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1

Reading and Writing Skills in Religious Communities Inhabiting Poland in View of the Results of the 1931 Census

100%
Wysocki T.
Rozprawy z Dziejów Oświaty
|
2005
|
vol. 44
105-135
EN
The paper is an attempt to present the level of education of the popoulation of Poland during the period between the World War I and II, based on reading and writing skills in religious communities living in Poland, as reflected in the results of the 1931 Census. The paper is an introduction to a more in-depth discussion concerning the ethnic and linguistic structure of the population of Poland 70 years ago. It describes four categories of people: literate (able to read and write), semi-literate (able to read but not to write), illiterate (unable to read and write) and those whose reading and writing skills are unknown. Since the ability to write plays the decisive role in the research on illiteracy, the least attention is devoted in this paper to people belonging to the category of people with reading skills only.
2

PERSONS OF NON-POLISH NATIONALITY AND LANGUAGE IN POLAND ACCORDING TO THE NATIONAL POPULATION CENSUS 2002

100%
Wysocki T.
Studia Demograficzne
|
2006
|
issue 2(150)
96-125
EN
The base for the analysis of population structure by nationality (by declaration) and language used at home, is the data from the National Population Census 2002. The author also refers to other scientists' study results, to justify assumptions used while disaggregating almost 775 thousand people (2% of total population) with unknown nationality or language used at home. The estimates and analysis results are widely compared with results of other studies, based also on special research. The results of the study show, that Poland, at the beginning of the XXI century, had a homogeneous population in respect of nationality and language used at home. Small national and language minorities (about 471 thousand persons, i.e. 1.2% of the total population, and 481 thousand i.e. 1.3%, after adjustments based on disaggregation of unknown nationality or language), exist mainly in the Opolskie and Slaskie voivodeships (Germans and Silesians) and in Podlaskie voivodeship (Byelorussians). Unique use of the Polish language at home was declared by about 97-98% of population, Polish together with a second language was used at home by 1,3% of population, and exclusively foreign languages - by only 0,14%. Among the foreign languages used at home, German and English were most frequently declared. Also, relatively frequently the Silesian and Kashubian dialects were used at home.
3
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SOME ASPECTS OF TERMINOLOGY IN THE STUDIES OF A POPULATION'S ETHNIC STRUCTURES (EXPLICATION EFFORT PERTINENT TO THE INTERWAR PERIOD)

100%
Wysocki T.
Sprawy Narodowościowe
|
2008
|
issue 33
75-100
EN
The purpose of this paper is to explicate essential terms related to ethnicity. It contains definitions of such terms as nation, ethnicity, ethnic group, ethnographic group, ethnic minority, assimilation. Also, the paper presents an outline of the ethnicity building process and touches upon the issue of native tongue as a criterion defining ethnic membership. Additionally, the paper contemplates the correlation between the declared native language and religious denomination. The analytical database used for the purpose of this paper are Polish and foreign reference resources, as well as sociological and historical literature.
4
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THE RELIGIOUS STRUCTURE OF POLAND'S POPULATION IN 1931 BASED ON THE SECOND NATIONAL CENSUS

100%
Wysocki T.
Sprawy Narodowościowe
|
2005
|
issue 27
71-99
EN
This paper examines the religious diversity of Poland's interwar population. The results of the National Census of 9 December, 1931 provide the statistical database used in this analysis. Using the numerical material obtained from the afore-mentioned Census, the author projects the religious structure of the interwar population in Poland in relation to its nationality structure. This paper is also an attempt to determine the extent to which religion and mother tongue determined membership within a given nationality. It should be noted that the question of objectivity in classifying individual nationalities is quite problematic. In the course of national censuses, the respondents' declarations were (and are) affected by a variety of factors, e.g. mutual relations between the majority and minority groups in the given area. At times, some members of a minority group will not formally declare their minority identity. Additionally, declarations of identity may vary with respect to the respondents' needs. The author examines the interrelation between mother tongue and religion on the territory of the Second Polish Republic. Nationality groups can be identified by a variety of criteria. Frequently, the main criterion for identifying nationality is what the respondent declares to be his/her mother tongue. Another criterion may be the respondent's religion, which is frequently related to his/her mother language. It is quite interesting to examine the interrelation between the mother tongue, which is a subjective criterion of nationality, and a relatively objective criterion, e.g. the religious denomination. Roman Catholics represented the predominate religious group of the Second Polish Republic. That religion was generally identified with Polish nationality. Other faiths with relatively numerous representation in interwar Poland included the Orthodox Church, the Greek Catholic Church, and Judaism. Members of the Orthodox and Greek Catholic Churches were typically identified with East Slavic nationalities (Belorussians, Ukrainians, Ruthenians) and adherents of Judaism with Jews. The CHI2 tests of independence have shown that the nationality and religious population structures in the Second Polish Republic were closely linked.
5
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Ethnic Structure of Poland's Population in 1931 Based on the Declared Native Tongue

100%
Wysocki T.
Sprawy Narodowościowe
|
2005
|
issue 26
29-55
EN
The objective of this paper is to examine the ethnic diversity of Poland's inter-war population. Despite his work being based on studies of statistical data, the author has also inserted some comments from historians to help better understand the subject and accurately analyse Poland's demographic situation in the 1930s. The statistical database used for the purpose of this analysis is the results of the National Census of 9 December, 1931. Using relatively reliable numerical data obtained from the aforementioned Census, he has projected the ethnic structure of inter-war society in Poland, with the key criterion being the declared native language, its distribution in individual counties, urbanisation level, and gender. Poland between World Wars I and II was a multinational state. More then 30% of the Polish society was not of Polish origin. The largest groups of national minorities were represented by: Ukrainians, Jews, Byelorussians and Germans. Quite large ethnic-language group was 'locals', that means people with unformed national awareness, resulting from census 1931 distinguished only in the Polesie province. The central and western provinces were more nationally homogeneous than the eastern ones. The most homogeneous was Silesia, and the least - Polesie. Most of Jews and Germans lived on the ethnic Polish land, whereas in the west borderland lived populations of the other national minorities. Jews constituted the most urbanized national group that lived in Poland between the two World Wars. Jews, Russians and Germans were more urbanized than the Polish. Less urbanized were the Slavic minorities (so-called 'locals', Byelorussians, Ukrainians and Ruthenians) and the Lithuanians. The most feminized national groups in the II 'Rzeczpospolita' (Republic) were Germans and Russians, and the least - Ukrainians and Czechs.
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