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PL
Stoimy u progu rewolucji w nauce. Możliwe że już w najbliższym czasie piśmiennictwo naukowe jakie znamy przejdzie gwałtowną zmianę, wszystko za sprawą modelu językowego ChatGPT 3.5. Pojawienie się tego narzędzia na rynku technologicznym w listopadzie 2022 roku wywołało ogromne poruszenie, nie tylko wśród użytkowników Internetu ale także w świecie akademickim. Okazało się że czat ma potencjał generowania zupełnie nowych, unikalnych tekstów naukowych. W ślad za ChatGPT pojawiły się i pojawiają, podobne narzędzia autorstwa gigantów technologicznych. W związku z powyższym środowisku naukowe ma tylko krótką chwilę aby spróbować odpowiedzieć sobie na następujące pytania: czy teksty generowane tym sposobem mają faktyczną wartość naukową, czy stosowanie ich przez badaczy jest etyczne, jak regulować prawa autorskie dotyczące użycia AI, jakie są potencjalne możliwości sztucznej inteligencji w zakresie pisania prac naukowych. Wskazane wątki są przedmiotem refleksji w przedstawionym tekście.
EN
This article attempts to answer the following questions: what is „political correctness,” what did it used to be, how did it evolve, and how does it affect modern society? Its origins can be traced back to the 1970s in the United States. From the outset, the concept was accompanied by much controversy. Even as a strictly linguistic guide for journalists it evoked a rebellion in the majority of the journalists. Early on, politcally correct ideas began to refer to discriminated groups, tolerance, and equality, which were associated with left -wing initiatives. PC migrated to Europe in an expanded form; it arrived not only in language, but was also identified as an attempt at molding society. For large swathes of Europe, the 1980s is a period associated with the stuggle against communism. It was only after the fall of the Berlin Wall that serious debate on issues closer to extensionally political correctness was possible. In Poland, politcally correct ideas appeared in the late 1990s and in the most radical form; political correctness was associated only with the manipulation of society. A brief overview of the literature and legislation shows that, in principle, the concept of political correctness par excellence is does not exist. Political correctness is primarily an issue for journalists and columnists. And, it is always used in ironic or fearful tones or to shine a light on absurdities. A brief analysis using the wykrop.pl portal as its basis indicates that political correctness generally has only negative connotations for the public and is understood in a manner far from the phrase’s original meaning. These facts suggest that the term political correctness does not serve a serious function in our reality; serving only as a tool to amuse and frighten society. The notion of political correctness is so distant to us that even organizations that have set themselves the task of fighting discrimination and equal opportunities have distanced themselves from the term political correctness.
EN
The text presents a proprietary tool for multi-indicator measurement of two basic categories created for the needs of the research project “Candidates for Toruń archeological studies”: candidate strength and motivation strength. The basis for the analysis are data collected in the process of student recruitment for studies at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń in the Online Candidates Registration system (IRK). As part of registering for studies, candidates provide a range of personal information regarding their previous education and also reveal their preferences regarding fields of study. A number of indicators were used to create candidate strength and motivation strength. The operationalization of such forces will allow a better understanding of the recruitment process, as well as its general specifics. The candidate’s strength is a value that describes, based on the data available to us, the intellectual and cultural potential of the candidate. By measuring this value, we get the answer to the question of whether a given candidate has a chance to be a scientifically strong student. The second category – the strength of motivation, answers the question to what extent the candidate was determined to undertake a given field of study. Measuring this value dispels doubts about random choice of field of study and provides answers to questions about possible alternatives. The initial study concerned archeology, but the developed mechanism and method of analysis can be used to build the characteristics of all other fields of academic education.
