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EN
This article is about Russian Empress Catherine the Great, her relations with her son Paul and grandson Alexander and role that she played in their upbringings. When Paul, Catherine’s only legal son was born, he was taken from her by Empress Elizabeth. That – and the fact, that Paul blamed Catherine for the death of his father – resulted in the fact, that they never develops proper, familial relation. On the other hand, Catherine was very active and affectionate grandmother, primarily for her oldest grandson, Alexander. She wanted to raise him to become ideal enlightened monarch. She took care of his education and even wrote fairy tales for him herself. Paul hated mother with bitter passion. Alexander loved her, but her influence shaped also his negative features. Catherine had undoubtedly great impact on both her son’s and grandson’s lives, but in the first case – impact was definitely negative and in second case – only arguably positive.
EN
The article is an analysis of a draft Russian constitution of 1820 in the context of internal policy and policy toward Poland conducted by Tsar Alexander I. The creation of the Kingdom of Poland allowed the tsar to test the system he wanted to impose on his whole Empire. It was to combine the constitutional political system with his autocratic power.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza projektu konstytucji rosyjskiej z 1820 r. w kontekście polityki wewnętrznej i polityki polskiej Aleksandra I. Utworzenie Królestwa Polskiego dało carowi możliwość przetestowania systemu, który zamierzał wprowadzić w całym Cesarstwie. Miał on polegać na połączeniu ustroju konstytucyjnego z autokratyczną władzą monarchy.
EN
Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky (1772–1839) was a prominent Russian activist state. In March 1812, he fell from favor with the Emperor Alexander I. He was expelled from St. Petersburg and ordered to reside first in Nizhny Novgorod, and then in Perm (the estate of her daughter, Wielikopole), in the province of Novgorod (the European part of the Russian Empire). In 1816, Alexander I appointed him the governor of Penza, and in 1819, governor-general of Siberia. He ordered him to review the three-province: Tobolski, Tomsk and Irkutsk. M. Speransky made a successful fight against corruption. He started the development of these provinces. In 1821, he was appointed by Alexander I a member of the Council of State, and in 1839, he received the title of count from Nicholas I.
PL
Michaił Michajłowicz Speranskij (1772–1839), wybitny rosyjski działacz państwowy, w marcu 1812 r. wpadł w niełaskę cesarza Aleksandra I, w wyniku której wydalono go z Sankt-Petersburga i nakazano zamieszkanie początkowo w Niżnym Nowgorodzie, a następnie w Permie w majątku córki Wielikopole, w guberni nowogrodzkiej (europejska część Imperium Rosyjskiego). W 1816 r. Aleksander I mianował go gubernatorem w Penzie, a w 1819 r. – generał-gubernatorem Syberii, polecając mu dokonać rewizji trzech guberni: tobolskiej, tomskiej i irkuckiej. M. Speranskij podjął z sukcesem walkę z korupcją urzędniczą i zajął się rozwojem tych prowincji. W 1821 r. został przez Aleksandra I mianowany członkiem Rady Państwa, a w 1839 r. otrzymał z rąk Mikołaja I tytuł hrabiowski.
EN
The history of the Catholic Church in Poland under the reign of Alexander I corresponded directly to the history of Poland at that time. The Tsar initiated building a new political order in Europe in the post-Napoleon period. This new order was to rest on Christian values safeguarded by the monarchies. Liberal historiography distorted the image of the Tsar, as it failed to recognize his reference to the Byzantine ideals in his plans. The early 19th century was characterised with a subtle atmosphere of crossdenominational spirituality, which relied on spiritual fraternity of nations. It was in stern contrast to the prevalent idea that the state is strictly dependent on the norms of civilization development, which are entirely subservient to the principles of rationalism. Paradoxically, the ideas of eschatological mysticism and striving to build a modern empire merged in the mentality of Alexander I. The principles of Christian universalism helped him reinterpret the ideal of a Christian empire, a new Rome. When referring to the contemporary ideal of the European Union by Robert Schuman, who did anchor it in its Christian roots, one has to remember the pioneering effort by Alexander I. At the same time, it is questionable if the Poles of the time did comprehend his ideas correctly. This miscomprehension is borne out by the fact that the Constitutional Commission composed a Constitution for the Kingdom of Poland which was more liberal than the Constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw. The articles of the former constitution reveal that its authors attempted to marginalize the role of the Church and to grant privileges to secular institutions and ideologies – which was against the Tsar's intentions. Although the Tsar attempted to put into practice the ideal of a cross-denominational Christian state, built on the foundation of a specific form of ecumenism and Christian Enlightenment, the history of the Polish Catholic Church in the Kingdom of Poland shows that the plans failed. The Tsar's policy was not thwarted by the traditional Catholic milieus, but by the members of the Polish government.
