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EN
In the present article I concentrate on reception of Jean Genet’s literary output in Russia and in the West from the viewpoint of the Russian emigrant writer Jaroslav Mogutin (1974). The essayist quotes scandalizing facts from Genet’s biography in an effort to illustrate the impact of culture on formation of new reader’s sensitivity, writes about Genet’s plays directed by Roman Viktiuk and about the theatre of paradox, raises a point of sexual attractiveness of fascism, and explores reasons for unfading popularity of the French writer. Readers are introduced to critics’ opinions of Genet and the role performed by Genet’s monograph by Edmund White. Mogutin’s conception is sharpened by references to the biographies of world-famous writers, such as Franz Kafka or Thomas Mann.
RU
В данной статье прослеживается восприятие творчества Жана Жене в России и на Западе с точки зрения русского писателя-эмигранта Ярослава Могутина (1974). Эссеист приводит скандальные факты из биографии Жене, чтобы показать влияние культуры на формирование новой читательской восприимчивости. Приводятся данные, связанные с постановками пьес Жене Романом Виктюком и театром парадокса, сексуальной привлекательностью фашизма и покровителями французского автора, а также мнение Эдмунда Уайта и других критиков о Жене. Даются параллели его биографии с биографиями иных писателей с мировой славой, как, например, Кафка или Манн.
EN
The article presents a translation experiment done by Roman Brandstaetter while translating the prologue initiating the Gospel of John. Not only did the translator change the traditional form of naming the prologue About the Word or The Eternal Word and propose a lofty genre one – Hymn to the Word – but also altered past tense form “was” for present “is” which constituted the core of his experiment. That alteration revealed and established the understanding of eternal time by the Israelis in the times of John the Evangelist. Following the innovative path of Brandstaetter the author of the article suggested another transformation – exchange of “Word” for “Ghost” – in order to create a new experimental adaptation of that work as well as to emphasize the timelessness of Hymn to the Word.
EN
Author disputes with Helene Menegaldo ’s idea, according to which Boris Poplavski’s Выгсмотрели на море... is a parody of Igor Severyanin’s Это быгло у моря. Formal and semanticanalysis of both texts presented in the article proves that Poplavski’s poem cannot be a parody,a pastiche, or a travesty of Severyanin’s work but rather an encrypted dialogue perfectly blendinginto various intertextual contexts typical for the world literature that scrutinizes eternal questions.Poplavski didn’t mock Это быгло у моря, he just bitterly commented in Bunin’s style on miniaturepoem of Severyanin pointing at volatility of happiness, swift elapsing of love infatuations andalso the role of chance which often decides about tragic human fate.
EN
The article presents a new commentary to one of the most popular poems which still evokes most controversy among interpreters – Black Man. To the author the poem is a work of the universal matter embodying the eternal battle of the good and the evil in the Bolshevik’s Russia where everyone kept vigilant watch on everyone. Proving this thesis not only does he develop a detailed analysis but he also exposes sources of the text as well as its complex editing paths that show the developing of Black Man up to the last version. The accomplished statistic analysis of the poem the key words of which are “person” and “black” demonstrates its universality and introduces Yesenin’s work into intercultural dialogue of national literatures on permanent basis.
EN
The author analyzes a piece of 17th century chronicle of Charles IX of Sweden and its Polish translation done by Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz. This fragment presented in a satire form concerns critics of behavior and private life of Anna Vasa (1568–1625), a niece of the king of Sweden. Both Old Swedish and Old Polish texts are valuable sources of information about the Swedish princess as the information about her private life is very scarce. The analyzed satire presents real and dubious facts (where the credibility is concerned) of the princess’s biography.
EN
This article is an analysis of an essay written by Zinaida Gippius and published in the spring of 1924 in issue No. 19 of an influential emigration periodical Sovremennye zapiski. Her statement came to light in the historic moment when the white émigrés were firmly convinced that their safe return to Russia was impossible. In her essay, the author characterizes the works of Soviet writers from the perspective of the year 1924 and categorizes them into those who were able to preserve the notion of beauty in the new post-Revolution reality and those who irrevocably lost said concept. In the works of the latter the author notices nothing but the images of the nightmare of the daily life, entirely devoid of any artistic value. Gippius blames Bolshevism for the profound negative consequences of the changes which occurred in Russian culture after 1917.
