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EN
Striving for self-realization is a natural human need that appears in the course of their development. It becomes visible while an individual is engaged in creative activities whose aim is to change and improve oneself and one's environment. This natural tendency is usually hindered because of various barriers. This article is an attempt to describe how these barriers come into being with particular emphasis on parents’ drivers and injunctions, which are analysed from the perspective of transactional analysis.
EN
On 11 June 2013, the European Commission adopted a package of measures to tackle the lack of an efficient and coherent private enforcement system of EU competition law in its Member States. In particular, a draft Damages Directive was proposed in order to meet the need for a sound European approach to private enforcement of EU competition law in damages actions. The Damages Directive was ultimately adopted on 26 November 2014. This paper explores some aspects of private antitrust enforcement which have not received sufficient attention from the EU decision-makers during the long preparatory and legislative works preceding the Directive. The paper discusses also some of the remedies that have not been harmonised, and shows how these ‘gaps’ in harmonisation may limit the Directive’s expected influence on both the thinking and practice of private antitrust enforcement in Europe. It is argued in conclusion that further harmonisation may be needed in order to actually transform private enforcement of EU competition law before national courts.
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