PL
W tekście prezentowane jest autorskie narzędzie do wielowskaźnikowego pomiaru dwóch podstawowych kategorii, stworzonych na potrzeby projektu badawczego „Kandydaci na toruńskie studia archeologiczne”: siły kandydata i siły motywacji. Podstawę do analiz stanowią dane zebrane w procesie rekrutacji studentów na studia na Uniwersytecie Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu w systemie Internetowej Rejestracji Kandydatów. W ramach rejestracji na studia kandydaci podają szereg informacji osobowych, dotyczących dotychczasowego wykształcenia, a także ujawniają swoje preferencje w zakresie kierunków studiów. Tworząc siłę kandydata i siłę motywacji, wykorzystano szereg wskaźników. Operacjonalizacja takich sił pozwoli na lepsze rozumienie procesu rekrutacji na studia, a także jego ogólnej specyfiki. Utworzenie opisywanych kategorii umożliwia lepsze interpretowanie zachowań i preferencji kandydatów. Dzięki nim jesteśmy w stanie sprawdzić, czy wiek studentów, ich płeć, pochodzenie, odległość od UMK oraz rodzaj ukończonej szkoły korelują z ich siłą determinacji do studiowania kierunku czy ich potencjałem intelektualnym. Dzięki temu możliwe jest efektywniejsze konstruowanie wymogów rekrutacyjnych oraz strategii marketingowych dla poszczególnych kierunków bądź uczelni. Wskazane możliwe implementacje praktyczne są jedynie przykładami, bo trudno wykluczyć, że w wypadku innych jednostek czy okoliczności ich użyteczność może się ujawnić na innych polach. Siła kandydata to wartość opisująca, na podstawie dostępnych nam danych, potencjał intelektualny i kulturowy kandydata. Dzięki pomiarowi tej wartości uzyskujemy odpowiedź na pytanie o to, czy dany kandydat ma szansę być silnym naukowo studentem. Druga z kategorii – siła motywacji – odpowiada na pytanie, na ile kandydat był zdeterminowany do podjęcia danego kierunku studiów. Pomiar tej wartości rozwiewa wątpliwości dotyczące przypadkowych wyborów kierunku studiów oraz daje odpowiedź na pytania o możliwe alternatywy. Pierwotne badanie dotyczyło archeologii, ale wypracowany mechanizm i sposób analizy może zostać wykorzystany do budowania charakterystyk wszystkich pozostałych kierunków kształcenia akademickiego.
EN
The article is an attempt of characteristic – Grudziądz as a specific educational environment - phenomenon. As it was proved, Grudziądz is the biggest (almost 100 000 citizens, #40 in the biggest Polish cities list) city with no own university. This status might be both a cause and a result of other city’s problems. First of all – Grudziądz has the highest unemployment rate among all Polish cities – over 23%. Secondly Grudziądz has less investments than other cities in that region. Moreover, thirdly, there’s an proved opinion, that Grudziądz is unpopulating and is so called “town for a rent”. Situation on a educational market and a general economic and social condition causes in specific choices of young Grudziądzans. 1. They plan higher education more often. 2. They declare different set of majors than young Poles in general. Dominating faculties are: medicine, law, education, economics, architecture. 3. We’re finding a huge different – again in comparison to a general data – in a category of school type. Domination of universities, and no private universities. 4. Major – over 78% – chose regular full time studies. Specific a above mentioned choices indicates conservative and safe approach to youths future. Moreover it proves a responsibility. What’s even more important those date may be related to an information about leaving family home plans – that is why we may call it the accelerated adulthood and independence.
