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Greckokatolicka rodzina chłopska w ziemi chełmskiej w końcu XVIII w.

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Miesiąc-Stępińska A., Rzemieniecki K.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
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2009
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vol. 69
91-110
EN
The intention of this article is to analyse the structure of the population and family farmsteads at the end of the eighteenth century in three Uniate (Greek Catholic) parishes situated in the north-eastern part of the land of Chelm. The results were compared with findings relating to Roman Catholic parishes in the western parts of the Kingdom of Poland, primarily in Greater Poland. The study was based on parish population polls conducted by the local rectors in 1791–1792 upon the request of the Civilian-Military Order Commissions. The Greek Catholic parishes revealed a population structure different than the one in their Roman Catholic counterparts; the same holds true for peasant farmsteads with a similar number of persons per single farm, i.e. 6–7. There is a distinctive connection between the considerable participation of relatives within the structure of the Uniate peasant household and the small number of servants and tenant farmers, almost absent in the examined parishes. In the studied community tenant farmers constituted 2,7% of the population, servants – 2%, and relatives – 33,6%, while in parishes situated in the west tenant farmers totalled 7,3–16,4%, servants – 12,5–24,4%, and relatives – 4,5-14,1% of the whole population. The large participation of relatives in the employment structure of the farmsteads in the eastern parishes unquestionably reduced the need for a hired labour force, while the care for and protection of old relatives, incapable of working, decreased the percentage of tenant farmers in the whole population. The presence of numerous relatives in peasant farmsteads denoted also a small number of nuclear families, which in the examined parishes totalled 41,3% of the whole population, while in the western parishes was never lower than 62%.
2
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Ludność katolicka i ewangelicka Kępna w XVIII wieku

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Miesiąc-Stępińska A., Rzemieniecki K.
Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski
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2011
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vol. 30
53-77
EN
Kępno lies on the border of Wielkopolska and Silesia. In the 18th century it was part of the Ostrzeszów district in the Sieradz province. The local parish comprised a town and two villages. At that time there were three ethnic groups living in the town: Poles; Protestants from Silesia, mainly Germans; and Jews. The basic occupations of the new inhabitants were crafts (they were mostly cobblers, weavers and linen makers) and trade. The analysis is based on birth, marriage and death registers of the Roman Catholic parish of Kępno, in which not only Catholics but also Protestants were listed. The monthly seasonality of weddings in the parish depended largely on the church calendar and work in the fields. Most marriage ceremonies in both religious groups took place in October, November and January. They were usually held on Sundays and, less frequently, on Tuesdays and Mondays. The ceremonies were witnessed almost invariably by men. Only in exceptional cases would a woman be one of the witnesses. There were also dozen or so marriage ceremonies with three witnesses; in several cases the note “and others” was added. Witnesses were usually people of higher standing or popularity in the local community. In both religious communities the biggest number of children were born in September and October, the smallest — in June. 2.8% of children were born out of wedlock — most of them were Catholic children. People asked to be godparents were mainly men and women who were popular in the local community. The distribution of the number of deaths among people living in Kępno and its vicinity was clearly related to the seasons. The number of deaths in the parish was particularly high towards the end of winter and in early spring as well as late summer, a phenomenon characteristic of all urban and rural communities from the 17th–19th centuries studied so far.
3
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Śluby w parafii greckokatolickiej Kałusz w latach 1785–1897

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Rzemieniecki K., Miesiąc-Stępińska A.
Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski
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2014
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vol. 33
39 - 63
EN
Kalush lies at the foot of the Carpathians, in the Dniester River basin, about 100 km south-east of Lviv. When it belonged to the Kingdom of Poland, it was the centre of a local royal estate; after the area was seized by Austria in 1772 it became a district town. For centuries the area was associated with salt mining, processing and trade. The town had a complex population structure comprising Poles, Ukrainians, Jews and Germans, and, in terms of religious denominations — Roman and Greek Catholics, Protestants (Lutherans) and Mosaic believers. The present analysis is based on the birth, marriage and death registers of the Greek Catholic parish of Kalush from 1785–1897. The monthly seasonality of weddings in the parish depended largely on the church calendar and work in the fields. Most marriage ceremonies in this religious group took place in October, November and January. Usually, they were held on Tuesdays, Mondays and Thursdays. In most cases marriage ceremonies were witnessed by two men, usually people of higher standing or popularity in the local community. The average age of the groom was 28,7 years and of the bride 23,5 years. The age of both men and women was much lower when they were getting married for the first time. The bachelors were on average 25,4 years old at that time and the maidens — 21 years. Approximately 10% of marriages were between people of different denominations. Usually, they were marriages between Greek Catholics and Roman Catholics. As the town developed and grew, it attracted a number of people seeking work and a better life. This process can also be observed in the birth, marriage and death registers. 29% of men getting married in Kalush were born outside this parish, while 13% lived permanently outside the town, usually in its vicinity. Despite the custom of conducting the marriage ceremony in the bride’s parish, marriage registers also contain information about women born outside Kalush and Bania but living there permanently. Approximately 10% of the women came from outside the town.
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