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1

ESSENTIALISM AND METHOD

100%

Vásquez Barba F. E.

Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu

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2017

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vol. 24

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issue 2

166 – 183

EN

This paper mainly addresses the relation between essentialism and philosophical method. In particular, our analysis centres on the anti-essentialist argument that proposed, given its essentialist bonds, the abandonment of the notion of method. To this end, we make use of the empirical evidence concerning essentialism provided by psychological research, which has shown that our proneness to essentialize is not a by-product of our social and cultural practices as some anti-essentialists have thought. Rather, it is a deeply rooted cognitive tendency that plays a major role in concept formation and so in our understanding of things. Thus, given that such inclination toward essentialism is certain to happen, we argue for a conception of method that, while not overcoming such tendency, avoids the presumed disastrous consequences feared by most anti-essentialists.

2

Stanowisko Immanuela Kanta w kwestii „sił żywych”

80%

Kupś T.

IDEA. Studia nad strukturą i rozwojem pojęć filozoficznych

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2012

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vol. 24

59-70

EN

In his first work entitled “Thoughts Concerning the True Measure of Vital Forces” Kant made an attempt to solve one of the most famous disputes of 17th-century philosophy. Though Kant’s solution is incorrect, it shows the way the philosopher usually solved philosophical problems. In his later works, written during the critical period, Kant came back to the problems he dealt with in his first essay, but the most important continuation of it can be found in the unpublished notes being part of so-called Opus postumum.

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КОНЦЕПТ ПОРОДИЦА У СРПСКОМ ЈЕЗИКУ

80%

Ристић С.

Slavica Slovaca

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2019

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vol. 54

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issue 2

112 - 128

EN

In this paper, the concept of family was presented in contemporary Serbian language based on the material of all relevant Serbian (Serbo-Croatian) dictionaries: the etymological aspects from the Skok’s etymological dictionary, the historical aspects from the Vuk’s dictionary and the Dictionary of Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts, modern understanding of this concept from the thesaurus Dictionary of the Serbo-Croatian literary and the folk language Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts and the Dictionary of literary Serbian language, additional linguistic aspects (derivational and associative) from the Semantic-Derivative Dictionary, the Associative and the Reverse Associative Dictionary, the encyclopaedic aspects on the definitions of this term from encyclopaedias, in addition to the material of texts: folk proverbs, newspaper texts and the texts from the electronic corpus, as well as on the material of the survey, in accordance with the methodological foundations of the Lublin cognitive ethno linguistics school and the program of the EUROJOS seminar which proposes the development of a volume of the Axiological lexicon of the Slavs and their neighbours devoted to the concept of FAMILY. It has been shown that the family in the language image of the world of the speakers of the Serbian language is conceptualized as a multidimensional dynamic concept that includes psychosocial, (psychological and social), biological / genealogical (existential) and cultural (axiological) dimension, and which in the knowledge of language speakers, occurs in the form of two models: 1) an ideal / idealized family and 2) a real family, which are valued on the basis of their comparison, realized as an ambivalent relation to the basic values of the family.

4

Le terme: condensation syntaxique et condensation des connaissances en langue spécialisée

80%

Van Campenhoudt M.

Romanica Wratislaviensia

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2010

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vol. 57

29-46

EN

Kocourek25 observes that the concern for conciseness “constitutes a strong factor in the building of technoscientific sentences.” The purpose does not seem to produce short sentences but to add semantic charge to sentences without unnecessarily making them longer. He speaks of “syntactic condensation” leading to a “concise complexity” of the sentences. In our didactic practice at the Higher Institute of Translators and Interpreters (ISTI), we use a reference corpus of different specialised texts. The analysis of this corpus does confirm that the tendency to condensation implies the creation of specialised terminologies according to morphological models which make it possible to better synthesise complex knowledge, to show up hyponymic relations, and to make coreference easier.

5

A COGNITIVE ASPECT OF PRAGMATICS

80%

Kwapisz-Osadnik K.

