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Editorial. Becoming an adult - contexts of identity development

100%
Brzezińska A. I.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2013
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vol. 44
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issue 3
239-244
2
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Editorial. Becoming an adult - contexts of identity development

100%
Brzezińska A. I.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
|
2013
|
vol. 44
|
issue 3
239-244
3
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Dziecko w systemie edukacji: podejście systemowo-transakcyjne

63%
Brzezińska A. I., Czub M.
Kultura i Edukacja
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2015
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issue 1(107)
11-33
EN
Article addresses the problem of child’s and the educational system’s readiness to start school by children six years old. It is a proposition of different approach to this problem and recognizing school readiness in a double perspective, as ‘the readiness (of the child) to school’ and ‘readiness of the school (for a child)’. It gives an opportunity to take into account a broad range of factors involved in the process leading to effective support of the child in the education system and support of the education system. The text is also a proposal to change the way of leading public debate on education and reducing of school age. It introduces the concept of ‘discourse of quality’ and ‘iscourse of meaning making’ as an alternative which allows consideration of different points of view and striving for mutual understanding. It also introduces a proposal to adopt a theoretical framework for analyzing the readiness of state, society, institutions, families, and the childe for mutual interactions. The aim of these interactions is to increase the effectiveness in realizing both, personal and social goals. The purpose of this article is an attempt to leave the vicious circle of ‘discourse of quality’, which in current, Polish reality, underlies growing social divisions and conflicts between ‘followers’ of different approaches to childhood, upbringing and education. It is a proposal to adopt such perspective to analysis of the problem, which can be a basis for planning practical solutions in the sphere of public debate and planning activities within the ‘child - institution’ system.
4
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Tutoring nauczycielski – tutoring rówieśniczy: aspekty etyczne

63%
Brzezińska A. I., Appelt K.
Forum Oświatowe
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2013
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vol. 25
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issue 2(49)
13-29
EN
The authors of the article indicate a variety of ethical issues concerning the functions of tutoring in education, both the traditional as well as peer tutoring. They claim that, the basic condition for ethical, and yet effective, tutoring relationships lie in the accordance to the concept of self-determination by Deci and Ryan – meeting the basic and universal needs by both partners of this interaction, namely the needs of relatedness and security, autonomy as well as competence. Becoming aware of, and taking into account these aspects may contribute to more effective and more ethical usage of tutoring in educational practice. The authors encourage detecting risk areas and factors in tutoring relationships (e.g. the risk of manipulating one’s partner) in order to minimize their impact on the relationship between a tutor and a tutee, which seems beneficial to the development of both parts of tutorial interaction.
PL
W artykule autorki wskazują na różnorodne aspekty etyczne stosowania w edukacji metody tutoringu zarówno nauczycielskiego, jak i rówieśniczego. Podstawowym wg nich warunkiem etycznej, a zarazem efektywnej relacji tutorskiej jest – zgodnie z koncepcją samostanowienia Ryana i Deci’ego – zaspokojenie podstawowych, uniwersalnych potrzeb wszystkich partnerów interakcji: potrzeby więzi i bezpieczeństwa, potrzeby autonomii i potrzeby kompetencji. Uświadomienie sobie i uwzględnienie w działaniu tych aspektów przyczynić się może do bardziej efektywnego i etycznego korzystania z tutoringu w praktyce edukacyjnej. Autorki zachęcają do zwrócenia uwagi na obszary i czynniki ryzyka w relacji tutorskiej, m.in. ryzyko manipulacji partnerem, aby minimalizować ich wpływ na korzystną dla rozwoju obu stron relację między tutorem a jego uczniem/podopiecznym.
5
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Regulacyjna wartość emocji wstydu w procesie kształtowania się tożsamości

