Organizacje III sektora (zwane także organizacjami pozarządowymi) to zrzeszenia obywatelskie działające dobrowolnie i z własnej inicjatywy na rzecz wybranego interesu społecznego. Ich zbiorcza nazwa to określenie nawiązujące do podziału przestrzeni społeczno-gospodarczej współczesnych państw demokratycznych na trzy sektory. Według tej typologii, pierwszy z nich to administracja publiczna określana również jako sektor państwowy. Drugi sektor, nazywany też sektorem prywatnym albo komercyjnym, to sfera biznesu, czyli instytucje i organizacje działające w celu osiągnięcia ekonomicznego zysku. Trzeci sektor natomiast to ogół obywatelskich zrzeszeń działających społecznie i nie dla zysku, czyli organizacje pozarządowe. Są one często określane również jako organizacje non-profit, co podkreśla fakt, iż ich zasadniczym zadaniem nie jest osiąganie zysku. Funkcjonowanie organizacji pozarządowych opiera się na wartościach społecznych kreujących ideę działania dla dobra ogółu, a także umożliwiających integrację i aktywizację społeczeństwa oraz tworzenie wspólnoty.
This paper is a review of the book by Rémi Brague, titled The Law of God.A Philosophical History of the Alliance, in which he aims to analyze the concept of divine law, assuming „[...] that human activity is based on norms derived from a divine source.” The author analyses this concept historically and philosophically, and thus searches for its historical conditions and reasons for its existence. Focusing mainly on the Middle Ages, he undertakes a critique of modern times and the modern concept of law, according to which it is merely a convention. He stresses that in pre-modern times law was treated as objective, because it was given by God and was closely connected with religion. Such understanding of law was common in all traditions, the history of which the author is following, and it constitutes the very foundation of european culture. In spite of certain differences in interpreting the idea of law, resulting from differences in the doctrines of Judaism, Islam and Christianity, on the grounds of all of them law possesses divine features-as determined and revealed by God, eternal and inherent to the nature of being.
The aim of this study is presenting the regulations concerning patient’s consent. The respect for the subjectivity of the patient and recognizing his/her possibility for autonomous deciding on his/her own person are essential when speaking about patient’s consent. The issue of the patient’s consent on medical activity to be performed should be considered in the category of human rights as for the possibility of the self-determination and making independent decisions. Introducing of this notion into the legal system, of the so-called informed consent or conscious consent, was justified with the respect to the personal inviolability and the autonomy of the individual.
In four experiments mood was measured before and after complaining or affirmation. Participants complained or affirmed either themselves or listened to such communications of another person. Mood decreased after complaining and increased after affirmation - a 'saying is experiencing' (SIE) effect. This effect was found also in the cognitive load condition suggesting that automatic mood contagion underlies the SIE effect rather than mechanisms based on self-perception or self-awareness. Appropriateness of a topic for complaining appeared a boundary condition of the SIE effect: When a topic was considered by participants the most appropriate for complaining, the act of showing dissatisfaction with the topic led to mood improvement.
Introduction and aim. Renal abscess is a rare finding in the pediatric population, estimated at 0.2% of all intra-abdominal abscesses. The most common manifestations are fever, flank pain and simultaneously increased inflammatory markers in laboratory tests. Symptoms of this condition are non-specific and can be dismissed with other pathologies like renal tumor. Although the management is based on widespread antibiotic therapy, some cases need surgical intervention because of poor general condition and major diameter of abscess (>5 cm). We undertook this study to analyze the ultrasonography findings correlated with the clinical manifestations of renal abscesses in children that can potentially improve detecting renal abscesses in children earlier. Material and methods. We retrospectively studied 9 patients with renal abscesses treated in our hospital. Results. All patients were diagnosed with renal abscesses based on ultrasonography (US) examination and each of them had elevated inflammatory parameters at the time of admission. For treatment, all patients were treated with intravenous antibiotics and two of them were treated with surgical drainage. All study group recovered completely or received a reduction of abscesses diameters. The renal abscesses were monitored by ultrasonography. Conclusion. In our study, we assessed the usefulness of the US examination for diagnosis and treatment monitoring in pediatric patients. Ultrasonography is a gold standard due to its wide availability, noninvasiveness and low price. It also allows for immediate diagnosis, which is crucial to institute proper treatment. Treatment of abscesses depends on the clinical condition of the patient, other comorbidities, imaging presentation and the size of the abscess.
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