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EN
Co-production is a term that has been used to describe arrangements where receivers of services are also involved in producing them. This type of arrangements can be found in a wide range of services and situations, which has stretched the concept of co-production to a point where its meaning is becoming less clear. This paper presents research on co-production from two very different service areas that will show both commonalities and differences in the interpretation of the concept. What is at the core of the concept and how can co-production be transferred from one service area to another? These are questions addressed in this paper, using existing research on childcare and addiction treatment in Sweden.
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Studia Ełckie
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2018
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vol. 20
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issue 2
233-248
EN
This text attempts to present the legal structure of parental authority. It is a historical description. Describes all elements of parental responsibility. Both substantive and procedural issues. First and foremost, in the text, parental authority was introduced in Polish law. The analysis has been subjected to the following terms: parental control, the content of power, deprivation, suspension, restriction and cessation of parental authority. The boundaries of that power are outlined. The problem of the Polish law concerning the family. The most important issues related to mutual rights and family responsibilities and relationships between parents and children who are not dependent on parental responsibility are discussed. The basic features of proper parental responsibility are shown. The issue of parental responsibility has been approximated.
EN
This paper examines the relationship between different aspects of the parental leave use by German fathers and their subsequent engagement in childcare. The relationship between the use of parental leave by fathers and their time spent on childcare on weekdays in subsequent years is broken down by three different details to parental leave use (duration, timing and partner’s employment status during parental leave). It also examines whether fathers who take parental leave provide more childcare even before they take the parental leave compared to fathers who do not use parental leave. The study is based on German panel data and applies group comparisons with t-test and difference-in-differences analysis. The results demonstrate that if fathers take more than two months’ leave or if they take parental leave alone they spend on average more time on childcare after the leave period than fathers not using parental leave. The differences to fathers with no leave use are strongest for fathers who take advantage of leave alone. i.e. when their partner is working. We also discover that on average, fathers on leave (alone) are not inclined to more childcare before the parental leave period compared to fathers not using parental leave.. Based on identity theory and the undoing gender framework, the cautious interpretation of the results is that fathers who are on leave for more than two months or were on leave alone experience a shift in their commitment to childcare during the leave period.
EN
Providing care for one’s relatives is always a sacrifice, which, aside from the reduction of income, often entails the worsening of one’s professional position and, consequently, a lower pension in the future. The aim of the paper is to establish if the phenomenon of the loss of income by family caregivers (care penalty) is observable in the Polish labour market, and if it is, whom it affects. The research was carried out on the basis of the data from the Polish Labour Force Survey (LFS) 2009Q1. Factors affecting employees' income were identified using regression models which contained explana-tory variables describing the employees and the structure of their families as well as the characteristics of their workplaces. The analysis was performed separately for all the respondents, according to the respondents’ sex, and for female employees aged 25–54. The parameters of the models of monthly and hourly wages which used various sets of variables reflecting the family structure were estimated using the OLS method. Introducing variables representing the structure of households made it possible to observe that both the phenomena of the loss of income by working mothers (motherhood penalty) and of the loss of income by caregivers of elderly relatives (eldercare penalty) do apply to the Polish labour market. The study also demonstrated that the reduction of caregivers' income, especially that of the caregivers of the elderly, affects mostly women aged 25-54. The results of the research indicate that a vast number of Polish families function according to the traditional model, where it is mostly women who combine the role of a caregiver with their professional career.
EN
The article provides a detailed insight into a critical stage in the life course of young women. It focuses on the transition to first-time motherhood among women with tertiary education in heterosexual dual-earner couples in the Czech Republic. The plans of pregnant women regarding their working lives following the birth of their first child are compared with the subsequent realities of their lives (the first eighteen months of their motherhood). The study is based on longitudinal qualitative research conducted between 2011 and 2014. The research revealed that pregnant women did not consider motherhood and paid work as contradictory and that most of them anticipated working before their child´s third birthday. Due to the reality of motherhood and the chances of combining childcare and work, a number of the women in the sample changed their plans, did not return to work once their children reached eighteen months of age and did not expect to return to work in the near future. The lack of available non-maternal childcare or the unwillingness to take advantage of it were found to be the key factors in their decision not to work, coupled with a shortage of part-time work and flexible working arrangements (working hours and place of work). Conversely, the offer of flexible working conditions, the prospect of good financial rewards and a positive relationship between the woman and her work constituted the key reasons for women to return to work during the first eighteen months of their child’s age. With regard to the fulfilment of their plans, structural conditions and constraints were identified as being of greater importance than personal preferences.