63%
Czub T., Brzezińska A. I.
Psychologia Rozwojowa
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2013
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vol. 18
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issue 1
27–42
EN
In the paper we present a draft of a model capturing the relationship between shame and the identity development process. We discuss two main concepts of shame: shame as an adaptive emotion, according to the evolutionary approach, and as a maladaptive emotion, according to the cognitive attribution theory. Our main thesis states that shame has an essential, both constructive and maladaptive importance for identity development, and this effect is indirect, through the mechanisms of regulating emotions. The destructive and disrupting value of shame is not an immanent feature of this emotion, but a consequence of malfunctioning mechanisms of shame regulation. The association of shame with identity formation relates to the dimensions of exploration: in breadth, in depth and ruminative, as well as to commitment making and identification with commitment. People with a high level of shame proneness are more sensitive to information and assessment coming from signifi cant others from their nearest social environment and more self-critical. This may contribute to the increasing discrepancy or dissonance between the possessed and the desired or socially expected identity. This may also activate mechanisms of identity change and affect its relative stability.
6
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Skala Wymiarów Rozwoju Tożsamości DIDS: Wersja zrewidowana

63%
Piotrowski K., Brzezińska A. I.
Psychologia Rozwojowa
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2017
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vol. 22
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issue 4
89-111
EN
The present article describes the process of revision of the Polish adaptation of the popular identity measure – The Dimensions of Identity Development Scale. The article presents theoretical assumptions of the scale, reasons for undertaking the process of revision of the Polish adaptation of the DIDS, and the results of three studies in which the revised questionnaire was used. The obtained results suggest that in its current version the Polish adaptation of the DIDS is a reliable and factorially valid measure. The associations of the five identity processes measured by the DIDS (exploration in breadth, commitment making, exploration in depth, identification with commitment, ruminative exploration) with rumination, reflection, worry, shame, guilt, indecisiveness, and educational identity dimensions support the validity of the Polish adaptation of the measure.
7
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Predyktory oceny dotychczasowego życia oraz perspektyw na przyszłość przez osoby niepełnosprawne w okresie adolescencji, wyłaniającej się dorosłości i wczesnej dorosłości

63%
Piotrowski K., Brzezińska A. I.
Polskie Forum Psychologiczne
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2012
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vol. XVII
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issue 1
44-61
EN
The aim of the study was to identify the predictors of satisfaction with present life and prospects for the future among people with disabilities in their adolescence (16-17 years of age), emerging adulthood (18-25 years) and early adulthood (26-30 years). The results indicate that satisfaction with present as well as future life is linked to various predictors. In the case of the first variable, the general assessment of one’s health is of major significance whereas in the case of the two subsequent age groups continuation of education is also important. Satisfaction with future prospects is determined, above all, by satisfactory financial situation of one’s family and relations with people other than family members.
8
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Kwestionariusz radzenia sobie ze stratą sprawności – KRSS: konstrukcja i ocena właściwości psychometrycznych

63%
Brzezińska A. I., Wolski P.
Polskie Forum Psychologiczne
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2010
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vol. XV
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issue 2
241-262
EN
This paper presents a new research tool: the KRSS (Questionnaire on Coping with Ability Loss). The questionnaire is used to determine the stage of the process of coping with ability loss that the interviewee with acquired disability is at. The theoretical premise derives from the classic work by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross (2007) on coping with death, where several subsequent stages were identified: shock and denial; bargaining; depression; acceptance. Work on the questionnaire progressed in several steps: first, characteristic symptoms of each stage were described; then a set of statements linked to each stage was prepared; these were assessed by competent judges; next, the quality and number of statements were verified; a preliminary version of the questionnaire containing 39 sets was used to test 274 persons with acquired disabilities; the accuracy and reliability of each of the five scales and each of their positions was verified on the basis of the results; last, the final version of the questionnaire was produced, containing 27 statements. From this lengthy process was born a tool for diagnosing the current stage of coping with ability loss that is both short and simple to use. An accurate diagnosis of the coping stage may be a good basis for tailoring the professional activisation services to best fit the unique functioning of the individual in question.
9
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Kwestionariusz Poczucia Punktualności Zdarzeń Życiowych (PPZŻ): konstrukcja i analiza właściwości psychometrycznych

