Search results

1

Socio-ecological innovations in marketing strategy – a comparative analysis of companies operating in Western European countries and Central-Eastern European countries

100%

Rudawska E., Frąckiewicz E., Wiścicka-Fernando M. W.-F.

Economics and Business Review

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2018

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vol. 4(18)

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issue 3

51-68

EN

The aim of the paper is to assess the attitudes of company managers in the food and drink sector in Western Europe and Central-Eastern Europe towards implementing marketing strategies that take into account not only economic, but social and ecological aspects as well. Innovation is a growing topic among scholars when discussing issues related to the enhancement of company performance and competitiveness. Such innovation may refer to technological changes (new products, processes), as well as non-technological ones referring to various marketing and organizational methods. In the paper the authors focus on innovations in marketing activities arising from the application of a more socio-ecological orientation. The paper comprises two parts: one theoretical, one empirical. In the first part the role of innovation in the process of creating company competitiveness is presented, as well as the concept of an innovative marketing strategy. In the second part the results of international research are discussed.

2

The Parties Empowered to Lodge a Constitutional Complaint in Poland and in Selected European Countries – Legal–comparative Study

100%

Szmulik B.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

|

2005

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vol. 34

31-43

EN

The parties empowered to lodge a constitutional complaint under the Polish model are defined in Article 79(1) of the Polish Constitution, stating that: “Everyone whose constitutional freedoms or rights have been infringed, shall have the right to appeal to the Constitutional Tribunal (...). The above quoted article is considered to have the fundamental significance in the process of identification of the parties entitled to lodge a constitutional complaint, so in other words, provides a clear answer to the question who can effectively lodge such a complaint in order for the adequate proceedings to be officially opened (however – which is explained in detail in this article – having fulfilled certain specified objective conditions).

3

Die deutsche Politik und die Reparationsfrage nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg: Eine kritische Bilanz unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Auseinandersetzungen mit Polen

100%

Roth K. H.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2019

|

issue 1(370)

59-82

EN

The aim of the article is to present the problem of reparations. The issue of reparations remains a controversial and explosive chapter in the history of Europe after World War II. Whereas the larger victorious powers received some compensation in the years immediately after the war, the smaller European countries, as well as numerous victim groups, largely came away empty-handed. One of these countries is Poland, which to this day is calling for reparations to compensate for the plundering of its economy and for the victims of the massacres under the Nazi occupation. The article presents as a main problem the question, why to this day, the German elites have refused to pay reparations which take into account all victim groups and all the countries once occupied by Germany. In this article, the author explores the context, the strategic options and the tactics behind the German elites’ approach towards compensation – an approach which culminated in the issue of reparations being removed from the de facto peace treaty of 1990 (the ‘Two Plus Four Treaty’). The paper is based on various research methods, especially on survey of diplomatic documents and some studies published in Poland and Germany on the subject.

4

The typology of first marriage patterns in Europe

88%

Majdzińska A.

Journal of Geography, Politics and Society

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2022

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vol. 12

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issue 3

14-30

EN

This paper aims to present an overview of the main demographic characteristics of Europe’s inhabitants entering into first marriages in the 21st c. and the typology of male and female first marriage patterns in European countries in 2010 and 2018. Additionally, a special index is constructed to compare them for nuptiality as an element of the Second Demographic Transition (STD) in 2018. Also calculated are correlations between the types of first marriage patterns and selected demographic and economic indicators. In order to analyse European countries’ populations in terms of first marriages there were used such research methods as descriptive statistics, a cluster analysis, special STD index, and correlation coefficients. The basis of the analysis is data sourced from the Eurostat database. It appeared that the analysis of the males’ and female’s age-specific first marriage rates in the 31 European countries in 2010 and 2018 produced 22 types of first marriage patterns (which can be grouped into seven main categories). In the majority of European countries, the mean age at first marriage was older in 2018 than in 2010. Countries in Central and Eastern Europe are very different from the rest of the continent regarding the types of first marriage patterns. In 2018, the youngest types occurred in post-communist countries (especially in Belarus and Macedonia) and the oldest ones in Spain, Ireland, Denmark, Italy, and Sweden. Older types of first marriage patterns are characteristic of countries that are stronger economically and/or where the second demographic transition takes place at a faster pace.

5

Sądowa kontrola administracji publicznej w Europie, red. Ewa Wójcicka

88%

Zaleśny J.

