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EN
The article is an interpretation of the eponymous long poem from Tadeusz Różewicz’s volume nożyk profesora [professor’s knife]. The first part discusses the modes modes of narration of the experience of the Holocaust. The discussion focuses on meanings of the words “memory” and “history”, on the ironic use of pastoral convention, and on the transformation of the metaphor from Cyprian Norwid’s Przeszłość [The Past]. The poem recycling from the volume zawsze fragment. recycling is an important context. The second part of the article is devoted to the friendship between Tadeusz Różewicz and Mieczysław Porębski. The description of the friends’ breakfast points out to an interpretation of their relation in the context of their wartime biography: a death camp for Porębski, and resistance fighting for Różewicz. The poet, in spite of his memory and long-time friendship with the former prisoner, presents the Holocaust as a mediated experience that is virtually inaccessible. However, in many ways he still tries to bring it closer to the reader and does not let the reader forget it.
EN
The issue of border experience has been, and still is, a very important topic in ancient and contemporary art. The themes of death, guilt, loss and suffering have attracted the attention of artists representing various art disciplines, aesthetics and modes of artistic expression: literature and poetry, visual arts, film as well as multimedia arts. The aim of this article is to draw attention to an area which is rarely discussed in relation to the theme of a border situation. Contrary to common opinions, contemporary comic books (especially graphic novels) are a kind of contemporary art in which important and difficult issues are discussed, and their authors search for such means of artistic expression (based on the symbiosis of word and image) in order to present those difficult issues in a remarkable and visually attractive way. On the example of the comic strip by Fabien Grolleau and Jérémie Royer, Audubon. On the Wings of the World, describing the life and work of J.-J. Audubon, a pioneer of American ornithology and an outstanding illustrator of nature, an attempt will be made to analyse aesthetics, form and content in the face of the problem of limits and relations between the human and the non-human.
DE
Die Frage der Grenzerfahrung war und ist ein sehr wichtiges Thema in der antiken und zeitgenössischen Kunst. Die Themen Tod, Schuld, Verlust und Leid haben die Aufmerksamkeit von Künstlern aus verschiedenen Kunstdisziplinen, Ästhetiken und künstlerischen Ausdrucksformen auf sich gezogen: Literatur und Poesie, bildende Kunst, Film und Multimedia-Kunst. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, die Aufmerksamkeit auf einen Bereich zu lenken, der im Zusammenhang mit dem Thema einer Grenzsituation selten diskutiert wird. Entgegen der landläufigen Meinung sind zeitgenössische Comics (insbesondere Graphic Novels) eine Art zeitgenössischer Kunst, in der wichtige und schwierige Themen behandelt werden und deren Autoren nach solchen künstlerischen Ausdrucksmitteln (aufgrund der Symbiose von Wort und Bild) suchen, um diese schwierigen Themen auf bemerkenswerte und visuell ansprechende Weise darzustellen. Am Beispiel des Comics von F. Grolleau, J. Royer, Audubon. On the Wings of the World, die das Leben und die Arbeit von J.-J. Audubon, einem Pionier der amerikanischen Ornithologie und herausragenden Naturdarsteller, thematisiert, werden ästhetische, formelle und inhaltliche Aspekte der Grenzsituationen und die Beziehungen zwischen dem Menschlichen und dem Nicht-Menschlichen analysiert.
PL
Problematyka doświadczenia granicznego była i nadal jest bardzo ważnym zagadnieniem w sztuce dawnej i współczesnej. Tematyka śmierci, winy, utraty, cierpienia przykuwała uwagę artystów reprezentujących różne dyscypliny sztuki, różne estetyki i sposoby ekspresji artystycznej: literaturę i poezję, sztuki plastyczne, film, jak również sztuki multimedialne. Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na obszar, który rzadko jest przedmiotem rozważań w odniesieniu do tematyki sytuacji granicznej. Współczesny komiks (szczególnie powieść graficzna) jest – w wbrew utartym opiniom – tym rodzajem sztuki współczesnej, w której poruszane są ważne i niełatwe treści, a ich autorzy szukają takich środków artystycznego wyrazu (opartego na symbiozie słowa i obrazu), aby te niełatwe zagadnienia w sposób niebanalny i atrakcyjny wizualnie przedstawić. Na przykładzie komiksu autorstwa F. Grolleau, J. Royera, Audubon. Na skrzydłach świata, opisującego dzieje życia i twórczości J.-J. Audubona, pioniera ornitologii amerykańskiej i wybitnego ilustratora przyrody, podjęta zostanie próba analizy estetyki, formy i treści wobec problematyki graniczności i relacji między tym, co ludzkie i co nie-ludzkie.