Linguistica Silesiana

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2009

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vol. 30

127-136

EN

The article is an attempt to examine two linguistic trends that is pragmatics and cognitivism, the aim of which is to show complementarity of theses representing these two research directions. Taking as a starting point the phenomenon of cognition the authoress explains its implicit presence in chosen pragmatic theories and she discusses its primary role in cognitive theories.

6

LATE HEIDEGGER ON LANGUAGE

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Wendland Z.

Edukacja Filozoficzna

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2006

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issue 43

99-120

EN

The author presents the views of late Heidegger on language and analyses the role played by the language in the philosophical creation of the German philosopher after the so-called Turn. The article is based on the assumption that the conception of language of the late Heidegger allows us to understand better, what is the essence of language and on what does rely the conceptional part of the language in the process of the intercommunication of people and in the cognition and interpreting of the world.

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Miniature Dialectics in Plato's 'Theatetus'

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Pasterczyk P.

Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria

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2007

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vol. 16

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issue 1(61)

33-47

EN

The author raises the question about philosophical importance of a well known excerpt of the dialogue 'Teaetetus' which contains 'Socrates' dream' ('Teaitetus' 201d 12 – 206b 12). The prevailing interpretation of this dream is that some forms of immediate and intuitive insight into reality defy objective understanding (Gillespie, Hicken and Burnyeat) or that they resist scinetific analysis (Morow). The author argues that these readings are incorrect and proposes the view that the dream in the 'Teaitetus' is analogous to Plato's treatment of dialectics in the 'Parmenides' and the 'Sophist'. He contends that the theme of dialectics is characteristic for Plato's late dialogues.This interpretation is supported by considering what is knowledge 'per se' - a dialectical question, in the sense of dialectic expounded in the 6th and the 7th book of the Republic. The 'Teaetetus' does not provide an answer to this question, and the dialogue ends in a aporia for which neither Socrates, a philosopher who is accustomed to strict analysis, nor Teaetetus, who is a young matematician, can find a way out. This can be interpreted as an indication that knowledge must be understood dialecticaly, or as an ouitcome of a debate, and as such it cannot be presented clearly and distinctly in any other form but a dream.

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HEIDEGGER AS THE KEY TO COGNITION OF WITTGENSTEIN

80%

Gurczynska K.

Edukacja Filozoficzna

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2006

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issue 42

155-166

EN

The aim of this essay is tho show the source of the knowledge of 'myself'. How do we know ourselves? The negative answer sounds: we do not know that on the basis of private experience. The way to know our 'own' psychological content runs round about: it goes through the other people. To know that I think, feel pain, or hope we have to know that other people think, feel pain, or hope. The place we find ourselves is the place of finding others. The source of understanding what is thinking, feeling - is primitive reactions, which include the other people as well.

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IMAGES AND CONCEPTS IN THE STUDY OF PHRASEOLOGY (Imágenes mentales y conceptos en el estudio de la frazeologa)

80%

Stepien M. A.

Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny

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2010

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vol. 57

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issue 2

189-196

EN

This paper aims introducing the Cognitive linguistics notions of mental image and concept applied to Spanish and Polish phraseology with human body parts. Over the next pages the author briefly outlines the interrelation between both terms as well as their role in grounding meaning extensions. He also considers the role of meaning content and its cognitive properties: embodiment, experience and visualization in particular.

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Poznanie jako process twórczy

80%

Harciarek M.

Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa

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2011

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vol. 47

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issue 4(190)

631-637

EN

In this article, creation is presented as the integral part of the process of cognition. Division of the perceptual field into figure and background is a symptom of creation’s presence in process of cognition. Its effects is the construction of observation which consists of sensation and information (J. Gibson’s theory) or of top-bottom and bottom-top information processing (cognitive theories). The consequences of the close relationship between creation and cognition are some creators’ deviations (in plus or in minus) from the so-called psychological norms.