EN
The author analyses the interpreting techniques used by Adam Pomorski in his translation of Black Man by Sergey Yesenin. It becomes obvious that the Polish interpreter used traditional methods of text translation, not always keeping the formal, semantic, and stylistic structure of the original text. So, in his version Pomorski emphasized the presence of a second author-creator, i.e. himself, and left traces of his interpreting initiative in almost every line, amplifying translation, introducing unmotivated inversions, using archaic and modernized lexis. Due to such a pretentious manner of Pomorski’s translation the reader received the text which doesn’t always remind Yesenin’s original lines.
EN
The author analyzes the surrealistic miniature At great depth... by Boris Poplavsky and believes that the poem may be understood as the shortest history of Christ’s mission. This hypo- thesis is supported both by the form and the content of the work. Potentially religious meanings are hidden behind symbolic objects and actions. Sleep, for instance, takes the place of Advent, on the one hand, and, on the other, symbolizes mental doze of the Jews who were completely unprepared for the lessons Jesus taught. The author believes that Poplavsky’s text allows to state that neither the Israelites then nor the Christians now use the unique chance given to the humanity by the new commandment of Christ, the commandment to love one’s neighbor. That fact arouses poet’s pity. That state crowns the analyzed miniature and implies the evaluation of Jesus’ earthly mission.
XX
The presented interpretation of the poetry collection V venke iz voska (In the Wax Wreath) by Boris Poplavsky, based on a known George Kingsley Zipf’s law, is an example approach to a literary text from the point of view of words statistics, which reflects Poplavsky’s semantic and stylistic preferences. Thanks to the applied method, the following thesis concerning the poet’s idiolect were formulated: 1) Boris Poplavsky’s poetic world is of a definitely substantive structure; 2) the most important role in the specification of the presented world is played by senses - visual impressions and colours; 3) the lyrical subject acts mainly as a reporter of current events; 4) the used adverbs reveal the poet’s inclination to “stretching” time and space; 5) high frequency of the “I” pronoun testifies significant egocentrism of Poplavsky’s. *
EN
Boris Poplavsky’s Notes on Poetry: the author’s credo and translator’s imagination
EN
The article studies the contents of fi ve letters written by Zinaida Gippius in 1926–1932 to three persons: Nina Berberova, Vladislav Khodasevich and Alexandr Amfi teatrov. All the interlocutors, including Ivan Bunin, represent the fi rst wave of the Russian emigration. In her letters to the acquaintances Gippius shares remarks about Bunin as a man and an artist. With typical for her irony and arrogance, she refers to the works of her competitor revealing negative features of her character. Gippius letters also portray mechanisms of the social and cultural life of Russian emigrants originating from the older generation of writers.
EN
Slava Mogutin’s Declaration o f Independence is a drastic evidence of permanent cultural crisis. It is a diagnostic and prognostic text at the same time, because it indicates the ways of getting out of the spiritual emptiness - a typical sign of modern civilizations. Total consumptionism fights everything that gets into its way, neutralizes human protest against the destruction of tradition and universal values.
EN
The author analyses the interpreting techniques used by Wladyslaw Broniewski in his translation of Black Man by S. Yesenin. It becomes obvious that the Polish poet and interpreter used traditional methods of text translation, mainly keeping the formal, semantic, and stylistic structure that guaranteed considerably accurate translation. Nevertheless, in his version of interpretation Broniewski emphasized the presence of a second creator, i.e. himself, and left almost in every line the traces of his poetic initiative. We may conclude that amplification being his most favourite transformational technique is used by the interpreter to modify the substance of the analyzed original.
EN
The subject of this article is an analysis of the text My life, my fight (1974) by Jaroslav Mogutin considering its autobiographical value. The present work appears to be a specific catalo­ gue of the most important events from Mogutin’s point of view, from his difficult childhood in Russia to his forced New-York emigration. Among the files of Mogutin’s catalogue the confession connected with making real his homosexual likes takes a particular place. Family rows and breaking the law form a peculiar background to it. Mogutin is painfully sincere in describing his perverted erotic desires and persistent thoughts overfilling his head. He hopes to succeed in expressing the very essence of his individualism in that life-time epitaph.
EN
The article features Yaroslav Mogutin’s (1974) conception of fascist sexuality, in which fascist attributes are very important, particularly swastika and S&M homosexual experience. Mogutin says that if there was no fascism in history, followers of S&M would invent it in their „politically incorrect” fantasies. The post-war fascist culture continues to shock decent citizens in modern times producing in their frightened bourgeois consciousness the apocalyptic visions of the end of the world. Mogutin accentuates the special place and considerable implications of the fascist theme for works of authors recognized in the world of contemporary literature.
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