Search results

1

Pamięć o zmarłych w obrzędowości dorocznej polskiego średniowiecza

100%

Wojciechowska B.

Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne

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2014

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vol. 21

42-50

EN

In the medieval Poland, elements of the remembrance of the deceased were present in most Christian holidays and related folk customs. The whole year was imbued with ritual contacts with the dead, awaiting their arrival, presence and supporting them in various established ways. Such practices are recorded in the fourteenth and fifteenth century synodal statutes, parts of sermons and reflections of theologians, scholars and chroniclers who studied the attitudes and behaviour of the faithful which grew out of the native traditions and contained reflections of the archaic notions of the fate of the dead. The souls of the dead which were properly taken care of after death were leaving the mundane world with the prospect of subsequent numerous visits. The establishment of contact with the dead in their own world, outside the human settlements, at the crossroads, on graves or in other places was to make the souls share their knowledge of the future with the living. As beings which belonged to another world, they were believed to possess the knowledge of its secrets and the ability to reveal signs of divinatory nature concerning the future of the living. These traditional beliefs and practices intertwined with the dominant Christian behaviour and attitudes associated with the death and the funeral, as well as the methods of supporting the soul of the deceased recommended by the Church.

2

Teren rynku miasta Lublina w okresie średniowiecza i w czasach wczesnonowożytnych. Archeologiczny szkic do portretu stratygraficznego

100%

Rozwałka A.

Raport

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2017

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vol. 12

147-167

EN

The main purpose of the presentation is the reconstruction of the town square levels during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance based on archaeological excavations. The oldest settlement level found on the loess substratum (Level I) is represented by early medieval (8-11th century) stratigraphic layers. The thickness of functional level from the Middle Ages (Level II), since the second half of the 12th until 13/14th century, and the presence of a large number of sunken features shows that the town square was a commonly used area. An unusual level was the result of the process of levelling it with daub (Level III) in the first half of the 14th century. The late medieval level (Level IV) is connected with the construction of the town hall and the process of hardening the ground around it. Three levels of stone pavements covering the entire area of the town square can be found on the 16th century level (Level V).

3

Staroruskie pojęcie „honor/cześć” w pomnikach literatury na Rusi (do najazdu mongolskiego)

100%

Stefanowicz P.

Rocznik Antropologii Historii

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2014

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issue 1(6), Semiotyka historii

131–169

XX

Translation: П.С. Стефанович, Древнерусское понятие чести в памятниках литературы домонгольской Руси, "Древняя Русь: Вопросы медиевистики", 2004, 2 (16). pp. 63-87. The text is a historiographical polemic with the thesis put forward by Yuri Lotman in the context of research into the medieval concept of honor.

4

Wpływ dwujęzyczności na kształtowanie się urzędowej odmiany języka – na przykładzie średniowiecznych wielkopolskich rot sądowych

100%

Słoboda A.

Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza

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2021

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vol. 28

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issue 1

143-152

EN

The article discusses Polish-Latin bilingualism of Polish medieval legal texts and its impact on the shaping of the official language variant. The article presents constructions that, in their own structure of court oath, include a form of set and often repeated formulas. These are: the formula of initial oath (Tako mi pomoży Bog i święty krzyż [so help me God and the holy cross]) and the comparative construction indicating the membership of a social class of the participants of the events (tako dobry jako sam [as good as himself]) or the material value (tako dobry jako [as good as]). These constructions would appear in the Polish text in Latin, both in full or shortened form, or they would be part in Polish, part in Latin. The stable form of constructions that appeared in Latin as calques due to the influence of Polish indicates that they became, as a result of the domination of the Latin template, vivid markers of the official style in medieval Polish.

5

Stone Houses, Glazed Jugs And Pilgrim Badges. An Archaeological Contribution to the Problem of the Cultural Unity of the Hanseatic Towns in the Baltic Region

100%

Rębkowski M.