EN
Choosing the right childcare service for one’s child to compensate for parents’ professional working time is a significantly important decision for a mother. The study aimed to analyze whether parental styles are predictors of satisfaction with childcare services among mothers. This link was tested on a sample that consisted of 200 adult women (Mage = 32.39 years; SDage = 4.47) who were mothers of children aged 18 to 36 months. The results indicated that accepting and autonomous parenting styles were related to higher satisfaction with childcare services. In contrast, excessively demanding, protective, and inconsistent parenting styles were related to lower satisfaction with childcare services. However, given the intercorrelations between parenting styles, we found that two of them sufficiently predicted satisfaction with childcare services: acceptance (positively) and overly protective style (negatively).
EN
The presented study aimed to develop a cognitive stimulation package for 2–3-year-old children and examine the effectiveness of the product in facilitating children’s cognitive development at home. The study consisted of six phases, namely analysis, design, prototype development, formative evaluation, implementation, and summative evaluation. The analysis phase of this study involved 147 mothers and 3 experts. The participants in the formative evaluation phase consisted of 10 mothers, while the participants in the implementation and summative evaluation stages consisted of 20 mothers. The results of the experts’ and target users’ assessments suggest that the cognitive stimulation package developed in this study is valid and practical. In addition, the stimulation package has also been proven effective in facilitating the cognitive development of 2–3-year-old children at home.
EN
The article presents the history of Jewish kindergartens and after-school care centers on the postwar Lower Silesia, and documents the struggle of the Jewish community regarding childcare. It is focused on institutions subordinate to Central Committee of Polish Jews, and directly – to the Provincial Committee of Polish Jews in Wrocław. It present the housing conditions, the staff and rules of operation of the Lower Silesian establishments, including those in Wrocław and Legnica.
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EN
This article presents an analysis of the current (in)justice in childcare for children under three years of age in the Czech Republic by examining shifts in family and social policy after 1989. The paper compares three ways of redressing injustice: redistribution, recognition, and political representation in terms of domains of social injustice. Through the prism of Nancy Fraser’s three-dimensional theory, the article analyses forms of redress in the economic, cultural, and political spheres. This approach aims to reveal the complexity of inequalities in childcare for children under three years of age and highlight the positive and negative aspects of family and social policy in the Czech Republic. The second goal of the paper is to establish a path towards amending the legislation that could change the legislation on family care in the Czech Republic based on a revision of values and the ideological and normative framework within which childcare for children under the age of three is understood in the Czech Republic.
EN
This paper uses dissimilarity indexes to examine whether there is equity or not in the time dedicated by mothers and fathers to childcare activities, since according to the literature, it is recommended that both the mother and the father participate in them together. The study focuses on Spain, a country where currently there is a great debate on this topic. The data were provided by the Time-Use Survey, conducted by the Spanish Statistics Office in years 2009-2010 and the final database consists of 1,878 heterosexual households with children. Results indicate that male participation in childcare is still far from female participation, although the way both men and women distribute their childcare time among childcare activities is certainly similar.
EN
The article focuses on the use of childcare for preschool-age children in 13 European countries with different models of maternal employment. Employing a comparative approach it relates care arrangements to family policy measures. Childcare policies and practices in post-communist countries (the Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia) are compared in a wider European context and specifically to various countries representing the principal types of welfare state and family policy strategies in Europe (the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Italy, France, Spain, and Sweden). The article focuses on parental leave schemes, parental employment, and formal childcare and takes into account informal childcare, which in many countries is crucial to achieving a work-life balance. The authors’ findings reveal that the use of informal childcare is not directly related to either the length of paid parental leave or maternal employment. Informal childcare, which in most cases is provided by grandparents, is used on a weekly basis for at least thirty per cent of preschool-age children in all the post-communist countries studied except Bulgaria. However, similarly high levels of informal childcare were also found in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Austria. Gendered moral rationalities based on cultural norms play an important role in division of childcare in each European state.