EN
The title “rich” and “poor” are respondents who took part in the research plans of youth education from Grudziądz and surrounding areas. During the analysis of the data was evaluated their symbolic capital [SC], which is the final instance of equity conversion: cultural, social and economic. It took the values that differ significantly from the average in the study group. In the 31-point scale, “poor” where called people whose measured SC received less than 9 points. The “rich” are people with SC bigger than 19 points. Group accounted for 7.7% and 8.1% of the population (respectively 155 and 164 people). 84.2% of population received in the measurement of SC score between 10-18 points, constituting 29% of the scale. That means that a high similarity of tested people for the measured SC. The data do not reflect the real inequalities that occur in modern society. For the SC test by gender, it was noted outnumbered the “rich” men, due to more frequent than in women taking more lucrative work. With regard to housing, most fell Świecie, where lives most of the capital rich at the same time the least poor capital. Slightly dropped Grudziądz, in which live almost as much “rich” and “poor”, which distracted in the area of small villages. Determined to continue their education was 85.4% “rich” and 65.2% “poor”. With regard to second degree studies, the declarations made 71.4% of the “rich”. 2/3 “poor” could not take such a decision at the time of the study. Nearly 1/4 of the group was not able to identify a particular direction, or university of their future studies. The “poor” often declared a desire to study in the fields to which it is easy to get (tourism, cosmetology, physiotherapy and available in Grudziądz educational sciences). The high ranking law reflects the desires and needs of their social advancement. The “rich” often give direction to ‘prestigious’ and harder subjects (medicine, science, law, and engineering). In both groups, there were no indications of ‘uniform’ subjects, popular in the overall population. Wealthy capital want to get through studies or maintain high social status and prestige occupations. Poorer searching in higher education relative economic security and greater social recognition.
EN
The text presents and describes the desk research analytical method. As an example of the practical application of the described method and a little-known data source, a short analysis of the database of Online Registration of andidates is presented. The components of the base are presented step by step, along with its information potential. A separate part is the presentation of the possible potential of IRK for educational research – in this case 11 years of candidates for archaeological studies at the Nicolaus Copernicus University. Analysis of the candidates’ origin, study potential, determination to take a specific major, etc.
EN
The text presents and describes the desk research analytical method. As an example of the practical application of the described method and a little-known data source, a short analysis of the database of Online Registration of andidates is presented. The components of the base are presented step by step, along with its information potential. A separate part is the presentation of the possible potential of IRK for educational research – in this case 11 years of candidates for archaeological studies at the Nicolaus Copernicus University. Analysis of the candidates’ origin, study potential, determination to take a specific major, etc.
PL
Tekst stanowi kontynuację cyklu publikacji, zatytułowanego Młodzież akademicka. Więzi z państwem i społeczeństwem - międzynarodowe badania porównawcze. Badania prowadzone były podczas wizyt studyjnych na uczelniach wyższych w Rosji, Gruzji, Turcji i Rumunii. W prezentowanym tekście dokonano szczegółowego opisu autorskiego narzędzia badawczego, ponieważ narzędzie to cechowało się pewną innowacyjnością. Po pierwsze, ze względu na specyfikę obszaru, przedmiotu badań, a po drugie, ze względu przyjęte cele – łączenie wielu, do tej pory nie łączonych, aspektów. Ponadto dokonano rekonstrukcji wykorzystanej podczas podróży badawczych koncepcji pracy zespołowej oraz przedstawiono autorski sposób regionalizowania narzędzia badawczego. Zaznaczyć bowiem należy, że, do budowy kwestionariusza ankiety wykorzystywanego poza Polską zostali włączeni lokalni konsultanci- koordynatorzy, w celu regionalizacji narzędzia – dostosowania pytań́ do wymogów kultury i historii danego kraju. Regionalni koordynatorzy pochodzili zarówno ze środowisk akademickich, jak i pozaakademickich. O potrzebie regionalizowania narzędzia badawczego, używanego do pomiaru, identyfikacji i diagnozowania zmiennych, piszemy w szerszym kontekście - w kontekście zmagań innych badaczy prowadzących międzynarodowe badania. W tekście znajdują się więc liczne odwołania do innych badań o charakterze międzynarodowym i porównawczym. W prezentowanym opracowaniu omówiono również przebieg prowadzonych badań i późniejszą strategię opracowywania i analizy materiału, które były naturalną konsekwencją wcześniej wskazanych rozwiązań i obranych ścieżek.