63%
Brzezińska A. I., Kaczan R.
Polskie Forum Psychologiczne
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2010
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vol. XV
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issue 1
85-110
EN
The paper presents the construction stages of the Sense of Life Events Punctuality Questionnaire in three versions – for early, middle and late adults. Work on the questionnaire proceeded in several steps. The starting point was an analysis of the developmental tasks associated with the three stages of adulthood, which were then divided into three domains: I. Relationships and family; II . Education and work; III . Free time and leisure. The first stage consisted in preparing initial content for each of the three versions of the questionnaire. In stage two the aptness of said content (with regard to both terminology and categorization) was evaluated by competent judges. During stage three, 307 adults were diagnosed using experimental versions of the questionnaire (112 of those were young adults, 22-39 years old; 109 were middle adults, 42-60; 86 were late adults, 61-85). Finally, stage four consisted in carrying factor analyses, for each age group separately. In this way the factor structure in each version of the questionnaire could be identified (3, 5 and 5 factors, respectively) and their reliability assessed by Cronbach’s alpha.
10
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Polska adaptacja Skali Wymiarów Rozwoju Tożsamości (DIDS)

63%
Brzezińska A. I., Piotrowski K.
Polskie Forum Psychologiczne
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2010
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vol. XV
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issue 1
66-84
EN
The paper presents the Dual-Cycle Model of Identity Formation, a theory formulated in recent years by researchers from the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, as well as a questionnaire created to verify the assumptions of this theory – the Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (DIDS). The authors make an overview of results of studies carried out using DIDS and describe the development process of the questionnaire itself. Since DIDS is currently being adapted for application in Poland, reports of the progress of the adaptation process and ratings of the psychometric value of this questionnaire are presented as well.
11
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Identity, self-sufficiency and disability in the context of educational and vocational activity

63%
Piotrowski K., Brzezińska A. I.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2011
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vol. 42
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issue 3
160-168
EN
This study focused on relations between identity and sense of self-sufficiency. These relations were analysed in the context of educational and vocational activity. 204 persons without disabilities and 230 persons with different kinds of disability participated in the study. Participants were divided into three groups: (1) 18-24-year-olds – students, (2) 25-30–yearolds – unemployed and (3) 25-30–year-olds – employed. The results revealed that unemployed people have significant problems with identity formation. This group obtained the highest scores on ruminative exploration and the lowest scores on the scales of commitment making and identification with commitment. Self-sufficiency proved to be a moderator of the relations between educational/vocational activity on the one hand and exploration in breadth and exploration in depth on the other hand. In students, level of exploration was high in individuals with a high sense of self-sufficiency whereas in the unemployed strong exploration was observed in the group with low sense of self-sufficiency. The need to conduct studies where participants are recruited from populations which seldom attract researchers’ interest, such as the unemployed and people of low social status, is also noted.
12
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Identity and markers of adulthood: the relationship between two constructs

63%
Brzezińska A. I., Piotrowski K.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2013
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vol. 44
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issue 3
254-265
EN
The article presents both the classical and contemporary approaches to the analysis of identity formation. Special emphasis has been placed on the processual approach, in which identity is regarded as a dynamic construct that remains in constant, mutual relations with personal and contextual factors. Since research on identity has been predominantly based on studies conducted on individuals in adolescence and early adulthood, i.e. in the time of transition to adulthood, the article focuses on adulthood markers that may be found in this particular phase of human development. The authors have distinguished different markers of adulthood (transitions to adult roles, psychosocial maturity, sense of adulthood) and have described their links to identity. In the conclusion of the present paper, it has been stressed that future research on identity should to a large extent include factors originating from these different categories of conditions, and that researchers ought to consider the interactions of these factors as predictors of identity formation.
13
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Identity and markers of adulthood: the relationship between two constructs