EN
The poem is interpreted as an ironic self-thematic commentary. The poet’s attitude is critical towards different interpretations: conventional, i.e. based on ambiguity, colloquial or stereotypical and academic, inspired by increasingly new theories. The substantial element in the poem is the relation between the subject (persona) and the protagonist that corresponds to and translates into a communicative situation between the author and the reader. The result is complex, intertwined styles and techniques combined with one another. Wiedemann engages in a play with different ways of writing, ironically challenges or undermines poetical strategies to underline the conventionality of literature and communication in general. By doing this, he disturbs the reader by challenging the reader’s reading habits and thus making an impression that the reader is sent away from the poem to a single and unique experience in reality.
EN
The article provides a report on research conducted on the creative activity of Jerzy Wróblewski, a Polish author of comics published in the book „Urodzony, żeby rysować”. Twórczość komiksowa Jerzego Wróblewskiego, “Born to Draw.” Jerzy Wróblewski’s Comic Art (Jaworski, 2015). It is the first study of this kind in Poland. From this point of view, it contains not only a body of knowledge in the form of a monograph of the comic writer’s artistic creativity, but it also includes a developed research model. The structure of this model, combining traditional monographic narrative with broad historical, political and social context, can be used in the analyses of artistic accomplishments of other authors of Polish comics. The presented study addresses the need for scientific explorations in this field, but also for raising the value of those parts of Polish modern culture which were marginalised as ‘worse’ for many years, first for political reasons, then for cultural ones. It appears that the time has come to examine critically the artistic creativity of important figures of Polish popular culture (in this case of comics) objectively and without ideological prejudice, and recognise them as full authors of Polish culture. Jerzy Wróblewski is among them and that is why the book is about him.
EN
This article discusses the relationship between American counterculture of the 1960s and Miłosz’s poetry created during that time in Berkeley. The poet observes the student revolt through the prism of his own experience with history, including his leftist sympathies. He is critical both of the naïve hippie postulates and Herbert Marcuse’s new version of Marxism. However, he treats counterculture as a symptomatic response to vital problems of the Western civilization of the second half of the twentieth century. He considers the infl uence of art on power, totalitarian as well as democratic. He sees the necessity of commitment, though he asks about its form and effects. Countercultural experiments coincide also with Miłosz’s own search for “a more capacious form” and with the epiphanies described in his poems
EN
In today’s world, popular culture is an identity-building experience, a powerful driver of social belonging and a domain of emotional involvement. It is a mirror of sorts that reflects human needs and desires – including religious ones. This paper discusses a number of pop cultural texts (comic books) that explore religious themes, and attempts to examine the nature and “quality” of these explorations. In other words, this paper seeks to determine which of these comic books propose a superficial or trivial treatment of religious traditions, and which graphic novels deserve to be considered as culturally relevant, even if perhaps not entirely orthodox, pieces of artwork. A broad methodological approach was applied, with a wide variety of proposals being discussed: on the one hand it examines comic books used as a mere tool for “ideological” persuasion, whilst on the other it looks into comic books that explore religious themes while treating them as a resonant cultural resource.
EN
Platforms, driven by digital technologies, enable companies to benefit from net-work effects and powerful ecosystems, providing economies of scale on the demand side in various industries. Platforms adopt different strategies to attract users and establish a sustainable business model, depending on the characteristics of the market in which they operate. They do not create value in themselves, it is the data that are the source of the value created, and the value itself is created at the end of the processing and their analysis. The purpose of the article is to synthesise knowledge about creating value based on data collected and used by digital platforms. To achieve the set goal, a method of analysing publications and source documents as well as sources available on websites was used. These data have value only when they are processed, analysed, and incorporated into the recommendation and prediction strategy. But they can contribute to this indirectly, facilitating access to markets and market spaces, generating revenue for members of the ecosystem, both partners and competitors and creating interconnections without which no transaction can take place. The article provides an academic viewpoint on the notion of digital platforms in the production of value, highlighting their ability to create novel insights and substantial implications for managerial strategies.
14
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PL
Wprowadzenie do numeru Poeci za bramą utopii.
15
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39%
EN
Introduction to the issue of the journal dedicated to the imagination in the research on translation after Translation Turn.
PL
Wstęp redakcji do tomu zatytułowanego Wyobraźnia w przekładzie.
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