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PERCEPTIONS OF THE POLICE: THE ROLE OF NEED FOR COGNITION AND NUMERACY

80%

Pham C., Cheng J.

Studia Psychologica

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2020

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vol. 62

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issue 4

314 – 334

EN

The public’s perceptions of the police are related to people’s willingness to obey the law and cooperate with law enforcement. Past research has found that demographics affect perceptions of the police. This study hypothesizes that those with a higher level of need for cognition and numeracy have more positive attitudes toward the police, possibly because they are more likely to recognize the importance and neces¬sity of the police. 443 U.S. residents participated in this study via MTurk in May 2019. The demographic variables of age, gender, education, race, income, political ideology and party affiliation were collected. Crime rate was estimated via zip code obtained by searching IP address. Participants also completed the need for cognition, subjective and objective sales. As a result, in addition to replicating the role of demographic variables and crime rate, the study found that after controlling for demographics and crime rate, perceptions of the police were positively related to need for cognition and subjective and objective nu¬meracy. Overall, this study indicates that thinking disposition and cognitive ability play a significant role in how the public perceives the police. The study also implies that perceptions of the police were a class issue. Future studies on hot social issues could extend their focus to cognitive factors.

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ZÁKLAD STRUKTURY LIDSKÉHO MYŠLENÍ PODLE SV. TOMÁŠE AKVINSKÉHO

80%

Štěpinová M.

Studia theologica

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2011

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vol. 13

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issue 3

24-41

EN

The entire cognition of the human being is based on the concept of being (ens). Being is grasped by the intellect as its first concept. Every subsequent cognition consists of a development of what have been implicitly given in the concept of being. The article aims at explaining the basic structure of thinking; how exactly the concepts are divided. According to Aquinas, being non¬ being are grasped by the intellect as its first concepts; because of them the intellect is able to grasp the meaning of division and the concept of the One (unum) as the negation of the division. The concept of the One is a condition for understanding the multitude; an understanding of the multitude is a necessary condition for comprehension of the being as a thing – as something. The clue for understanding the entire cognitive process is obviously the concept of non¬ being and as such is being treated in the article.

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KOGNITÍVNY A EVOLUČNÝ KONTEXT ŠÍRENIA KONŠPIRAČNÝCH TEÓRIÍ

80%

Bahna V.

Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)

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2015

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vol. 63

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issue 3

195 – 206

EN

The goal of this article is to provide a cognitive explanation of some aspects of conspiracy theories which influence their spread in society. One important human mental capacity is the ability to produce beliefs about mental states (intentions, motivation, emotions etc.) of others. This ability, also called the Theory of Mind, enables humans to produce complex social interactions and effective cooperation but it is also crucial in creation of coalitions, cheater detection and in prediction of threats from other conspecifics. Previous research shows that socially spread explanations of world phenomena, which trigger these mental mechanisms (i.e. they propose human like intentions as causes of these phenomena), have better inferential potential whereby they become intuitively more relevant as alternative explanations. In this context the author argues that conspiracy theories, just because of how they are defined, are cognitively attractive as they postulate a potential threat as a result of hidden intentions of some group of people.

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G.E.Moore`a “Dowód na istnienie świata zewnętrznego” raz jeszcze

80%

Leszczyński D.

Kwartalnik Filozoficzny

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2011

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vol. 39

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issue 3

93-124

EN

In the article I am trying one more time to examine G.E. Moore's Proof of an External World, including new views on the problem. The paper is divided in four parts, in which I am analysing following problems: (1) What is the object Moore's proof. (2) What is purpose of this proof. (3) What are Moore’s mistakes and shortcomings. (4) How it is possible to defend Moore's proof. The main hypothesis underlying these analysis is that if we will assume that Moore wasn't an "idiot" and philosophical ignoramus (how, according to John Greco's, many critics suggest), one should read his receipt out as attempt of the alteration of what is called today "classical” theory of the knowledge.

