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EN
This article focuses on the phenomenon of memory as reflected both in Chekhov’s dramas and works of prose. The phenomenon of memory manifests itself by referring to the main ideas in Chekhov’s poetics: bond of times (past – the present time – future), eternity, suffering, artistic work, happiness, life and death, and the truth of life. However, examining a given phenomenon requires attentive reading because Chekhov counts on an attentive reader who is able to capture the essence among the details of everyday life.
EN
The article focuses on the concept of a dualistic model of the world perception in the novel Chapayev and Void by Victor Pelevin. The model represents the contrast to the notion of alchemic union that stands for the ideal pattern, which cannot be realized in Russian reality. So dualism meant as a division and separation between heroes, who cannot understand each other, concerns also the division between East and West in the historical, philosophical and cultural perspective. However, the main division, which is superior upon the others, is the dualism of reality and consciousness that in the novel transforms to the universal category. The only possible escape from this dysfunctional realm is spiritual illumination.
RU
The article is devoted to the phenomenon of Walpurgis Night in European culture and literature. The author focuses on the contradictions in the notion and images of Walpurgis Night, which emerged as a result of centuries of Catholic education in Europe. As a matter of fact, the feast named after Saint Walpurga is the pagan feast of Beltane, the scared night of love, vigor and awakening new life. Such a concept of the event is reflected in two masterpieces of world literature - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's tragedy Faust and the novel The Master and Margarita by Mikhail Bulgakov.
EN
At the beginning of XXI century, the issue of the identity occurs as one of the most crucial problems of the contemporary science. In the light of the recent tendency of interdisciplinary and holistic attempt towards inquiring phenomenon, identity found itself in the centre of the interest of many science disciplines such as politic science, social science, philosophy, linguistics, literature studies, cultural anthropology, and so on. Nowadays we live in the world of permanent changes of the global character that concern also the identity, as a collective phenomenon, and an individualistic one. The transformation of the identity is particularly promptly accomplishing in the new democratic countries, such as Georgia. This is a very interesting phenomenon showing the transformation from the soviet model of the national reality to the European one. The situation in Georgia is being especially curious because of the fact that the Georgians are changing their identity from the post soviet citizens to the potential Georgian-European citizens. What’s more, this change does not mean the ignorance of the Georgian tradition. It turns out, that while the Georgians are willing to adapt the politic and economic European model, they are not so open to accept the European cultural patterns.
PL
THE SEARCHING FOR “THE NEW MAN” IN THE PROSE OF ANDREI PLATONOV Summary The article deals with the issue of the evaluation of a hero in the works of Andrei Platonov. The analysis starts with the early work of this writer - Markun, then moves to his main novels - Tchevengur and Happy Moskow, and ends with the short story Fro. The author of the article came to the conclusion that A. Platonov used the mythological images of Christ as the androgen to construct the main heroes of his artistic work. He began his quest from a man-hero, then moved to young lads such as Sasha Dvanov, and resulted in young and strong women. The most emphasized characteristic of the latter is the capability of self-sacrifi ce. Platonov presented his heroes as philosophers searching for the true sense in life. Their images have some characteristics in common - background (all of them are orphans), personality (they are selfl ess, compassionate, persevering), and principles in life. However, the most crucial issue, that concerns Platonov’s heroes, is their relation towards the people. On the one hand, they are outstanding fi gures, “the chosen ones”, but, on the other hand, they preserve the bounds with their nation.  POSZUKIWANIE „NOWEGO CZŁOWIEKA” W PROZIE ANDRIEJA PŁATONOWA Streszczenie Artykuł dotyczy ewolucji obrazu bohatera w utworach Andrieja Płatonowa. Analizę pro-blemu otwiera portret bohatera wczesnego opowiadania Płatonowa Markun, następnie analiza koncentruje się kolejno na bohaterach powieści Czewengur i Szczęśliwa Moskwa, całość dopełnia krótkie opowiadanie Fro. Autor danego artykułu doszedł do wniosku, że Płatonow wykorzystał przy konstrukcji swoich bohaterów obraz Jezusa Chrystusa jako androgyna. Pisarz rozpoczął swe poszukiwania od wizerunku bohatera-mężczyzny, następnie skupił się na młodzieńcach typu Saszy Dwanowa, by dojść do wizerunku młodej i silnej kobiety. Najbardziej charakterystyczną cechą tych bohaterek okazuje się zdolność i gotowość do poświęcenia. Płatonow przedstawiał swych bohaterów jako fi lozofów poszukujących sensu życia. Obrazy tych bohaterów mają jednak wiele cech wspólnych: pochodzenie (wszyscy są sierotami), osobowość (są bezinteresowni, współczujący, wytrwali) i zasady, którymi kierują się w życiu. Niemniej najbardziej istotną cechą płatonowskich bohaterów wydaje się ich stosunek do ludzi. Z jednej strony są wybitnymi jednostkami, „wybrańcami”, a z drugiej - zachowują scisły związek z narodem.