Studia Maritima

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2014

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vol. 27/I

5-24

EN

Archaeological research on the Hanseatic towns established in the Middle Ages in the Baltic region has been conducted on a large scale since the 1980’s. Discoveries made since then allow to formulate a thesis about the cultural unity among the inhabitants of towns situated on the South Baltic coast between the 13th and 15th centuries. Based on selected instances of the urban culture, widely discussed in archaeological sources, the paper is an attempt to prove that a number of similarities can be revealed in various spheres of life led by the inhabitants of towns located in the Baltic region, often situated far away from one another. The analysis covered the following aspects: architecture – quoting the example of tenements with entrance halls which in the 14th century became a common element of the cultural landscape in towns located in the Baltic region; pottery – quoting the example of popular in this part of Europe stoneware and red glazed jugs; and, last but not least, devotional objects – quoting the example of pilgrim badges that revealed evident preferences demonstrated by the pilgrims as to their pilgrimage destinations, paying special attention to supra-regional sanctuaries located in German-speaking area, particularly on the Rhine and the Moza rivers.

PL

Badania archeologiczne nadbałtyckich miast należących w średniowieczu do Hanzy rozpoczęto na większą skalę dopiero w latach 80. XX wieku. Odkrywane w ich trakcie źródła pozwalają postawić tezę o istnieniu wspólnoty kulturowej mieszczan południowego wybrzeża Bałtyku w XIII–XV wieku. W artykule, na wybranych przykładach różnych elementów kultury materialnej dobrze czytelnych w źródłach archeologicznych, podjęto próbę wykazania podobieństw istniejących w odległych od siebie miastach nadbałtyckich w różnych sferach życia mieszczan. Analizę przeprowadzono w odniesieniu do: budownictwa – na przykładzie tzw. kamienic sieniowych, które w XIV wieku stały się wspólnym dla wielu miast nadbałtyckich elementem krajobrazu kulturowego; zestawów naczyń stołowych – na przykładzie popularnych w tej części Europy dzbanów kamionkowych oraz czerwonych naczyń szkliwionych, jak również dewocjonaliów religijnych – na przykładzie znaków pielgrzymich, wskazujących na istnienie wyraźnych preferencji w wyborze celów pielgrzymek, koncentrujących się na ponadregionalnych sanktuariach pielgrzymkowych położonych w niemieckim kręgu kulturowym, zwłaszcza w rejonie nadreńsko-nadmozańskim. Przyczyny wytworzenia wspólnoty kulturowej miast upatrywane są w podobnych uwarunkowaniach prawnych i gospodarczych ich rozwoju, podobnym pochodzeniu kulturowo- etnicznym dominującej części mieszczan, wywodzących się z terenów niemieckich, jak też w intensywnych kontaktach handlowych, których skutkiem była przecież nie tylko wymiana towarów, ale również idei.

6

Il nero di Cluny contro il bianco di Cîteaux: aspetti simbolici e cromatici degli abiti monastici medievali

100%

Del Mastro D.

Colloquia Theologica Ottoniana

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2013

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issue 1

91-106

EN

At the beginning of the 11th Century, in the variegated universe that characterized the monastic religious orders with hermit tendencies, or monastic brotherhoods, and religious organizations, the choice of the habit began to take on profound implications, because it allowed people to recognize between the different communities of the sole Ecclesial body. Because of its clearly and doctrinal purpose, the problem of the garb could not be left to chance; in fact, it ended up giving rise to acrimonious quarrels between the monks, such as the chromatic controversy (black vs. white) which opposed, during the 12th Century, two French abbeys, Cluny and Citeaux, on topics not only theological, but also aesthetic. Soon it became essential to establish clear rules and policy on the choice of colour and appropriate tone to the religious lifestyle. Obviously, countless were considerations about the cut, the length of the habit, the style of the hood and, of course, the colours.

7

Liczebniki przysłówkowe w Rozmyślaniu przemyskim – kwantyfikacja zdarzeń

88%

Słoboda A.

LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa

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2015

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issue 20

265-274

EN

The paper describes adverbial numeral expressions used to quantify events, to indicate their specific number, that can be found in the largest text of Polish Middle Ages, i.e. in Rozmyślanie przemyskie. Based on the traditional division of numerals, the article identifies multiplicative, ordinal, and manifold numerals, and indicates their function in specific contexts. The analyzed text, even though it is a 16th century copy, preserves such shapes of multiplicative numerals as jedną/jednąc or dwojc/dwojcy which were archaic already from the perspective of the Middle Polish period. Likewise, the text conserves adverbial ordinal numerals. The material also proves that, before the popularization of adverbial forms of the dwukrotnie-type, and of compound constructions with the element raz, the stock of numerals used as adverbs was limited primarily to derivatives from numerals of the lower order, related to values between one and four.

8

Středověké hornické komunity v období Přemyslovců

88%

Hrubý P., Derner K., Skořepová M., Miller S.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2019

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vol. 117

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issue 4

873-905

EN

The study summarizes the current knowledge of medieval mining communities, their professional social status and livelihood. Information on mining settlements, cattle breeding and food consumption is contained in the Mining Code and some other written sources of the 13th and 14th centuries. Specific knowledge has also been provided by archaeological research in recent years. A comprehensive evaluation of the material generates a number of specific questions: the community and spatial infrastructure of mining settlements, the social structure of their inhabitants, the religious administration, the character of their economy, subsistence etc. It is not possible to present clear answers and conclusions strictly speaking, but it is possible at the very least to formulate well a thesis reflecting the current research.

9

Zarys dziejów komandorii joannitów w Łagowie do czasów reformacji

88%

Wasilkiewicz K.

Studia Europaea Gnesnensia

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2014

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issue 10

255-280

PL

The article is devoted to the commandery of the Knights Hospitaller in Łagów, from its establishment in the 1350s to the end of the 1530s. By means of detailed analysis of sources, utilisation of a wide range of research methods and drawing on the achievement of Polish and German researchers, enabled the author to reveal the circumstances surrounding creation of the commandery, present its furnishings and equipment as well as introduce individual commanders and their seat.

10

Farní síť plzeňského děkanátu do doby husitské

88%

Schmidt O.

Mediaevalia Historica Bohemica

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2015

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vol. 18

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issue 1

7-99

EN

Based on an analysis of the officialbooks of the Prague archbishopric and other sources, the study endeavours to analyse the structure and development of the parish network on the territory of the Pilsen deanery from its beginnings until the Hussite period. It first attempts to outline the dynamics of the process of the creation of the parish organization on the territory of this ecclesiastical-administrative whole; it subsequently pays attention to some thematic circles: the issue of church patronage law, the parish clergy, the material assurance of the benefices and the influence of the papal curia on the functioning of the deanery. A component is also an extensive tabular supplement, where the information on every parish benefice is summarized synoptically.

11

Getting Married in Late Medieval England and Poland

88%

Ruszkiewicz D.

Horyzonty Wychowania

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2019

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vol. 18

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issue 46

41-51

EN

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of article is to examine the principles of and conditions for contracting a valid and successful marriage among members of the landed classes in fifteenth century England and Poland. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: An analysis of marriages contracted in medieval England and Poland was carried out using a comparative approach. Authentic fifteenth-century sources were consulted, such as the Paston letters in the case of England, and – for lack of a similar collection in the Polish archives – documents such as court records, episcopal statutes, annals or chronicles, and others, in the case of Poland.THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The article first presents factors determining the choice of spouses, including socio-economic, political and emotional. Secondly, the ways of conducting prenuptial negotiations are presented. The final section is focused on the exchange of the marriage vows.RESEARCH RESULTS: The comparison of practices related to marriage contracts in medieval England and Poland shows that even though love matches are less well documented than marriages of convenience, love did take precedence over custom in a number of cases in both countries, with the only absolutely necessary condition for contracting a valid marriage being verba de praesenti (the words of present consent) exchanged by the partners.CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The added value of the analysis was to reveal certain differences between English and Polish literary cultures. While in fifteenth century England personal letters were written in the vernacular, in Poland the letters, as well as other historical sources, were still largely composed in Latin by professional writers. These still need to be translated into modern Polish and English if they are to be accessible to a wider audience.