Przegląd Sejmowy

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2018

|

issue 1(144)

232–237

EN

The monograph deals with judicial review of public administration in European countries. It provides an analysis of the models of this review. In this context, the following courts are distinguished: 1) special administrative courts, separated from common courts; 2) common courts or administrative courts integrated with common courts; 3) specialized administrative courts, separate from common courts. a characteristic of these courts are given, to show the diversity of each of these models and the transformations occurring in them.

6

Medical savings accounts - in search of an alternative method of health care financing in European countries

88%

Borda M.

Business and Economic Horizons

|

2011

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vol. 6

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issue 3

54-65

EN

In times of increasing health care expenditure and insufficient cover provided by publicly financed health systems additional, alternative methods of health care financing become more and more considerable. The purpose of the paper is to present the concept of Medical Savings Accounts (MSAs) and possibilities of their application in the health care systems of European countries. First, the author describes the idea of MSAs and reviews positive and negative findings about the effects of implementing this method into the health systems. Next, two main approaches to the application of MSAs in health care financing are considered. In the last part of the paper, the possibilities of introducing MSAs into health care systems in European countries are discussed. The author takes into consideration the existing health care financing conditions and other specific institutional, socio-economic and cultural factors as the main determinants for successful designing and implementation of the MSA scheme in a given country.

7

Advanced methods of earnings management: monotonic trends and change-points under spotlight in the Visegrad countries

88%

Kliestik T., Valaskova K., Nica E., Kovacova M., Lazaroiu G.

Oeconomia Copernicana

|

2020

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vol. 11

|

issue 2

371-400

EN

Research background: Enterprises manage earnings in an effort to balance their profit fluctuations to provide increasingly consistent earnings in every reporting period. Earnings management is legal and very effective method of accounting techniques and may be used to obtain specific objectives of the enterprises involving the manipulation of accruals. Therefore, there is a need to analyze it in the context of group of countries, while the issue of their detection in the new ways appears. Purpose of the article: The analysis of annual earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) of 5,640 enterprises from the Visegrad Four during the period 2009-2018 confirms that the development of earnings management in these countries is not a randomness. Thus, the aim of this article is to determine the existence of positive trend in earnings management and to detect the change-point in its development for each Visegrad country. Methods: Grubbs test, Mann-Kendall trend test and Buishand test were used as appropriate statistical methods. Mann-Kendall test identifies significant monotonic trend occurrence in earnings manipulation in every country. Buishand test indicates significant years, which divides the development of EBIT into two homogenous groups with individual central lines. Findings & Value added: Based on the statistical analysis applied, we rejected randomness in the managing of earning, but we determined the trend of its increasing. The positive earnings manipulation was not homogenous in the analyzed period, however, a change-point was defined. Year 2014 was identified as a break-point for Slovak, Polish and Hungarian enterprises considering the earnings manipulation. Year 2013 was detected as a change-point in Czech enterprises. The methodical approach used may be very helpful for researchers from other countries to determine, detect and understand earnings management as well as for the investors to make decisions based on a specificities of an individual country.

8

The impact of digital transformation on European countries: insights from a comparative analysis

75%

Małkowska A., Urbaniec M., Kosała M.

Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy

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2021

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vol. 16

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issue 2

325-355

EN

Research background: In the era of the digital revolution, the Internet, automation and robotisation, new industrial relations and dynamic interactions among different stakeholders are giving rise to new opportunities and challenges. The changes associated with the enforcement of the ?Industry 4.0? concept require adaptation to these developments at different levels of the economy and society in order to support digital transformation. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to measure and assess the impact of digital transformation on European countries (EU). The comparative analysis of technological development in EU countries includes three dimensions: the digitalisation of society (Society 4.0), the ability of the economy to face the challenges of technological development (Economy 4.0), as well as the exploitation of ICT in companies (Companies 4.0). Methods: The empirical section of the article was built on a two-stage analytical approach: (a) cluster analysis methods to assess differences and similarities between EU countries (Hierarchical Cluster and K-Means Cluster) and (b) the multi-criteria decision-making method (TOPSIS) to rank countries according to the adopted evaluation criteria. For the purposes of this analysis, data from the Eurostat database have been applied. Findings & value added: The results of this analysis demonstrate the impact of technological transformation on the economy and society in EU countries grouped according to a similar level of development, such as countries with high, medium and low performance. This has contributed to indicating the cohesion in technological development achieved by each country group and to recognising the digitalisation gap between EU Member States. The novelty of this study consists in applying the multi-stage, multi-criteria analysis based on cluster analysis and the TOPSIS method, as well as the comparative analysis of the impact of technological developments on the societies and economies of EU countries. This paper extends similar studies by focusing on the application of a broad range of indicators regarding a holistic perspective including three dimensions: societies, economies and companies. The results provide valuable insights into evaluating the technological progress in European countries.