PL
The article deals with the problem of the stylistic of the novel by Mikhail Bulgakov TheMaster and Margarita. Literary style of the novel is often referred to satire, parody and grotesque.Nonetheless, Bulgakov’s novel can not be called a comic one, since its ideologicalessence belongs to the category of tragedy, in which catharsis goes beyond the existentialsituation of individual characters and transforms into the transcendental sphere. The styleof the novel takes on the triple model, which is subject to speech style of the characters andnarrative.The first stylistic group in the article is called high-style (statements of Woland, YeshuaHa-Nozri and Pontius Pilate), the second style of low (expressions represent by Moskovdwellers) and the third - middle style (statements of Margarita and Woland’s retinue). Thelatter category is the most sophisticated and includes all the other stylistic groups. It combinesboth of the previous style as the Margarita, Koroviev and cat Behemoth act as intermediariesbetween the two worlds (the higher world of the truth and the lower world of falsehood).
PL
This article presents an attempt to specify the categories of parody and tragedy in the novel The Slynx which was written by Tatyana Tolstaya. Since the novel is a postmodern work, the presence of parody seems to be obvious. However, the category of tragedy in a work of this type is a curious novelty, which is analyzed by the author of this article.
PL
This article is focused on the ontological issues that are reflected in one of the most philosophical stories written by A.P. Chekhov – The Black Monk. The core idea on which the construction of the hero and the presented world are based turns out to be dualism. Kovrin belongs to the upper world of idea, so consequently, this status brings him to the conflict with the usual people – the dwellers of the world of the matter. This platonic philosophy seems to reflect not only a certain artistic strategy of the writer, but also a personal view on the human existence in the world of Chekhov himself. What needs to be underlined is the fact, that the writer seems to believe that in the process of human evolution the number of people belonging to the realm of idea will increase in the future.
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PL
MITOPOETYKA DRAMATÓW ANTONA CZECHOWA S t r e s z c z e n i e W artykule autor dokonuje analizy mitycznego kodu, który okazuje się być podstawą konstrukcji takich dramatów Antona Czechowa jak Mewa, Wujaszek Wania, Trzy siostry i Wiśniowy sad. Semantyka mitu warunkuje konstrukcję chronotopu, poprzez wykorzysta-nie symboliki domu jako centrum Wszechświata. Ponadto, kategoria czasu i przestrzeni w dramatach Czechowa podlega ciągłej ewolucji i również zbudowana jest na mitycznym koncepcie binarnych opozycji - sacrum i profanum. Niemniej jednak, ta transformacja sacrum w profanum i odwrotnie, podporządkowana jest rozwojowi samoświadomości bo-haterów. W konsekwencji okazuje się, że to świadomość bohaterów kreuje czas i przestrzeń w tych dramatach, podobnie jak człowiek współkreuje Wszechświat. THE MYTHOPOETICS IN ANTON CHEKOV’S PLAYS S u m m a r y This article deals with the issue of mythological code, which presents the core of Anton Chekhov’s plays, such as The Seagull, Uncle Vanya, Three Sisters and The Cherry Orchard. The mythological code is refl ected fi rst of all in the chronotop of the plays, especially in the images of the house as the symbol of the center of the Universe. Moreover, time and space in the plays progress according to the realm of two main binary opposition - sacrum and profanum. However, the transformation from sacrum to profanum, and vice versa, is directed by the heroes and their consciousness. As the result, it is heroes’ consciousness that create the space and time in the plays, as the man himself turns to be a co-creator of the Universe. 