12

„Právo knížete“ a „právo země“ jako pojmy staršího středověku

88%

Žemlička J.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2015

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vol. 113

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issue 2

303-345

EN

Th is study deals with two concepts which played a fundamental part in understanding the role of an early “state” and its financial base, not merely in Bohemia but also in Silesia and Poland, in particular. Firstly, there was “ducal law” (ius, iura ducis), which was understood to be a set of pensions, incomes, fees, corvée and various monopolies to which the ruler claimed an entitlement based on the title of his sovereignty over the land and the “people”. Consequently, the early state, or respectively its governing and executive powers were “nourished” by those means. The other concept is “the law of the land” (ius terrae), to which the nobility later looked and understood it as an expression of their privileged position as opposed to the ruler’s powers.

13

Długie trwanie średniowiecza. „Descriptio Poloniae” z biblioteki w Tuchowie jako przykład trwałości form narracji kronikarskiej

76%

Bering P.

Symbolae Philologorum Posnaniensium Graecae et Latinae

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2018

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vol. 28

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issue 2

77-88

EN

The aim of the present article is to examine an 18th-century manuscript completed in the Benedictine Abbey in Tuchów. The basic problem is related to a narrative technique, which resembles a medieval one. Some modifications of the narration are also noticeable, but the work is mostly similar to medieval chronicles.

14

Słowo – obraz paradygmatyczny – ikona. O intersemiotyczności w słowiańskiej kulturze prawosławnego średniowiecza

76%

Dziadul P.

Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne

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2012

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issue 2

EN

This work deals with the problem of intersemiotics in Orthodox Slavonic culture in the Middle Ages. Attention here is focused on the source, essence and ontology of correspondence of the arts. Despite the fact that in the Middle Ages word and image (icons, frescos, miniatures of manuscripts) had completely different specificity of signs, they were connected with each other on a different level of perception. According to the Church Fathers (John of Damascus, Maximus the Confessor, Basil the Great) and East Christian mysticism (Pseudo Dionysius the Areopagite), the art of the written word and visual art had the same aim and function, because they referred to eternal and spiritual reality and to the divine archetype. The ontology of the word and icon was linked to the specific version of Pseudo-Dionysius’ symbolism. Moreover, this symbolism is connected with the term – “paradigmatical image”, functioning beyond text and iconography, in the iconosphere of the Orthodox Middle Ages. Paradigmatical image becomes a specific link between a word and an icon. Of course, paradigmatical images were created on the basis of Biblical (and/or apocryphal) and Patristic Byzantine texts, although they started to function regardless of their original context. This work presents the way paradigmatical images function in Orthodox iconography and literature (the Raising of Lazarus, the Last Judgement, the Trinity).

PL

This work deals with the problem of intersemiotics in Orthodox Slavonic culture in the Middle Ages. Attention here is focused on the source, essence and ontology of correspondence of the arts. Despite the fact that in the Middle Ages word and image (icons, frescos, miniatures of manuscripts) had completely different specificity of signs, they were connected with each other on a different level of perception. According to the Church Fathers (John of Damascus, Maximus the Confessor, Basil the Great) and East Christian mysticism (Pseudo Dionysius the Areopagite), the art of the written word and visual art had the same aim and function, because they referred to eternal and spiritual reality and to the divine archetype. The ontology of the word and icon was linked to the specific version of Pseudo-Dionysius’ symbolism. Moreover, this symbolism is connected with the term – “paradigmatical image”, functioning beyond text and iconography, in the iconosphere of the Orthodox Middle Ages. Paradigmatical image becomes a specific link between a word and an icon. Of course, paradigmatical images were created on the basis of Biblical (and/or apocryphal) and Patristic Byzantine texts, although they started to function regardless of their original context. This work presents the way paradigmatical images function in Orthodox iconography and literature (the Raising of Lazarus, the Last Judgement, the Trinity).

