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Prawa człowieka w konstytucjach wybranych państw europejskich

100%
Janusz G.
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
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2021
|
issue 4 (62)
359-374
EN
Nowadays human rights are an essential part of constitutional regulations in the European countries. The very first universal regulation based on the rights of every citizen, was The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen set in 1789. Analysed constitutions of France, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Latvia, Bohemia, Slovakia and Poland point to the developments of rights of individuals through expanding these rights from the rights of the citizens to the rights of every person on the territory of a particular country. Obviously, the rights concerning exclusively the citizens of a particular country, like for example the right to vote, have still been maintained. A modern catalogue of rights and freedoms of individuals is abundant and expanded by, for example, the right to the constitutional complaint or the right to a clear environment. Nowadays the human rights standards are widely recognised though not always respected. This results from the legal and political practise, in which the scope of the rights of individuals is still being narrowed. One of the reasons are ideological and political changes in particular countries, which are being enforced with the development of civilisation and technology.
PL
Prawa człowieka stanowią dzisiaj istotną część regulacji konstytucyjnych w państwach europejskich. Pierwszą powszechną regulacją, opartą na zasadzie praw przysługującej każdemu obywatelowi, była francuska Deklaracja praw człowieka i obywatela z 26 sierpnia 1789 r. Przeanalizowane konstytucje Francji, Belgii, Szwajcarii, Niemiec, Austrii, Łotwy, Czech, Słowacji oraz Polski wskazują na rozwój praw jednostek poprzez poszerzanie praw jednostek od praw przysługujących obywatelom na rzecz praw przysługujących każdej osobie przebywającej na obszarze danego państwa. Oczywiście zachowane zostały także te prawa, które ze swej istoty przysługują wyłącznie obywatelom, jak np. prawa wyborcze. Współczesny katalog praw i wolności jednostek jest szeroki i rozbudowywany np. o prawo do skargi konstytucyjnej, czy prawo do czystego środowiska. Standardy praw człowieka są obecnie powszechnie uznawane, aczkolwiek nie zawsze przestrzegane. Wynika to zarówno z praktyki polityczno-prawnej, w której przestrzeń praw jednostek ulega stałemu zawężeniu m.in. z powodu zmian ideologiczno-politycznych w poszczególnych państwach, jak i wymuszanych rozwojem cywilizacyjnym i technologicznym.
2
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Bezpieczeństwo regionalne w kontekście rzekomego naruszania praw ludności rosyjskiej na Ukrainie oraz mechanizmów europejskiego systemu ochrony praw mniejszości

100%
Janusz G.
Eastern Review
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2016
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vol. 5
51-68
RU
Целью статьи является анализ международных правовых механизмов в сфере охраны прав национальных меньшинств, а также в сфере противостояния возможности нарушения региональной безопасности. Актуальность статьи связана с событиями и деятельностью, инициированными Россией на востоке Украины, также имеющими отношение к защите якобы нарушаемых прав русскоговорящих в Крыму и восточных областях Украины.
EN
The paper contains an analysis of international legal regulations of minority rights protection, as well as the mechanisms of prevention of regional security threats. The background of the analysis is the Russia-inspired and supported activity in the east of Ukraine, directed against the alleged violation of the rights of the Russian-speaking inhabitants of the Crimea and Ukraine’s eastern districts.
3
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Dwustronne porozumienia o prawach mniejszości jako nowa jakość ochrony mniejszości w Europie na przełomie XX i XXI wieku

100%
Janusz G.
Forum Politologiczne
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2007
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vol. 5 - Narody XXI wieku
53-81
EN
After 1945 there were concluded over 100 two-sided agreements, which contained so called minority clauses, which means regulations referring to the rights of ethnic minorities. Moreover, the countries concluded 13 different two-sided agreements about the status of ethnic minorities. In minority clauses mainly the language and religion rights were regulated, whereas the content of specially concluded agreements concerning the protection of minorities was much more extended. The agreements referred to the accepted international agreements about human rights in UN, Council of Europe or OSCE system. Generally all of them protect language rights of minorities, including the right to learn the native language and in the native language, use native language in private and public life and write names and surnames in it and partially the right to use it in local governments, courts and other public places and also use geographic names in native language in the areas, that had been previously inhabited by this minority. The concluded agreements supplemented the accepted international obligations and in the same time strengthened the protection of internal law, becoming the impulse to find new solutions.
4
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PROCEDURA NIEPRAWODAWCZA W UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ

100%
Janusz G.
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
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2012
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vol. 10
41-50
XX
The entry into force of The Treaty of Lisbon on 1 December 2009 substantially changed the terminology used in legislative (decision-making) procedures in the EU. The basic change was the introduction of the division of acts of EU secondary law into legislative and non-legislative ones. At the same time legislative procedures were further specified and described in two forms as the ordinary legislative procedure and special legislative procedure. Apart from the two legislative procedures, EU decision-making procedures should also be taken into account, which, while producing specific political and legal consequences, did not aim at the adoption of a legislative act. They are determined by both the provisions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. This type of decision-making procedure should be described as a non-legislative procedure. Decision-making mechanisms also take into account the hybrid nature of the EU and a variety of interests of the Member States with the simultaneous need for maintaining the cohesion of the European Union.
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