63%
Brzezińska A. I., Piotrowski K.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
|
2013
|
vol. 44
|
issue 3
254-265
EN
The article presents both the classical and contemporary approaches to the analysis of identity formation. Special emphasis has been placed on the processual approach, in which identity is regarded as a dynamic construct that remains in constant, mutual relations with personal and contextual factors. Since research on identity has been predominantly based on studies conducted on individuals in adolescence and early adulthood, i.e. in the time of transition to adulthood, the article focuses on adulthood markers that may be found in this particular phase of human development. The authors have distinguished different markers of adulthood (transitions to adult roles, psychosocial maturity, sense of adulthood) and have described their links to identity. In the conclusion of the present paper, it has been stressed that future research on identity should to a large extent include factors originating from these different categories of conditions, and that researchers ought to consider the interactions of these factors as predictors of identity formation.
14
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Identity, self-sufficiency and disability in the context of educational and vocational activity

63%
Piotrowski K., Brzezińska A. I.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
|
2011
|
vol. 42
|
issue 3
160-168
EN
This study focused on relations between identity and sense of self-sufficiency. These relations were analysed in the context of educational and vocational activity. 204 persons without disabilities and 230 persons with different kinds of disability participated in the study. Participants were divided into three groups: (1) 18-24-year-olds – students, (2) 25-30–yearolds – unemployed and (3) 25-30–year-olds – employed. The results revealed that unemployed people have significant problems with identity formation. This group obtained the highest scores on ruminative exploration and the lowest scores on the scales of commitment making and identification with commitment. Self-sufficiency proved to be a moderator of the relations between educational/vocational activity on the one hand and exploration in breadth and exploration in depth on the other hand. In students, level of exploration was high in individuals with a high sense of self-sufficiency whereas in the unemployed strong exploration was observed in the group with low sense of self-sufficiency. The need to conduct studies where participants are recruited from populations which seldom attract researchers’ interest, such as the unemployed and people of low social status, is also noted.
15
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Piotr Arak, Michał Boni, Krystyna Szafraniec, Youth Report 2011. Supporting Polish Youth into Adulthood. Discussion on the Margins of the Youth of 2011 Report

51%
Brzezińska A. I., Czub T., Nowotnik A., Rękosiewicz M.
Kultura i Edukacja
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2012
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issue 5(91)
248-262
16
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Factors influencing disabled people’s professional activity: the success and risk factors

51%
Brzezińska A. I., Kaczan R., Piotrowski K., Rycielski P.
Nauka
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2008
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issue 4
EN
The article is the forth one prepared by our team in the series of research on life quality and occupational activity among people with ability limitations („Nauka” 1/2008, „Nauka” 2/2008, „Nauka” 3/2008). The aim of the presented analysis was to create the complex model of determinants for occupational activities of people with disabilities that takes into account the broadest possible look-out. That is why we used the variables from all the fields analyzed in the previous papers in this series i.e. (1) SES; (2) characteristics of disabilities (the type, the degree, the age of acquiring disability); (3) upbringing characteristics in childhood; (4) social network; (5) personal capacities. In order to discover the significant determinants of occupational activities and quality of life among people with different disabilities – which could be both risk and success factors – we have divided the subjects into four groups according to two variables: (1) occupationally active or inactive patients and (2) patients satisfied/dissatisfied with their own income.The group with the largest observed number of risk factors has consisted of the subjects that have been inactive (non-looking for a job) and unsatisfied with their own income. Gender, city size, education, received support, social relations, disability characteristics, upbringing characteristics and personality traits have turned out to be significant risk/success factors. Moreover the results show that in different groups of people with disabilities we find different settings of risk and success factors.
17
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Factors influencing disabled people’s professional activity: personal and social capital