EN
The paper discusses the notions of maintaining work-life balance (WLB) as evidenced inthe interviews with Polish family migrants in Norway. After presenting an overview of theWLB scholarship, we analyse the empirical material collected for the Transfam project. Bylooking at the migrants’ narratives on striking the right balance between work and familyin the mobility context, we use the intersections of gender, welfare and care as paramountfor explain how the Polish couples in Norway discuss the reduced demands of paid employmentfor the sake of childcare and time for a family at home.
PL
The paper discusses the notions of maintaining work-life balance (WLB) as evidenced inthe interviews with Polish family migrants in Norway. After presenting an overview of theWLB scholarship, we analyse the empirical material collected for the Transfam project. Bylooking at the migrants’ narratives on striking the right balance between work and familyin the mobility context, we use the intersections of gender, welfare and care as paramountfor explain how the Polish couples in Norway discuss the reduced demands of paid employmentfor the sake of childcare and time for a family at home.
EN
The pandemic highlighted the importance of both formal and informal care and magnified gender inequalities in this area. Women were more represented in carerelated frontline professions (including nurses), but they were also more often responsible for providing childcare when institutions (especially schools and nurseries) were closed. This paper builds on criticism aimed at the separate study of formal and informal care and explores the interconnections between the two in the case of Czech nurses with young children, who during the pandemic experienced increased demands in both formal and informal care. We are interested in how they experienced these increased demands, which we explore through the practices and constructions of identities in these domains and their gendered nature. Our findings show that nurses largely adopted individualised strategies and solutions to cope with the increased demands of care, which explains the low level of willingness on their part to publicly seek change. We conclude that the pandemic exacerbated gender inequalities in formal and informal care (as nurses strove to succeed as professionals and mothers), and that any changes in the gender order are temporary.
Society Register
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2021
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vol. 5
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issue 4
41-60
EN
The aim of this paper is to analyze four reforms introduced in the Polish family system in the 2010s. The reforms were introduced as an answer to a problem of very low fertility rates, as well as instruments helping women in achieving their work-life balance. The reforms are analyzed here in terms of their (de)genderization effects on Polish mothers and fathers. The use of a genderization-degenderization axis shows that the gendered division of domestic and care work is not challenged by the reforms, but it is rather reinforced by them. It is also doubtful if the reforms will manage to reverse current demographic trends.
EN
This article argues that, despite Poland’s better situation during the economic crisis, the long-lasting rationalisation of permanent austerity overshadows and hinders any alternative solutions in the field of social policies. In this sense, the crisis that hurt the economies of many other countries represented a reference frame for adhering to the path of austerity policies in Poland. The neoliberal track in social and economic policies was accompanied by the strengthening of their conservative pillar: any slight improvements in family policies took a maternalist direction, with a well-paid maternity leave prolonged to one year without the same individual rights being granted to fathers. Finally, the crisis served as a background for the Catholic Church’s attack on the category of “gender”, an example of moral panic. The policy changes as well as the stronger anti-feminism in public discourse were in line with the institutional and ideological legacies of the period of transition, while the crisis served as a direct and indirect reference point for the actors behind these developments.