PL
Losy Kościoła katolickiego w Polsce za panowania Aleksandra I odzwierciedlały historyczne losy Polski. Car był inicjatorem budowy nowego porządku politycznego w Europie po czasach Napoleona. Jego fundamentem były wartości chrześcijańskie, których gwarantem miały się stać monarchie. Liberalna historiografia zafałszowała wizerunek cara, nic odnajdując w jego zamysłach nawiązania do ideałów bizantyjskich. Dla początków wieku XIX charakterystyczna była subtelna ponadkonfesyjna duchowość, której ważnym elementem było duchowe braterstwo. Kontrastowała ona z rozpowszechnionym przekonaniem, że państwo wiąże się ściśle z normami cywilizacyjnymi, a te z kolei podporządkowane są zasadom rozumu. Eschatologiczny mistycyzm i dążenie do budowy nowoczesnego imperium paradoksalnie zespoliły się w mentalności Aleksandra I. Uniwersalizm chrześcijański pomógł mu zreinterpretować ideał imperium chrześcijańskiego, nowego Rzymu. Przywołując współczesny ideał zjednoczonej Europy Roberta Schumana, w którym mowa jest jeszcze o korzeniach chrześcijańskich, warto przypomnieć, że projekt Aleksandra I był w tym przypadku pionierski. Tym nie mniej należy wątpić, iż został on właściwie zrozumiany przez Polaków. Wskazuje na to fakt, że Komisja Konstytucyjna stworzyła dla Królestwa Polskiego Konstytucję bardziej liberalną niż Konstytucja Księstwa Warszawskiego, a jej zapisy świadczą, wbrew intencjom cara, o chęci zmarginalizowania roli Kościoła katolickiego na rzecz świeckich instytucji i ideałów. Choć car starał się urzeczywistnić ideał ponadkonfesyjnego państwa chrześcijańskiego na fundamencie specyficznie pojętego ekumenizmu i chrześcijańskiego oświecenia, to los polskiego Kościoła katolickiego w Królestwie Polskim nie odzwierciedlał tych planów. Politykę cara torpedowały nie kręgi ortodoksyjnie katolickie, lecz członkowie rządu polskiego.
EN
Having ascended the throne, Tsar Alexander established for the first time the Ministry of Education in 1802. Then the legal framework for the modern education in the Russian Empire was devised by a document called The Provisional Regulations of Public Enlightenment of the Russian Empire enacted 24th of January 1803, whereby six educational (school) districts were erected. The universities rode herd on schools. Next rescripts determined a.o. relations between schools and their policy. The system lasted until the fourth decade of the 19th century when Tsar started to restrict the autonomy of universities as well as unify their structure and educational system.
