Celem badania przedstawionego w artykule jest ocena związku między pracą tymczasową w niepełnym wymiarze wykonywaną przez mężczyzn a płacą, jaką otrzymują oni w ciągu pierwszych pięciu i dziesięciu lat od momentu zatrudnienia w pełnym wymiarze czasu pracy. W analizie empirycznej posłużono się danymi dotyczącymi niemieckiego rynku pracy pochodzącymi z Panelu Społeczno-Ekonomicznego za lata 1984-2014. Zastosowano estymator z efektami stałymi, który rozwiązuje problem nieobserwowalnej heterogeniczności poprzez transformację wewnątrzgrupową. Wyniki wskazują, że doświadczenie zatrudnienia w niepełnym wymiarze czasu pracy wiąże się z niższym przyszłym wynagrodzeniem - dodatkowy rok pracy w niepełnym wymiarze w okresie ostatnich dwóch do pięciu lat prowadzi do obniżenia płacy średnio o 4,4% w porównaniu z doświadczeniem pracy w pełnym wymiarze. Jednak po pięciu latach zatrudnienia w pełnym wymiarze czasu pracy związek ten jest już nieistotny statystycznie. Wyniki są stabilne przy różnych specyfikacjach modeli. Wykazano, że odwrotna zależność między pracą w niepełnym wymiarze a przyszłą płacą ma związek z doświadczeniem zatrudnienia w zawodach wymagających niskich i średnich kwalifikacji. Jednocześnie doświadczenie pracy w niepełnym wymiarze jest mniej niekorzystne dla przyszłego wynagrodzenia niż okresy braku zatrudnienia.
EN
The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between temporary part-time employment and the wages male employees receive in subsequent full-time employment within the first five and the first ten years from the date of starting their full-time employment. The study uses data from the German labour market, obtained from the Socio-Economic Panel for the years 1984-2014. The fixed effects estimator, which solves the unobserved heterogeneity issue by removing time-invariant individual effects by a 'within' transformation, was applied in the empirical analysis. The results indicate that having experience as a part-time worker is associated with lower future wages - a one-year increase in the number of years in part-time work in the last two to five years leads to a reduction in future wages in a full-time job by 4.4% on average, compared to having solely a full-time job experience. However, this relationship becomes statistically insignificant after five years of being employed full-time. The results are robust to different specifications and it is indicated that an inverse relationship between working below regular hours and future wages in full-time employment is related to working parttime in low- and medium-skilled occupations. At the same time, working part-time is less detrimental to future wages than periods of unemployment.
One of the essential goals of pastoral formation of seminarians is their preparation to the animation of the ministration of charity in the conditions of the modern world. Unselfish love of neighbour is one of the basic aims of the Church, and fulfillment of the commandment of love of neighbour is a guarantee of the dynamic growth of the Christian communities. The ministration of charity, which – as the Vatican Council II underlines – is a right and duty of every disciple of Christ, arises from the God's commandment of love and consists in helping people to satisfy their existential, social and spiritual needs. Therefore, in pastoral formation of candidates to priesthood it should be taken into account that every priest becomes involved in the mission of Christ, an important part of which is unselfish love of neighbour. This article is a result of a reflection, which has its source not only in the teaching of the Church on formation in ministration of charity, but also in my own sociological survey conducted in 2008-2009 among 303 deacons from 37 seminaries in Poland. The article shows the current state of preparation of Polish seminarians to animation of pastoral activity, and also the ways to strengthen and improve their formation in ministration of charity.
