or in a cemetery within the enclosure. The beginning of the funeral was signalled with bells ringing. The Franciscan constitutions from 1577, based on the decisions of the Council of Trent, introduced stricter rules concerning the enclosure. According to them, all the actions necessary to bury a Clarisse within the enclosure should be performed by nuns with the help of two workers appointed by the bishop. If a nun was to be buried outside the enclosure, for instance in a non-enclosed part of the church, nuns were to carry her body to the grating, where the chaplain awaited, and they returned to the cloister choir to pray. No mediaeval necrologies of St Clare nunneries in Poland have survived, therefore prosopographical research for the period before the Council of Trent is difficult. Some Libri Mortuorum of Polish Clarisses are available starting with the 16th c., but they have been kept systematically only since the end of the 17th c. The data in those documents, unlike in mediaeval necrologies, are not limited to the date of death – they include information on the time spent by the nun in convent, her duties, talents and character, and sometimes even on her looks.
PL
The account book of the Prepositor of the Monastery of the Holy Spirit de Saxia, Maciej Regiomontanus, from the years 1570–1591. People and things (Summary)The article analyses the oldest surviving account book of the Monastery of the Holy Spirit de Saxia. Dating from the latter half of the sixteenth century (1570-1591), the manuscript was written by Regiomontanus of Konigsberg. It is a valuable document, although the records it contains concern only expenditures. Not only is it more than four hundred years old but the expenditures were recorded over a very long period. Except for the Latin headings of particular sections of the expenditures, Regiomontanus relied on Polish for recording the data. It is an interesting detail which – especially in view of the fact that the register was kept by a clergyman – proves that in the latter half of the sixteenth century the national language began to grow in importance. The source shows the community oriented toward offering assistance to the needy in the big city. It provides information about the money spent on the congregation as well as on the hospital and the monastery school, shedding light on the social bonds formed by the monks both within the Monastery and through their contacts with the outside world, with the inhabitants of the city, especially those who rendered services to the whole community or who supported the Order fi nancially.
EN
The subject of the analysis is the hitherto unknown in the literature of the subject, the oldest on the Polish lands full veiling ceremony, the adoption of novices – Modus suscipiendi novitias ad habitum S. Clarae (hereinafter: Modus 1600). The manuscript, formerly belonging to the Poor Clares convent in Gniezno, and presently stored in the local Archdiocesan Archive, is dated on the year 1600. The early date of emergence, the minuteness of the ceremony (including musical notation), and brief description of the rite in Polish make it extremely valuable and interesting. The aim of the article is to reconstruct the course of the analysis of the veiling ceremony, having public and solemn character in the opposite to the proffesion vows made in the cloister. The rule of St. Clare from 1253 laconically mentions about receiving habit. Among the Italian Clares, the veil ceremony was known at least since the 15th century. In Poland, first information about ceremony of veiling comes from the second half of 16th century, and ceremonies codifying it became widespread in 17th century. The essential elements of the ceremony included: giving a candle to the novice, the offertory, including placing the ring on the altar, effectuation of the habit and veil, cutting hair, and finally – replacing secular clothing with ecclesiastical robes. In the spiritual area, the manuscript Modus 1600 and other ceremonials present elements of St. Clara’s spirituality and the motive of marriage with the Bridegroom – Jesus.
EN
The aim of the article is to present and analyse the manuscript legacy of the Poor Clares Convent in Gniezno. After the dissolution of the convent in the nineteenth century (likely the second half), this legacy was transferred to the Archive of the Metropolitan Chapter, and is currently held in the Archdiocesan Archive in Gniezno. So far, researchers have not been particularly interested in studying this material. This collection consists of manuscripts, documents and parchment diplomas, most of which are in the form of loose records (AKM – A Cap) – over 2,500 items and over 4,000 cards. 27 manuscripts are held in a few collections: six items in the fonds of the Poor Clares Convent (ZKG) and 21 in the division of the Archive of the Metropolitan Chapter (A. Cap. B). The latter relate to economic and accounting matters. The manuscripts fall into three categories: a legal and normative category which comprises monastic rules and constitutions (two documents), a category which includes liturgical books (five) and the records on the ceremony of taking the veil, and the most numerous group – material relating to economic and accounting matters. The third category contains 10 manuscripts of expenses and/or income of the convent (even the oldest one from 1613), the inventory of the Poor Clares’ rural property of 1593, and 10 items dating back to the second half of the eighteenth century containing settlements with the convent’s serfs in the town of Kostrzyn and villages which belonged to this monastic congregation. A precious document that fits into the monastic literary output of the early modern period is the code entitled “The books of all matters of the Gniezno Convent of the Poor Clares. This is a catalogue of all the nuns who ever took monastic vows in this convent, both dead and alive. This is also the inventory of the whole property of the convent, its farm income and privileges […] diligently written in 1609 AD”. The code consists of 802 paper pages with several dozen types of handwriting. The data it contains are prosopographic and economic (over half of them) details, information about the realities of life and the functioning of this enclosed community. Despite being a small collection, the manuscripts are an extremely valuable legacy due to the wide range of information they contain. Loose records have an even greater amount of information. A comprehensive and detailed study of the material mentioned above, particularly the economic and accounting manuscripts, will shed light on the methods of managing the convent estate, the finances of the congregation in the sixteenth-eighteenth centuries, and the functioning of the convent in the urban economy and society of Gniezno in the early modern period. Only a detailed analysis will make it possible to answer a number of questions about the internal affairs of the convent, its material culture, the everyday life of the nuns, and above all the convent estate: the profitability of the property, a budget, the structure of income statement accounts and the standard of living of the nuns.