EN
The article is a research report on candidates for archaeological studies, for which the source of data was the Internet Candidate Registration (IRK) system of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń. The analysis was carried out on a sample of 695 people admitted to the first year of archeology at UMK, with the material covering the period from 2007 to 2017. It was decided to build the profile of candidates for students based on six criteria: the size of the hometown and its distance from Toruń, gender, age of the candidates, completed secondary school, results of secondary school-leaving exams and recruitment decisions of candidates (priority system). As researchers, we had no influence on the set of data we had at our disposal, the work was carried out using an already existing database, the primary purpose of which was not research or analyzes similar to ours. The text presents conclusions and generalizations based on proprietary tools for the analysis of the existing database. The conclusions, although they concern archeology itself and candidates for archeology, may be a starting point for further analyzes of other majors. Archaeologists can use these outcomes to evaluate the condition of their discipline
EN
Holy medals belong to a group of historical artefacts known as devotional objects and they appear in this category beside crosses, scapulars or prayer beads. They are regarded as miniature forms of large medals and are seldom made of noble metals, but rather corrosion resistant alloys. Medals occur the most often in an oval form, with a separated loop for hanging, but there are also circular, rectangular or octagonal forms. The work below is an attempt to study a special form of medals – perforated secondarily – as a historical form of recycling. Such a treatment led them to be regarded as retrieved objects, retaining their original function. Studying the manufacturing features of these objects allows us to distinguish between original and secondary perforations. The latter were made when the original eye was broken or lost. The intentions of persons who decided to recycle devotional objects for material, spiritual or mystic reasons are an important part of this paper. The article is based on studies of artefacts obtained during archaeological excavations at sites in Gniew in Pomerania (Poland) and Dubno in Volhynia (Ukraine).
EN
The research was handled by The Action-research in Contemporary Culture and Education – Practice and Theory team, and was commissioned by Rector of Nicolaus Copernicus University. The examination was held in 30 km radius from Grudziądz – the most efficient distance in terms of economics and everyday travels. We’ve found schools in Świecie, Nowe and Łasin in a circle of our interest. The population of examined region is ca. 155 000. An unemployment rate is significantly higher than average (over 29% in a region). Weak educational infrastructure, no industry. Research was conducted from March 20’ to April 18’ 2013 on 2016 students in 18 schools (regular and technical high schools). The main aim of studies was characteristic of a-level and pre-a-level students from Grudziądz and Grudziądz region and their educational plans. We focused especially on plans regarding higher education. All public school students, from all the high schools, were participating in a research. The auditorial survey was a main used method. The questionnaire was divided in 3 parts. The first was general information part, the second was educational plans part. The questionnaire contained also a set of questions to estimate economical, social, and cultural level - according to P. Bourdieu’s theory. The main examination was preluded by pilot examination which allowed us to tune up a research tool and a method.
EN
An ossuary was found in a brass sarcophagus, dated to 1720 based on a medallion. The archaeological material was mixed with rubbish and sand. Inside the sarcophagus, the remains of both adults and children were discovered. These are believed to be members of the von Kottwitz family, former owners of Konotop. The separation of the material into different types of cloth was quite painstaking and lengthy. Only one of the grave robes has survived in an almost intact condition. It was a simple grave robe without a back. During the analysis of the skeletal remains, it was matched to the red stained skeleton of an infant.
EN
Layers of leather that formed heels of early modern footwear were connected with small wooden pins which were more useful than metal nails. This was due to the following properties of the wood: strength, elasticity, resistance to changes in temperature and soil moisture. Leather heels and soles were selected for xylological analysis, the conservation of which was carried out in the laboratory of the Institute of Archaeology of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń. The material was yielded by archaeological research of early modern crypts in churches in Białowąs, Kraśnik, Szprotawa, Piaseczno and Szczuczyn, as well as from excavations at urban sites in Elbląg and Gdańsk dating from the 14th to the 16th century. The largest number of wooden pins were made of spindle, then birch, dogwood, alder and Scots pine. Interestingly, in one heel all the pins were made of the same wood. It has been also noticed that diffuse-porous dicotyledonous wood was more common; only one heel had pins made from coniferous wood.