9

The Comparison of Distance Learning Between the Czech Republic and Other European Countries

75%

Zormanová L.

International Journal of Research in E-learning IJREL

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2016

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vol. 2

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issue 1

88-103

EN

This article examines distance learning in individual European countries and the Czech Republic. It analyses and compares the development of distance learning, and the supply of study options in the form of distance learning in European countries; it covers the development, conditions, and history of distance learning in European countries. The carried out analysis shows that currently there is an emphasis on lifelong learning, and the development of distance learning has become a priority. It can be further stated there are significant differences in the development of distance learning in individual European countries, and in the Czech Republic distance learning has only started to develop in the past twenty years.

10

Is education becoming a weaker determinant of occupation? Educational expansion and occupational returns to education in 30 European countries

75%

Katrňák T., Doseděl T.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2019

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vol. 55

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issue 6

821-851

EN

This article examines the relationship between education and occupation over the course of educational expansion. The authors analyse European Union Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) data from 2014, 2015, and 2016 from 30 European countries and work with 12 graduated cohorts defined by the year in which they left the education system (2003–2014). They use a multilevel model approach and measure education in both absolute and relative terms. The results show that during the time of educational expansion there was no change in the relationship between education and occupation if education is conceptualised in absolute terms. However, a change in this relationship is visible when education is conceptualised as a positional good. Many previous studies that have posed a similar research question did not consider study field. The results here show that the role of study field changed during this time of educational expansion, with natural science, computer, and IT study fields growing stronger than other fields of study. The authors interpret the strengthening of education as a positional good in reference to the theory of skill-biased technological change.

11

Starzenie się potencjalnych zasobów pracy na rynku europejskim

75%

Majdzińska A.

Studia Ekonomiczne

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2016

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vol. 258

109-120

PL

Współcześnie kraje europejskie są znacznie zróżnicowane pod względem zaawansowania starości demograficznej. We wszystkich tych jednostkach proces starzenia się (definiowany jako sukcesywny wzrost udziałów osób starszych w populacji) implikuje wiele niekorzystnych następstw, zarówno ekonomicznych, jak i społecznych. Wśród tych pierwszych do najpoważniejszych należą zmniejszanie się potencjalnych zasobów pracy oraz spadek wydolności finansowej systemów emerytalnych. Celem artykułu jest analiza przemian w strukturach wieku populacji krajów europejskich zaobserwowanych na przestrzeni minionych dwóch dekad oraz zmian prognozowanych w perspektywie kolejnych 20 lat. Szczególna uwaga w tym względzie została zwrócona na starzenie się potencjalnych zasobów pracy.

EN

This paper aims to present the analysis of both: the changes in population structure of the European countries over the past two decades and the changes projected over the next 20 years. It also stresses the problem of the ageing of potential labour force, which is valid in all European countries. The changes in population age structure (which are visible in progressing population ageing process) influence the countries on many levels, referring to the various parts of socio-economic life. The most salient economic consequences of these changes seem a decrease in the potential labour resources and a decline in the financial stability of the social security system.

12

Stosunek krajowych podmiotów polityki turystycznej do współczesnych wyzwań stawianych przed sektorem turystyki

75%

Borzyszkowski J.

Rozprawy Naukowe Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu

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2017

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vol. 59

3-11

PL

Cel badań. Celem artykułu jest ocena znaczenia najważniejszych wyzwań stawianych przed sektorem turystyki w wybranych państwach europejskich. Dokonano przeglądu teoretycznych zagadnień odnoszących się do problematyki polityki turystycznej oraz przedstawiono najważniejsze wyzwania sektora turystycznego w najbliższej przyszłości. Materiał i metody. Wykorzystano coroczne raporty poszczególnych krajów przedkładanych Komisji Europejskiej oraz częściowe wyniki badań przeprowadzonych w latach 2013–2014 na grupie 25 europejskich narodowych organizacji turystycznych. Wyniki. Podjęta w artykule problematyka ma szczególne znaczenie dla polityki turystycznej realizowanej przez poszczególne podmioty funkcjonujące na szczeblu krajowym. Ukazuje hierarchię działań badanych państw w zakresie oddziaływania na sektor turystyczny, a tym samym – najważniejsze problemy polityki turystycznej w analizowanych krajach. Wnioski. Wyniki badań ukazały różnorodność wyzwań, co może wskazywać na mnogość problemów, przed którymi stoi współczesna turystyka. Niektóre z nich zostały jednak ocenione dość nisko przez poszczególne podmioty krajowej polityki turystycznej (np. zmiany demograficzne czy klimatyczne), co może świadczyć między innymi o braku wiedzy na temat potencjalnego wpływu tych czynników na turystykę w poszczególnych krajach.