PL
Miastem o zróżnicowanej strukturze narodowościowej, a w związku z tym także ję- zykowej, wyznaniowej oraz kulturowej, Łódź stała się od pierwszej połowy XIX wieku, i zadecydowały o tym względy natury ekonomicznej. W Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej ludność polska stanowiła ponad połowę populacji miasta (62%), druga pod względem liczebności była społeczność żydowska – 31%, a następnie niemiecka – 7%. Problematyka szeroko rozumianej opieki nad dziećmi, mocno akcentowana w latach zaborów przez społeczników, organizacje filantropijne i wyznaniowe, także na terenie Łodzi, doczekała się w okresie międzywojennym uregulowań prawnych na szczeblu władzy centralnej oraz troski w postaci konkretnych rozwiązań organizacyjnych ze strony samorządów. Przejęcie, przez łódzkie władze samorządowe sfery opieki i pomocy dzieciom nie spowodowało, że z mapy miasta zniknęły instytucje dobroczynne różnych narodowości i wyznań – wręcz przeciwnie, dopełniały one i podejmowały różne formy wsparcia, adresowane zwłaszcza do dzieci ubogich. Jedną z nich było wychowanie przedszkolne, czyli objęcie regularną opieką dzieci w wieku od 3 do 6 lat, niezależnie od ich narodowości i wyznania. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie instytucji wychowania przedszkolnego (ochronek oraz przedszkoli) – ich liczby, sposobu inicjowania, organizacji, pełnionych zadań i form oddziaływań (także w stosunku do rodzin wychowanków) – na tle, zróżnicowanej wówczas, struktury narodowościowej Łodzi. Początkową cezurę czasową (1924) wyznacza rok powołania do życia pierwszej ochronki zainicjowanej przez miasto (dla dzieci narodowości polskiej), która oprócz zadań stricte opiekuńczych miała pełnić rolę wychowawczo-dydaktyczną
EN
Since the first half of the 19th century, Łódź became a city with diverse ethnic, and as a result, also linguistic, religious, and cultural structures. That was a consequence of economic factors. During the period of the Second Polish Republic, Poles constituted over a half of the city’s population (62%). The second largest group included Jews (31%) and the third e – Germans (7%). The widely understood issues of childcare, emphasized firmly during the period of partitions, by community workers as well as charity and religious organizations, were addressed in the interwar period with legal regulations on the central administration level and specific organizational solutions adopted by local governments. The taking over of the issue of childcare and child aid by Łódź local authorities did not result in the disappearance of the charitable institutions of various nationalities and religions from the city map. On the contrary, they complemented each other and provided many forms of support, addressed to poor children in particular. One area was that of pre-school education, i.e. the provision of regular care to children aged 3–6, regardless of their nationality or religion. The purpose of this work is to present pre-school educational institutions (kindergartens and shelters), their numbers, manner of establishment, organization, tasks, and forms of activity (also in relation to the families of their pupils), against the background of the ethnic structure of Łódź, which was very diverse at that time. The first date (1924) is the date of establishment of the first shelter initiated by the city (for Polish children) which, apart from tasks related solely to providing care, was also supposed to perform an educational function.
PL
Przedmiotem opracowania jest analiza regulacji w zakresie urlopu macierzyńskiego w sytuacji, kiedy oboje rodzice lub opiekunowie dziecka są funkcjonariuszami Służby Więziennej, albo jedno z nich jest funkcjonariuszem SW, a drugie pracownikiem bądź ubezpieczonym na innej podstawie niż stosunek pracy, np. umowy zlecenia. Ostatnia nowelizacja z dnia 24 lipca 2015 r. o zmianie ustawy – Kodeks pracy oraz niektórych innych ustaw rozszerzyła katalog przypadków, w których możliwe jest wykorzystanie części urlopu macierzyńskiego przez inne uprawnione osoby. Nowym rozwiązaniem jest przyznanie uprawnień do wykorzystania części urlopu macierzyńskiego nie tylko rodzicom dziecka, ale także innym członkom najbliższej rodziny. Złożoność i skomplikowanie przepisów dotyczących uprawnień rodzicielskich powodują trudności w ich interpretacji. Ponadto ustawa o Służbie Więziennej ani przepis art. 29 ust. 5 ustawy o świadczeniach pieniężnych z ubezpieczenia społecznego, do którego odsyła Kodeks pracy, nie precyzuje, jakich konkretnie członków ustawodawca zalicza do najbliższej rodziny. Właściwe określenie osób uprawnionych jest bardzo istotne, gdyż pociąga za sobą wypłatę świadczeń finansowanych ze środków publicznych, a ponadto na gruncie ustawy o Służbie Więziennej funkcjonariuszom (bez względu na płeć i stopień pokrewieństwa uprawnionego) korzystającym z urlopu macierzyńskiego czy urlopu na warunkach urlopu macierzyńskiego ustawodawca gwarantuje ochronę stosunku służbowego na mocy art. 108.