PL
Warstwy skóry tworzące obcasy w obuwiu nowożytnym łączone były drobnymi ćwiekami z drewna, które lepiej spełniały swoją rolę niż gwoździe metalowe. Wpływ na to miały takie właściwości drewna jak: wytrzymałość, sprężystość, odporność na zmiany temperatury i wilgotność podłoża. Do przeprowadzenia badań ksylologicznych wybrano skórzane obcasy i podeszwę, których konserwację przeprowadzono w laboratorium Instytutu Archeologii UMK w Toruniu. Pochodziły one z badań archeologicznych nowożytnych krypt z kościołów w Białowąsie, Kraśniku, Szprotawie, Piasecznie i Szczuczynie, a także z wykopalisk na stanowiskach miejskich w Elblągu i Gdańsku, datowanych od XIV do XVI wieku. Najwięcej drewnianych ćwieków wykonano z trzmieliny, następnie brzozy, derenia, olszy i sosny zwyczajnej. Co interesujące, w jednym obcasie wszystkie ćwieki były z tego samego drewna. Zauważalny jest też dobór drewna liściastego rozpierzchłonaczyniowego, tylko z jednego obcasa pochodziły ćwieki z drewna iglastego.
EN
This article presents a comprehensive analysis of a pair of shoes excavated during archaeological research in the chancel of the St. Nicholas Church in Gniew, found on the feet of a man over 60. It is the first pair of Renaissance “cow-mouth” type shoes excavated from a grave. The results of the study of both archaeological material (footwear, velvet headgear covered with embroidery using threads in a metal braid) and iconography – portrait depictions, group scenes, and archival sources – confirmed the high social status of the deceased.
PL
Początek II wojny światowej na terenie Polski związany był z dwoma etapami rozbioru kraju: atakiem Niemiec 1 września i inwazją Związku Sowieckiego 17 września. Decyzja Stalina o masowej egzekucji wziętych do niewoli oficerów miała na celu zniszczenie warstw przywódczych i inteligencji. Do końca okupacji sowieckiej oficerowie, przedstawiciele administracji państwowej, a także wykształceni szeregowi żołnierze, byli typowani w obozach jenieckich i mordowani. Przez wiele lat temat ludobójstwa polskich oficerów przez Związek Radziecki był przemilczany. Dopiero w latach dziewięćdziesiątych XX w. władze radzieckie wyraziły zgodę na ekshumacje masowych grobów ofiar represji NKWD przez polskich archeologów. W trakcie ekshumacji „dołów śmierci” pozyskano liczne przedmioty osobiste, dewocjonalia i odzież ofiar, w tym obuwie wojskowe, które czasami stanowiło jedyny zachowany element ubioru. To właśnie przedmioty osobiste ofiar z katyńskich grobów, a także stan zachowania ich obuwia, w tym przetarcia skóry, chałupnicze naprawy i modyfikacje, były dowodem na to, że polskich oficerów, po długim oczekiwaniu w obozie jenieckim, zamordowano, a ich ciała wrzucono do dołów śmierci. Prace ekshumacyjne prowadzone w latach dziewięćdziesiątych XX w. rzuciły nowe światło na fakt ludobójstwa przeprowadzanego przez Związek Radziecki na polskich oficerach. Mimo wszystko, nadal jest to niewielki krok w kierunku odkrycia prawdy o zbrodni katyńskiej, gdyż po wielu latach w Rosji wciąż dochodzi do fałszowania historii, a istotne dokumenty pozostają utajnione.
EN
Footwear has long been a vital component of human attire, particularly for ancient warriors, knights, and soldiers over the centuries. Along with the development of technology and warfare, footwear has also been transformed many times in numerous ways. The primary objective behind those changes was to create better foot protection against various traumas and ensure greater comfort while walking. However, even the most durable boots eventually succumbed to wear and tear due to excessive use or mechanical damage, whether during times of war or peace. The boots unearthed from the death pits of Polish officers, executed by the Soviet NKVD in 1940, serve as examples of this reality.
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