Tematy i Konteksty
|
2017
|
vol. 12
|
issue 7
120-141
EN
Elegia żałośna, scil[icet], Tryumf francmasonów z wygnania jezuitów z Petersburga, signed by Wincenty Wierzbiłowicz, was composed in the circle of freemasons, soon after the expulsion of the members of the Society of Jesus from the then capital of the Russian Empire. The poem, which refers to the events that were painful to the Jesuits, is saturated with irony and derision. Even its title is ambiguous as in an ‘elegy’ the reader should be presented with poetry expressing grief and lamenting some loss. Yet the author of this composition proclaims his joy over the misfortune that befell the Jesuits. He discredits the value of their teaching and casts serious doubt upon the special bond with Christ that the Jesuits claimed to have. Also, he is sure that the removal of the followers of St Ignatius from Saint Petersburg will wipe out their sense of superiority over the “commoners” and put an end to their infamous equivocation. Wierzbiłowicz describes the Jesuits as “villains”, and the principles and ideas they expounded are associated by him with “filth”. At the end of the poem, its tone changes. The author applauds the designs of Alexander I. Initially, the tsar intended to unite all religions as one and to revive spiritual life beyond the confines of particular denominations. He planned to establish a universal Church. The idea of freedom of religion, propagated by freemasons, concurred with his venture. Freemasons supported Alexander’s initiative and voiced their conviction that, as the Jesuits had been expelled from the Russian capital city, no one could hinder the implementation of the project. It is not known if the Jesuits prepared any direct response to Elegia żałośna, but the reputation and respectability of the order were definitely defended by Józef Morelowski, a Jesuit poet from Połock (now Polatsk, Belarus). In his works, he attacked freemasonry, arguing that members of masonic lodges spread lies about the Society of Jesus.
EN
The article is devoted to the one of the key aspects of diplomatic activities of states on the eve of the War of 1812 in Russia, when the Polish convention can be concluded between France and Russia. In this article the documents from the diplomatic correspondence of the Russian ambassador in Paris, prince Alexander Kurakin, are used for the first time.
PL
Konwencja rosyjsko-francuska z 1810 roku o losach Polski i stosunki rosyjsko-francuskie Artykuł poświęcony jest jednemu z kluczowych aspektów działalności dyplomatycznej mocarstw przed wojną 1812 r. w Rosji, kiedy można było zawrzeć konwencję o losach Polski między Francją a Rosją. Po raz pierwszy w artykule wykorzystano dokumenty z korespondencji dyplomatycznej rosyjskiego ambasadora w Paryżu, księcia Aleksandra Kurakina. Русско-французская конвенция 1810 года о судьбе Польши и русско-французские отношения Статья посвящена одному из ключевых аспектов дипломатической активности держав перед войной 1812 г. в России, когда между Францией и Россией могла быть заключена конвенция о судьбе Польши. В статье впервые используются документы из дипломатической переписки российского посла в Париже князя Александра Куракина.
EN
Empress Catherine II ignored Pope Clement XIV ’s suppression brief from 1773 and preserved the Belarusian branch of the Society of Jesus. The article draws attention to three important events in the history of this group: the Napoleonic campaign of 1812, restoration of the Order worldwide in 1814 and expulsion from Russia in 1820. These events are documented in sources which are discussed in the paper: an unfinished poem by Jan Mihanowicz, SJ, entitled Podróż XX. Jezuitów z Połocka do północnej Rosji w roku 1812 przed wejściem wojska francuskiego do Białej Rusi (The Trip of Jesuit Priests from Polotsk to Northern Russia in 1812 before the Advance of the French Army to Bela Rus) and the diaries of Jan Galicz, SJ, Wygnaniec z Białej Rusi (An Exile from Bela Rus).
EN
Empress Catherine II ignored Pope Clement XIV ’s suppression brief from 1773 and preserved the Belarusian branch of the Society of Jesus. The article draws attention to three important events in the history of this group: the Napoleonic campaign of 1812, restoration of the Order worldwide in 1814 and expulsion from Russia in 1820. These events are documented in sources which are discussed in the paper: an unfinished poem by Jan Mihanowicz, SJ, entitled Podróż XX. Jezuitów z Połocka do północnej Rosji w roku 1812 przed wejściem wojska francuskiego do Białej Rusi (The Trip of Jesuit Priests from Polotsk to Northern Russia in 1812 before the Advance of the French Army to Bela Rus) and the diaries of Jan Galicz, SJ, Wygnaniec z Białej Rusi (An Exile from Bela Rus).
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