EN
The subject of this article is the analysis of regulations in the scope of maternity leave in the case when both parents or guardians of a child are Prison Service (PS) officers or one of them is a PS officer and another one is an employee or insured based on something different than an employment relationship e.g. a commission contract. The last amendment of July 24th, 2015 on the change of act – the Labor Code and some other acts extended the scope of cases when it is possible to take a part of maternity leave by other entitled persons. What is a new solution is to grant the rights to use a part of maternity leave not only to the child’s parents but also to the other members of the closest family. The intricacy and complexity of the regulations pertaining to parental rights pose difficulties in their interpretation. Moreover, neither Prison Service Act nor regulation, article 29, item 5 of the act on social security pecuniary contribution to which the Labor Code relates, make it precise which members of the family the legislator considers to be the closes ones. The right specification of the people entitled is essential as it entails the payment of pecuniary contribution from the public money. Furthermore, based on prison service act , the legislator, by virtue of article 108, guarantees service relationship protection to officers (regardless of gender and degree of consanguinity) who make use of maternity leave or leave with the conditions of maternity leave.
EN
The article discusses issues related to childcare in the first weeks of the baby’s life using selected medieval medical treatises as examples. Based on Liber de sinthomatibus mulierum and De curis mulierum attributed to Trotula of Salerno, who lived in the 11th/12th centuries, Ad mulieres ferrarienses de regimine pregnantium et noviter natorum usque ad septennium by Michael Savonarola and Régime du corps by Aldobrandin of Siena, it is presented how, according to medical knowledge of the time, babies should be cared for in their first weeks of life. The authors discussed a.o., how to cut the umbilical cord correctly, bathe the baby or, if necessary, choose a suitable wet nurse who would breastfeed the child instead of a mother.
PL
Artykuł omawia kwestie związane z opieką nad dzieckiem w pierwszych tygodniach jego życia na przykładzie wybranych średniowiecznych traktatów medycznych: Liber de sinthomatibus mulierum i De curis mulierum przypisywanych żyjącej w XI/XII wieku Trotuli z Salerno, Ad mulieres ferrarienses de regimine pregnantium et noviter natorum usque ad septennium autorstwa Michała Savonaroli oraz Régime du corps Aldobrandina ze Sieny. Autorzy tych dzieł omówili między innymi, jak prawidłowo przeciąć pępowinę, wykąpać dziecko czy w razie konieczności wybrać odpowiednią mamkę, która w zastępstwie matki miała zająć się jego karmieniem.
EN
Aim: Williams syndrome is a rare, multi-system, genetically conditioned disorder, occurring equally at girls and boys around the world regardless of the ethnic group. The aim of the work is the presentation of the meaning of interdisciplinary care and support in the development of a child with the Williams syndrome. Methods: Interdisciplinary approach to care and support of development of a child with the Williams syndrome. Results: Williams syndrome manifests itself in characteristic physical (dysmorphic facial features), medical (cardiovascular), cognitive (moderate mental retardation) and social-emotional disorders. The child should be under the care of different types of doctors and medical specialists, a speech therapist, psychologist and physiotherapist. Conclusions: Therapy must include improving motor activity, sensory and cognitive functions, exercises in interpersonal communication and social behavior. Good cooperation between specialists is essential in the proper planning and conducting of therapy.
PL
Cel: Zespół Williamsa to rzadkie, wieloukładowe, genetycznie uwarunkowane zaburzenie, występujące jednakowo u dziewczynek, jak i u chłopców na całym świecie, niezależnie od grupy etnicznej. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie znaczenia interdyscyplinarnej opieki i wspomagania rozwoju dziecka z zespołem Williamsa. Metody: Interdyscyplinarne podejście do opieki i wspomagania rozwoju dziecka z zespołem Williamsa. Wyniki: Zespół Williamsa objawia się charakterystycznymi nieprawidłowościami fizycznymi (dysmorficzne cechy twarzy), medycznymi (schorzenia sercowo-naczyniowe), poznawczymi (umiarkowane upośledzenie umysłowe) oraz społeczno-emocjonalnymi. Dziecko powinno być pod opieką lekarzy różnych specjalności i innych specjalistów: logopedy, psychologa czy fizjoterapeuty. Wnioski: Terapia musi obejmować usprawnianie motoryki, funkcji sensorycznych, poznawczych, ćwiczenia z zakresu komunikacji interpersonalnej i zachowań społecznych. Dobra współpraca między specjalistami jest niezbędna w prawidłowym zaplanowaniu i prowadzeniu terapii.
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