PL
Celem artykułu jest prezentacja i wstępna analiza spuścizny rękopiśmiennej klasztoru klarysek w Gnieźnie, która po kasacie klasztoru trafiła w XIX stuleciu, zapewne drugiej jego połowie, do Archiwum Kapituły Metropolitalnej, obecnie zaś znajduje się w zasobie Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie. Do tej pory cieszyła się ona niewielkim zainteresowaniem badaczy. Na zbiór składają się rękopisy, dokumenty i dyplomy pergaminowe, z których większość znajduje się w aktów luźnych – AKM – A Cap. Luzy po klaryskach to ponad 2500 jednostek i ponad 4000 kart. 27 rękopisów przechowywanych jest w kilku zespołach: sześć jednostek w zespole Zakon Klarysek w Gnieźnie (ZKG), zaś 21 w dziale Archiwum Kapituły Metropolitalnej - A. Cap. B – te ostatnie dotyczą spraw gospodarczo-rachunkowych. W grupie rękopisów można wyróżnić trzy kategorie: prawno-normatywne, czyli reguły i konstytucje (dwa egzemplarze), księgi liturgiczne (pięć) oraz ceremoniał obłóczyn, a także rachunkowo-gospodarcze. Ta ostatnia grupa jest najliczniejsza. Obejmuje dziesięć rękopisów expensów i\lub perceptów konwentu począwszy od najstarszego z 1613 r., ponadto inwentarz majątku wiejskiego klarysek z 1593 r. i dziewięć jednostek z drugiej połowy XVIII w. zawierających rozliczenia z poddanymi w mieście klasztornym Kostrzynie oraz wsiach należących do wspólnoty. Bezcennym kodeksem, wpisującym się w twórczość piśmiennicza klasztorów epoki nowożytnej jest egzemplarz zatytułowany: „Księgi wszystkich spraw konwentu gnieźnieńskiego zakonu S. Klary. To jest katalog wszystkich sióstr zakonnych w tym klasztorze od pamięci ludzkiej professowanych żywych i zmarłych. Przytem inwentarz wszystkich dóbr prowentów także i przywilejów tegoż klasztoru […] pilnie pisane w roku pańskim 1609”. Ma 802 papierowe strony na których znajduje się dukt kilkudziesięciu rąk. Jego tematyka to zarówno dane prozopograficzne, jak i gospodarcze (ponad połowa wpisów), a także informacje o realiach życia i funkcjonowaniu klauzurowej wspólnoty. Szeroki wachlarz informacji zamieszczonych w rękopisach pozwala na stwierdzeni iż mimo stosunkowo niewielkiego zbioru jest to spuścizna niezwykle cenna. Jeszcze większy ładunek informacji przynoszą akta luźne. Szczegółowe, żmudne badania, szczególnie rękopisów rachunkowo-gospodarczych, zawierających informacje o świecie rzeczy i ludzi, pozwolą w przyszłości na poznanie kwestii zarządzania majątkiem, kondycję finansową wspólnoty w XVI-XVIII stuleciu, w końcu sposobu funkcjonowania klasztoru w gospodarce miejskiej i społeczeństwie Gniezna epoki nowożytnej. Dopiero drobiazgowa analiza sprawi, że będzie można udzielić odpowiedzi na wiele pytań dotyczących spraw wewnętrznych konwentu, kultury materialnej i życia codziennego zakonnic, a przede wszystkim gospodarki klasztornej: dochodowości dóbr, bilansowania budżetu, struktury perceptów i expensów, poziomu życia zakonnic.
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