15

Elementy obuwia odnalezione na ulicy Kościuszki w Rzeszowie

75%

Gorazd-Dziuban P.

Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego

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2021

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issue 42

163-175

EN

Kościuszko Street in Rzeszów, leading from the market square to the main promenade, is considered to be one of the oldest streets in the city. In the late Middle Ages and the early Modern Period, it connected the city centre with the parish church, where the first owners of Rzeszów rest. In the course of the archaeological watching brief conducted during the reconstruction of the street, it was possible to collect a significant number of artefacts related to the everyday life of the city (e.g. tiles, glass objects, coins, horseshoes). The subject matter of this article is a selection of footwear pieces and the items directly related to them. The research gives an opportunity to get to know better the material culture and tastes of the inhabitants of Rzeszów.

16

Dziesięcina w ustawodawstwie polskich synodów diecezjalnych w XIII – XV wieku

75%

Zarosa W.

Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne

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2015

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vol. 22

55-66

EN

The issue of tithes was a very important aspect of the diocesan synods' legislative activity. It is also argued that tithes had a great importance for ecclesiastical institutions' functioning. The author makes an attempt of interpretation and analysis of the most important tithe statutes which were issued between XIIth and XVth century. The author focuses on the archdiocese of Gniezno, diocese of Cracovia, diocese of Breslau, diocese of Plock and diocese of Poznan. These dioceses were responsible for customizing the canon law's norms to regional principle. Those were issued by legate and provincial synods. It is worth noting that diocesan synods reacted for new occurrences and processes having political, economic or social character. The regulation of the internal church's web of tithes was one of the most important is-sues with which the diocesan synods' legislation had to deal with. Creation of new structures resulted in the progressive erosion of parish structures. By that time it was hard to decide who should to receive the tithes. Diocesan synods, basing on the common norms, decided to give the tithe only to those clergyman, who provided priestly activity (cura animarum). It was also banned to receive decima vagas – unspecified tithes. XVth century brought new trends of tithe payment. The nobility's movement started to struggle with the priesthood with power and position in the Poland, which the best example and symbol was cracovian bishop – Zbigniew Oleśnicki (1423-1455). This movement stood against tithes as well and mading attempts of restraining the tithe obligations. The issue of tithes was a very important aspect of the diocesan synods' legislative ac-tivity. It is also argument that tithes had a great importance for ecclesiastical institutions' func-tioning.

17

Starania duchownych o objęcie parafii pw. św. Jakuba w Olsztynie do 1466 roku

75%

Krajniak R.

Nasza Przeszłość. Studia z dziejów Kościoła i kultury katolickiej w Polsce

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2015

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vol. 123

93-112

PL

Artykuł podejmuje po raz pierwszy w historiografii zagadnienie starań duchownych o objęcie kościoła parafialnego p.w. św. Jakuba w Olsztynie w okresie do 1466 roku. W dotychczasowych pracach, czy to dotyczących samego kościoła, czy też szerzej, historii diecezji warmińskiej i jej duchowieństwa, podawano jedynie jednego plebana olsztyńskiego z badanego okresu. Przeprowadzone przez Autora tekstu badania, głównie na materiale proweniencji papieskiej pozwoliły znacznie poszerzyć listę duchownych starających się o objęcie parafii w Olsztynie w latach 20. i 30. XV w. Poza przedstawieniem wszystkich znanych średniowiecznych faktów z historii parafii oraz zrelacjonowania starań duchownych o objęcie kościoła w Olsztynie, artykuł uzupełniają szczegółowe biogramy ustalonych duchownych, którzy objęli bądź podjęli starania o objęcie parafii olsztyńskiej.

EN

The article takes up for the first time in historiography the issue of the attempts of the clergy to take up the parish church of St. James in Olsztyn before 1466. In existing studies either on the church itself or – more broadly – the history of the diocese of Warmia, only one parish priest from the period in question was mentioned. The re-search made by the author of the article, based mainly on the material of the papal prov-enance, has allowed to considerably broaden the list of priests attempting to take up the parish in Olsztyn in the 1420s and 1430s. Apart from presenting all known medieval facts from the history of the parish and relating the clergy’s attempts to take up the church in Olsztyn, the article includes detailed biographic entries of those priests who have been found to have taken up the parish of Olsztyn or to have tried to do so.