PL
Jednym z istotnych celów formacji pastoralnej seminarzystów jest ich przygotowanie do animacji posługi charytatywnej w uwarunkowaniach współczesnego świata. Bezinteresowna miłość bliźniego jest jednym z podstawowych zadań Kościoła, a realizacja przykazania miłości jest gwarantem dynamiki rozwoju wspólnot chrześcijańskich. Posługa charytatywna, która – jak podkreśla Sobór Watykański II – jest prawem i obowiązkiem każdego ucznia Chrystusa, wynika z Bożego przykazania miłości i polega na pomocy ubogim w zaspokojeniu ich podstawowych potrzeb egzystencjalnych, psychicznych, społecznych i duchowych. Toteż w formacji pastoralnej kandydatów do święceń należy to uwzględnić, że każdy kapłan zostaje włączony w misję samego Chrystusa, której ważnym elementem jest bezinteresowna służba bliźnim. Źródłem refleksji, której rezultatem jest ten artykuł, jest nie tylko nauczanie Kościoła na temat formacji charytatywnej, lecz także własne badania socjologiczne przeprowadzone na przełomie 2008 i 2009 roku wśród 303 diakonów z 37 wyższych seminariów duchownych w Polsce. Artykuł pokazuje nie tylko, jaki jest stan przygotowania polskich seminarzystów do animacji działalności charytatywnej, lecz także w jaki sposób można wzmocnić i udoskonalić formację charytatywną kandydatów do święceń.
This article analyzes the growth impact of state ownership in enterprises by introducing state-owned enterprises (SOEs) into the endogenous, Romer-type economic growth model. We build on the empirical firm-level analysis showing that SOEs underperform their privately owned counterparts and consider SOEs' inefficiency and related subsidization in the growth model. Our model predicts that the growth rate is decreasing in the SOE inefficiency and SOE shares in final goods production and R&D sectors. The model helps to shed light on the mechanisms behind empirical facts observed in European economies in the 21st century - lower growth and innovation rates in countries with larger SOE shares.
State-owned enterprises still play an important role in many countries around the world. The aim of this research is to indicate which factors had a significant impact on the scale of state ownership in enterprises in the group of twenty eight post-socialist countries. The large scale privatisation indicator from the EBRD and the novel microlevel-based SOE measure were regressed on sets of cultural, political, economic and control variables. The results show that cultural factors-represented by the dominant religion-had a substantial impact on the scale of state ownership in enterprises while the role of political and economic factors was less pronounced. These results emphasise the importance of cultural factors in shaping the scale of state ownership in enterprises. This study contributes to the literature by analysing factors inuflencing the scale of state ownership in enterprises in contemporary economic conditions which has been missing until now. A discussion on the role of the state as an owner of enterprises has been an important part of contemporary economic literature. The importance of this topic is driven by the fact that the scale of state ownership in enterprises is substantial in many countries around the world. Christiansen and Kim (2014) showed that 282 out of the 2,000 largest publicly listed companies worldwide were state-owned in 2012-2013. Szarzec, Dombi and Matuszak
This paper aims to analyse the allocation of the COVID-19 response funds from the perspective of the political alignment hypothesis. eTh authors focus on the allocation of the second and third rounds of the Governmental Fund for Local Investments (part of the COVID-19 Response Fund) in Poland. Using the logit and OLS models and the regression discontinuity design the authors show that mayors aligned with the central government were significantly more likely to receive the funds, as well as in higher per capita values, than mayors aligned with the opposition or unaligned with any party in parliament when the allocation was based on a discretionary decision. eTh results support the political alignment hypothesis and highlight the danger of partiality in the allocation of the COVID-19 response funds.
We optimise a postal delivery problem with time and capacity constraints imposed on vehicles and nodes of the logistic network. Time constraints relate to the duration of routes, whereas capacity constraints concern technical characteristics of vehicles and postal operation outlets. We consider a method which can be applied to a brownfield scenario, in which capacities of outlets can be relaxed and prospective hubs identified. As a solution, we apply a genetic algorithm and test its properties both in small case studies and in a simulated problem instance of a larger (i.e. comparable with real-world instances) size. We show that the genetic operators we employ are capable of switching between solutions based on direct origin-to-destination routes and solutions based on transfer connections, depending on what is more beneficial in a given problem instance. Moreover, the algorithm correctly identifies cases in which volumes should be shipped directly, and those in which it is optimal to use transfer connections within a single problem instance, if an instance in question requires such a selection for optimality. The algorithm is thus suitable for determining hubs and satellite locations. All considerations presented in this paper are motivated by real-life problem instances experienced by the Polish Post, the largest postal service provider in Poland, in its daily plans of delivering postal packages, letters and pallets.
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