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RU
Antithesis of juvenility and senility is examined in connection with grammatical presentation of redundant paradigm «years – times». In the context of understanding of the meaning of existence and the idea of being the thesis of not an existential nature of senility is formulated. In ontognoseological aspect the contraposition of concepts of «reality» and «actuality» becomes meaningful.
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RU
The adverse effects of simulation on the phenomenal reality of a principal cultural institution - the language are viewed here. Bid to identify and put into shape everything captures anything and everything that has no nature and is understood as things existent. Speculative substitutions of a live "here is"-reality for its significant and indicative alternative lead to the validation of a reality that is not involved in existence.
PL
The article covers the antithesis of positive and negative knowledge and its projection on the field of language. By the example of the Sermon on the Mount, the thesis of non-discursive nature of word and its contrasting to speech is affirmed. In connection with the antithesis under consideration, such questions of phenomenology are addressed as embodiment of meaning in a word, essential irrelevance of existing institutions and instances of the language. Distinction is made between authentic appeal and institutional methods of identification presented in nominal discourse.
EN
Translation of a text rich in culture-oriented values requires the working out of basic principles of translation. Such theoretical deliberations should be based upon the hermeneutic categories that are dealt with in the process of translation which is inseparable from the culture of a particular ethnos. In the following paper, translation, a term related to the metalinguistic interpretation of a text as opposed to interpersonal communication (understood as exchanging information using language as a means of communication), acts as the leading hermeneutic category. Text translation is perceived in the context of an intercultural translation process which is hampered by numerous cultural and linguistic limitations. As a pragmatic category, text makes the interpreter follow a set of requirements, which, if not implemented, decrease the quality of the translation whereas if implemented - are a sign of professionalism. Hermeneutic aspects of translation are described from the perspective of categories such as: information, meaning, interpretation, equivalence, related to the text itself as well as the process of its translation. The hermeneutic aspects of translation are exceptionally important when the text refers to a specific linguistic background, i.e. contains names concerning the cultural reality of an ethnos, which have neither obvious nor constant equivalents in any different culture and language. The competence of the interpreter is vastly influenced by his skills of interpretation and his ability to present the phenomena of material and spiritual culture from one linguistic reality to another.
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