15

The Function of Language in Cognition

80%

Olech A.

Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria

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2005

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vol. 14

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issue 2(54)

221-229

EN

The classic theory of knowledge is a theory of cognition concerning itself with propositions and concepts conceived either psychologically or logically. A semantically interpreted theory of cognition is a theory dealing with sentences and other verbal expressions. The author compares these two approaches and asks the question: When is it legitimate to transform a classic theory of knowledge into a semantic theory of knowledge? Or, to put the same problem in a different language: When is it legitimate to abandon logically or psychologically interpreted utterances and replace them with sentences and other linguistically interpreted expressions? Such replacement is tempting because propositions and notions lead to numerous, mostly insoluble, controversies, whereas syntactic and semantic formulations are by and large uncontroversial. It must be conceded, however, that such a replacement is not advisable before it has been shown on what conditions it can be executed without losing legitimacy.

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UNIQUE LOGIC OF THOUGHT

80%

Zadrozny S.

Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric

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2009

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issue 17(30)

171-192

EN

Our thesis, briefly stated, is that, by utilizing the concept of spaciousness, which may later be simulated by the computer, one will be able to imitate, replace, and extend the process of thinking. This concept of thought builds upon ideas previously discovered and described by Henri Bergson: 'We express ourselves by words because of necessity but we think most often in space'. Through language, the results of thinking are presented in a linear fashion, while the entire process occurs spaciously within the mind utilizing information as a medium. The premise underlying our thesis is that the construction of a spacious model of the mind on the proper level will enable a transfer of the thought process to a computer, which, in turn, would provide meaningful results.

17

Kant's Concept of Metaphysics

80%

Poreba M.

Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria

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2004

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vol. 13

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issue 4(52)

87-96

EN

The author analyses and compares a few basic senses in which Kant uses the term 'metaphysics' in his pre-critical writings and in the 'Critique of Pure Reason'. He argues that the essential meaning of the term is to be found in Kant's paper submitted to a contest, in which 'metaphysics' was defined as a philosophical investigation of the first principles of cognition. This idea has been later enlarged into an entire project of Kantian critique of reason, or into a metaphysical theory that explains the possibility of cognition and knowledge.

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ON THE PREGNANCE OF BODILY MOVEMENT AND GEOMETRICAL OBJECTS: A POST-CONSTRUCTIVIST ACCOUNT OF THE ORIGIN OF MATHEMATICAL KNOWLEDGE

70%

Roth W.-M.

Pedagogický časopis (Journal of Pedagogy)

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2014

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vol. 5

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issue 1

65 – 89

EN

Traditional (e.g., constructivist) accounts of knowledge ground its origin in the intentional construction on the part of the learner. Such accounts are blind to the fact that learners, by the fact that they do not know the knowledge to be learned, cannot orient toward it as an object to be constructed. In this study, the author provides a phenomenological account of the naissance (birth) of knowledge, two words that both have their etymological origin in the same, homonymic Proto-Indo-European syllable ĝen-, ĝenə-, ĝnē-, ĝnō-. Accordingly, the things of the world and the bodily movements they shape, following Merleau-Ponty (1964), are pregnant with new knowledge that cannot foresee itself, and that no existing knowledge can anticipate. The author draws on a study of learning in a second-grade mathematics classroom, where children (6–7 years) learned geometry by classifying and modelling 3-dimensional objects. The data clearly show that the children did not foresee, and therefore did not intentionally construct, the knowledge that emerged from the movements of their hands, arms, and bodies that comply with the forms of things. Implications are drawn for classroom instruction.

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ACADEMIC OPTIMISM AND NON-COGNITIVE OUTCOMES IN CZECH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOLS

70%

Simonová J., Straková J., Greger D.