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PL
СТИЛИСТИКА РОМАНА МИХАИЛА БУЛГАКОВА МАСТЕР И МАРГАРИТА Резюме В данной статье обсуждается проблема стилистики романа Михаила Булгакова Мастер и Маргарита. Литературоведы часто относят стилистику романа к сатире, пародии и гротеску. Тем не менее, роман Булгакова нельзя назвать комическим, так как его идейная суть относится к категории трагизма, в конструкции которого катарсис выходит за рамки экзистенциальной ситуации отдельных героев, приобретая трансцен-дентальный характер. Стилистика романа cтроится в тройственную модель, которой подчинена стилистика высказываний героев и повествования. Первую стилистическую группу в статье называется высоким стилем (высказывания Воланда, Иешуа и Пилата), вторую стилем низким (высказывания жителей Москвы) и третью - стилем средним (высказывания Маргариты и свиты Воланда). Последняя категория стилистически богаче остальных. Она соединяет в себе оба предыдущих стиля, поскольку Маргарита, Коровев и кот Бегемот выполняют функцию посредников между двумя мирами (высоким миром правды и низким миром фальши). THE STYLISTIC OF THE NOVEL BY MIKHAIL BULGAKOV THE MASTER AND MARGARITA Summary The article deals with the problem of the stylistic of the novel by Mikhail Bulgakov The Master and Margarita. Literary style of the novel is often referred to satire, parody and gro-tesque. Nonetheless, Bulgakov’s novel can not be called a comic one, since its ideological essence belongs to the category of tragedy, in which catharsis goes beyond the existential situation of individual characters and transforms into the transcendental sphere. The style of the novel takes on the triple model, which is subject to speech style of the characters and narrative. The first stylistic group in the article is called high-style (statements of Woland, Yeshua Ha-Nozri and Pontius Pilate), the second style of low (expressions represent by Moskov dwellers) and the third - middle style (statements of Margarita and Woland’s retinue). The latter category is the most sophisticated and includes all the other stylistic groups. It combines both of the previous style as the Margarita, Koroviev and cat Behemoth act as intermediaries between the two worlds (the higher world of the truth and the lower world of falsehood).
PL
Anna Chudzińska-Parkosadze Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza, Poznań, Poland parkosadze@interia.pl   ONIRYCZNE MOTYWYW POWIEŚCI MICHAIŁA BUŁHAKOWA MISTRZ I MAŁGORZATA Streszczenie Artykuł koncentruje się na analizie motywów onirycznych w powieści Michaiła Bułhakowa Mistrz i Małgorzata. Oniryzm wydaje się wiodącą tendencją w sposobie konstruowania świata przedstawionego tego utworu. Bohaterowie przechodzą przez wielowarstwową sferę świata przedstawionego za pomocą i w stanie snu. Pisarz wykorzystuje konwencję oniryczną, aby pokazać w jej ramach życie bohaterów jako ścieżki inicjacyjne, które mają początek w świecie materialnym, przechodzą przez świat astralny, by w końcu osiągnąć wieczność. Ponadto w artykule przeanalizowane zostały trzy typy snów występujących w powieści, które odzwierciedlają klasyfikację snów dokonaną przez Platona. ONEIRIC MOTIFS IN THE NOVELTHE MASTER AND MARGARITA BY MIKHAIL BULGAKOV Summary The article deals with the problem of oneiric motives in the novel The Master and Margarita by Mikhail Bulgakov. Onirism seems to be the leading tendency of the created world in the Bulgakov’s novel. The heroes come through the complex structure of the presented world by means of their dreams. Bulgakov shows their life as the initiation path, which starts in the material world, then evaluates into astral dimensions, and reaches the eternity. Moreover, in the novel one can notice three basic types of dreams, which had been classified by Plato. 
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