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Strategia i taktyka nawiązywania stosunków dyplomatycznych przez Chińską Republikę Ludową z innymi państwami w latach 1949-1961

100%
Podlewska S.
Forum Politologiczne
|
2010
|
vol. 11 - Chiny i państwa azjatyckie - karty z historii i wyzwania współczesności
111-146
EN
Due to changes in internal and international situation PRC's politics and tactics in the field of international relations was also changing in order to make the country a global power. To achieve this aim, establishing diplomatic relations with other countries was a key assumption of international politics. The author of the article has attempted to analyze the strategy and tactics of normalizingPRC's relations with other countries during the years 1949—1969 and has tried to present how they developed. Another aim of the article has been to present the process of PRC's coming out of the isolation which occurred as a result of the new government's decisions as well as other countries' 'shock' at the establishment of the communist China. The first thirty years of PRC that have been analyzed have been divided into four periods that differed from one another in the aims of home and international politics. The first period is the years 1949-1956. These years were marked by the rebuilding of the country and the growing power of the Communist Party of China (CPC) at home whereas abroad the characteristic of this period was the 'lean-to-one-side' strategy, i.e. alliance with the USSR and new relations with socialist countries, mainly with the countries of Asia. The second period is the years 1957—1960 during which the power of Mao Zedong grew as he got rid of his political opponents. Home and internal politics became more radical. The Republic of China was aiming at becoming a strong international player with powers equal to those of other socialist countries. Another aim was becoming the leader of the countries of the Third World. In the third period (1961—1965) Mao's position became less conspicuous and the country's economic situation improved. Inter-nationally, this period was characterized by the attempts to build a third direction of international politics. PRC was trying to lead in the establishment of the Third World countries' block and become the centre of the world revolution. The most radical and destructive was the fourth period of 1966-1969, i.e. the cultural revolution in¬itiated by Mao. The revolution brought about a disaster in the economic situation. Its other effect was the country's isolation. In order to stop that impasse, PRC finally turned 'right' i.e. towards the capitalist countries. Intensive actions were taken that normalized the relations with those countries. Owing to that flexibility, already in 1970 PRC initiated the process by establishing diplomatic relations with Canada.
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La intervención pacificadora de la santa sede durante el pontificado de Benedicto XVI

75%
Bonet Navarro J.
Journal of Modern Science
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2017
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issue 1(32)
209-221
EN
The activity of the Holy See in favor of peace has developed throughout History. This work focuses on the work developed by Pope Benedict XVI in this matter. The first part refers to the pacification activity carried out by Benedict XVI through diplomatic relations, and other international activities such as mediation, good offices and international arbitration, although the brevity of his pontificate only allowed him to continue with the diplomatic relations and the signing of international agreements with the States. The second part focuses on the many appeals for peace that Benedict XVI has made in many occasions during his pontificate, with the Diplomatic Corps, the ambassadors of the different States, the Heads of State, receiving the bishops in ad limina visit, or during the Angelus prayer in St. Peter’s Square. This work has been done inside the Proyecto I+D+I DER2015-65840-R (MINECO/FEDER) “Diversidad y Convivencia: los derechos humanos como guía de acción”, del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad y el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional.
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