Sociológia (Sociology)

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2019

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vol. 51

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issue 3

313 – 336

EN

Educational effectiveness research shows that teacher beliefs influence how teachers interact with students and thus affect not only the quality of their instruction but also students’ learning outcomes. A teacher’s interpersonal relationship styles, supportiveness, and mind set with regard to all students’ abilities to succeed were found to be predictive not only of students’ academic achievement, but also of non-cognitive outcomes such as engagement in school, learning motivation, or positive social development. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between three non-cognitive outcomes of Czech lower secondary students in grade 9, perseverance, self-efficacy, and educational aspirations, and the attitudes of their teachers that are operationalized as academic optimism. The data set used for the analysis presented in this paper contained data from 4798 grade 9 students and 1469 teachers from 124 basic schools and 39 grammar schools that was collected in the Czech Longitudinal Study in Education in 2016. Two-level structural equation modelling is used to test the hypothesis that students’ non-cognitive outcomes are related to the academic optimism of their teachers. Academic optimism was directly related to both students’ self-efficacy and class composition according to socio-economic status. These are very important findings with respect to tracking practices in the Czech education system since they exhibit not only early tracking but also a strong differentiation within individual tracks according to socio-economic status.

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O KOGNITÍVNYCH PRIENIKOCH UMENIA A VEDY

70%

Šedík M., Taliga M.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2010

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vol. 65

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issue 7

631-642

EN

Cognitive overlap between art and science can be found in the processes of the learning through experience. What necessarily needs to be present in these processes are not good reasons in favour of what is known or learnt, but the following features: The first feature of art and science have in common the negativity of learning processes: What a cognizer C learns through experience is that his/her theories, expectations, attitudes, trials, etc. are wrong and should be abandoned in order to advance. This leads us to the second common feature of art and science: if C is to make mistake, and thus to learn through experience, he/she must create (produce, invent, etc.) something in advance. It is further argued that C learns through experience due to causal relations between the environment (including other cognizers as well as cultural context) and his/her sensations and beliefs. This cannot be accomplished, however, if C is not aware of the notion of objective truth. Empirical knowledge is social and public, yet its truth is not reducible to social agreement. More could be learnt about the learning through experience in art and science, if anyone showed that some of the features or relations proposed in this paper are not necessary for learning.

Refine search results

ESSENTIALISM AND METHOD

Stanowisko Immanuela Kanta w kwestii „sił żywych”

КОНЦЕПТ ПОРОДИЦА У СРПСКОМ ЈЕЗИКУ

Le terme: condensation syntaxique et condensation des connaissances en langue spécialisée

A COGNITIVE ASPECT OF PRAGMATICS

LATE HEIDEGGER ON LANGUAGE

Miniature Dialectics in Plato's 'Theatetus'

HEIDEGGER AS THE KEY TO COGNITION OF WITTGENSTEIN

IMAGES AND CONCEPTS IN THE STUDY OF PHRASEOLOGY (Imágenes mentales y conceptos en el estudio de la frazeologa)

Poznanie jako process twórczy

PERCEPTIONS OF THE POLICE: THE ROLE OF NEED FOR COGNITION AND NUMERACY

ZÁKLAD STRUKTURY LIDSKÉHO MYŠLENÍ PODLE SV. TOMÁŠE AKVINSKÉHO

KOGNITÍVNY A EVOLUČNÝ KONTEXT ŠÍRENIA KONŠPIRAČNÝCH TEÓRIÍ

G.E.Moore`a “Dowód na istnienie świata zewnętrznego” raz jeszcze

The Function of Language in Cognition

UNIQUE LOGIC OF THOUGHT

Kant's Concept of Metaphysics

ON THE PREGNANCE OF BODILY MOVEMENT AND GEOMETRICAL OBJECTS: A POST-CONSTRUCTIVIST ACCOUNT OF THE ORIGIN OF MATHEMATICAL KNOWLEDGE

ACADEMIC OPTIMISM AND NON-COGNITIVE OUTCOMES IN CZECH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOLS

O KOGNITÍVNYCH PRIENIKOCH UMENIA A VEDY