51%
Brzezińska A. I., Kaczan R., Piotrowski K., Rycielski P.
Nauka
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2008
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issue 2
EN
The following article is the second in a series (see „Nauka” 1/2008) presenting the results concerning the relationship between personal and social capital and level of life satisfaction among disabled people engaged in various professions. Personal capital is constructed on the basis of early socialization experiences within the family such as: number of responsibilities set by parents, degree of freedom, independent decision making, and parent-child relations. Social capital includes: respondent’s level of education (measured by years of studies), parent’s education, number of acquaintances, number of disabled people among acquaintances, family’s reaction to respondent’s needs and problems, and respondent’s perception of family support. Personal capital is an important predictor of life satisfaction among three subject groups – those engaged in employment activities (employed, formerly employed and searching for work, presently unemployed and not searching for work). Family support was isolated as an important predictor of life satisfaction among all five groups designated by professional status.
18
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Factors influencing disabled people’s professional activity: personal characteristics

51%
Brzezińska A. I., Kaczan R., Piotrowski K., Rycielski P.
Nauka
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2008
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issue 3
EN
The following article is the third publication presenting the results of a study concerning the professional activity of handicapped people (see: „Nauka” 1/2008 and „Nauka” 2/2008). The purpose of this part of the research was to determine whether there is a relationship between professional status, life satisfaction, and various personal competencies among handicapped people. Apart from this, we also wanted to establish what conditions personal competencies by focusing on social-demographic factors and disability characteristics. The tested competencies were isolated from the administered questionnaire using a factor analysis. Seven factors were found: locus of control, level of aspiration, potential for development, effort invested in development, impulsiveness, stamina, and mood. Analysis of the results leads to the following conclusions: (1) personal competencies are significantly related to professional activity for handicapped people, as is level of life satisfaction, (2) personal competencies are related to external factors shaping the development of handicapped people, such as: dwelling, gender, level of disability, and type of disability.
19
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Statusy tożsamości a style tożsamości i funkcjonowanie emocjonalne uczniów szkół zawodowych

51%
Brzezińska A. I., Piotrowski K., Czub T.
Psychologia Rozwojowa
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2014
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vol. 19
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issue 4
PL
The aim of the study was to analyze differences in respect of identity processing styles, shame and guilt proneness, and difficulties in emotion regulation among individuals in late adolescence with different identity statuses. The participants were 971 students from different types of vocational schools, including: (1) basic vocational schools (n = 271), technical secondary schools (n = 447), and specialized secondary schools (n = 253). Analysis of the results showed that the distribution of six empirically distinguished (on the basis of cluster analysis) identity statuses among the students from the three investigated types of schools varied. Identity statuses also differentiated the results of other investigated variables. Individuals with identity achievement and foreclosure used more adaptive identity styles, had a lower level of shame proneness and a lower level of difficulties in emotion regulation than individuals with diffused diffusion and carefree diffusion statuses. The results have been analyzed from the perspective of cognitive and emotional determinants of identity formation. Limitations of the study and suggestions for further research have also been presented.
20
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Social participation, identity style and identity dimensions in late adolescence among students of three types of vocational schools

51%
Kaczan R., Brzezińska A. I., Wojciechowska J.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2013
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vol. 44
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issue 3
310-321
EN
Departing from the model suggested by Luyckx, Schwarz, Berzonsky et al. (2008), the relationships between identity and educational context, social participation, and identity information processing style were investigated. Participants were 972 students from six vocational schools in Poznań. The students, within these six schools, attended Grades I-III of three types of vocational schools: basic vocational schools (n=271), technical upper secondary schools (n=448), and specialized upper secondary schools (n=253). Three questionnaires were used: The Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (DIDS/PL), which measures five identity dimensions according to the concept of Luyckx, Schwarz, Berzonsky et al. (2008), Social Participation Questionnaire, developed by Brzezińska, Rękosiewicz and Hejmanowski (see Rękosiewicz, 2013b), enabling identification of the type of social participation, and the Polish adaptation of M. Berzonsky’s Identity Style Inventory 4 (ISI-4) authored by A. Senejko (2010), to examine identity styles. The results showed that the students from basic vocational schools and technical upper secondary schools were more often characterized by the normative identity style, whereas the students from specialized upper secondary schools manifested a greater tendency to engage themselves in exploration, both adaptive and ruminative.
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