18

MythBusters, or Why “the Only Difference Between Screwing Around and Science Is Writing It down"

75%

Bemben A.

Świat i Słowo

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2021

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vol. 36(1)

29-43

EN

This article focuses on the popular-science programme MythBusters to illustrate the various ways in which it employs science. On the basis of my analysis of these, I, first, argue that the popculture of the early twenty-first century generates products in which multiple uses of scientific activity are a standard. Second, it is also substantiated that this multiplication of the uses of science translates into it being forfeited in favour of entertainment even in broadcasts that are, or at least seem, targeted at it.

19

Średniowieczne „małe ojczyzny” czy centra świata?

75%

Bering P.

Studia Europaea Gnesnensia

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2010

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issue 1-2

287-295

PL

Medieval Europe also had its “little homelands”. Not infrequently, they rose as far as to achieve the rank of symbolical centres. Traces of such approach may be found in literary work.

20

K niektorym aspektom chápania cnosti u Viliama Ockhama

75%

Nemec R.

Studia theologica

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2017

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vol. 3

25-44

EN

The aim of this article is to focus on some specific perspectives of Ockham´s ethics theory. His interpretation of Aristotle´s virtue ethics was different from his contemporaries. Ockham (with D. Scotus) shifted the traditional standpoint of the various Aristotelian schools from a focus on reason and reasonable purposes toward the will and its internal/external acts. The will is faculty, in accordance with reason, which brings out an internal act and only this act can be free. Nothing else, apart from the will and its acts, can be necessarily free and thus virtuous. Nothing except for interior acts of the will can be fully virtuous. The perfect virtue is the only internal capacity of the will, although always dependent on the "telos" – the end of the will. Ockham presents 5 degrees of virtues and especially the heroic one, being the highest of all virtues.

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Pamięć o zmarłych w obrzędowości dorocznej polskiego średniowiecza

Teren rynku miasta Lublina w okresie średniowiecza i w czasach wczesnonowożytnych. Archeologiczny szkic do portretu stratygraficznego

Staroruskie pojęcie „honor/cześć” w pomnikach literatury na Rusi (do najazdu mongolskiego)

Wpływ dwujęzyczności na kształtowanie się urzędowej odmiany języka – na przykładzie średniowiecznych wielkopolskich rot sądowych

Stone Houses, Glazed Jugs And Pilgrim Badges. An Archaeological Contribution to the Problem of the Cultural Unity of the Hanseatic Towns in the Baltic Region

Il nero di Cluny contro il bianco di Cîteaux: aspetti simbolici e cromatici degli abiti monastici medievali

Liczebniki przysłówkowe w Rozmyślaniu przemyskim – kwantyfikacja zdarzeń

Středověké hornické komunity v období Přemyslovců

Zarys dziejów komandorii joannitów w Łagowie do czasów reformacji

Farní síť plzeňského děkanátu do doby husitské

Getting Married in Late Medieval England and Poland

„Právo knížete“ a „právo země“ jako pojmy staršího středověku

Długie trwanie średniowiecza. „Descriptio Poloniae” z biblioteki w Tuchowie jako przykład trwałości form narracji kronikarskiej

Słowo – obraz paradygmatyczny – ikona. O intersemiotyczności w słowiańskiej kulturze prawosławnego średniowiecza

Elementy obuwia odnalezione na ulicy Kościuszki w Rzeszowie

Dziesięcina w ustawodawstwie polskich synodów diecezjalnych w XIII – XV wieku

Starania duchownych o objęcie parafii pw. św. Jakuba w Olsztynie do 1466 roku

MythBusters, or Why “the Only Difference Between Screwing Around and Science Is Writing It down"

Średniowieczne „małe ojczyzny” czy centra świata?

K niektorym aspektom chápania cnosti u Viliama Ockhama