EN

Background. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the most important challenges in the tourism sector in selected European countries. In the first part, a theoretical overview was conducted with regard to the problems of tourism policy. The second part presents the most significant challenges faced by the tourism sector. Material and methods. Here, he annual reports were applied which are submitted to the European Commission by the particular countries. The article also includes partial results of the research performed in years 2013–2014 among 25 European national tourist organizations. Results. The issue discussed in the paper is of particular significance for the tourism policy implemented by specific entities functioning on the domestic level. It presents the hierarchy of actions taken by particular countries in the area of influencing the tourism sector, as well as the problems of tourism policy most important for the analysed countries. Conclusions. The results of the study reveal the variety of the highlighted challenges, which could indicate a number of problems that contemporary tourism faces. However, some of them were evaluated relatively low (e.g. those in the area of demographic and climatic changes), which can reflect the lack of knowledge on the potential influence of these factors on tourism in particular destinations.

13

Barometer of Inclusive Education – Concept, Methodology and Preliminary Results in Selected European Countries

75%

Schädler J., Dorrance C.

Acta Technologica Dubnicae

|

2012

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vol. 2

|

issue 1

17-26

EN

This paper presents concept, methodology and preliminary results of a European research project on inclusive education of persons with disabilities. The project pathways to inclusion (p2i) is funded by the EU Commission and coordinated by the European umbrella organization European Association of Service Providers for Persons with Disabilities (EASPD). To get an overview on legal situations, practice and progression related to inclusive education a ‘barometer assessment’ instrument was developed and applied in 10 EU countries. The barometer criteria are deducted from Art. 24 of UN CRPD, the methodology follow the idea of the Open Method of Coordination and is explained as an information based rating. Selected results of the assessment are presented. The barometer instrument has proven as an effective tool for data analysis and assessment.

14

Zarządzanie kryzysem wywołanym pandemią COVID-19 w czasie jej pierwszej fali w wybranych państwach europejskich

75%

Rajca L.

Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne

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2023

|

issue 1

27-44

EN

The article aims to examine the methods of managing the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic during its first wave in selected European countries and to answer the question: What impact did the public administration system have on the approach to crisis management (centralisation versus decentralisation)? The analysis shows that crisis management strategies largely depended on the institutional features and administrative cultures of a given country, inherited and rooted in the past.

PL

Celem artykułu jest zbadanie sposobów zarządzania kryzysem wywołanym pandemią COVID-19 w czasie jej pierwszej fali w wybranych państwach europejskich i udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytanie: Jaki wpływ na zastosowane podejście w zarządzaniu kryzysem (centralizacja versus decentralizacja) miał system administracji publicznej? Przeprowadzona analiza pokazuje, że strategie zarządzania kryzysem w dużej mierze zależały od cech instytucjonalnych i kultur administracyjnych danego państwa, odziedziczonych i zakorzenionych w przeszłości.

15

Uwarunkowania globalnego kryzysu finansowego w świetle wyników dotychczasowych badań

63%

Leśniewski L.

Roczniki Ekonomiczne Kujawsko-Pomorskiej Szkoły Wyższej w Bydgoszczy

|

2015

|

issue 8

289-310

EN

DETERMINANTS OF GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS BASED ON CURRENT RESEARCH RESULTS

16

Backward assessments or expectations: what determines the consumer confidence index more strongly? Panel model based on the CCI of European countries

63%

Grzywińska-Rąpca M., Ptak-Chmielewska A.

Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician

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2023

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vol. 68

|

issue 2

1-15

PL

Wskaźnik zaufania konsumentów (ang. consumer confidence index – CCI), skonstruowany na podstawie subiektywnych ocen sytuacji gospodarczej (wstecznej i przyszłej), jest wykorzystywany w wielu badaniach jako zmienna uzupełniająca prognozowanie zachowań konsumenckich. O dużym znaczeniu CCI świadczy literatura dotycząca nastrojów konsumenckich. Badania nad rozwiniętymi, stabilnymi ekonomicznie gospodarkami koncentrują się na ocenach sytuacji gospodarczej w poprzednim okresie. W gospodarkach niestabilnych ekonomicznie, zdaniem wielu autorów, należy analizować przede wszystkim oczekiwania respondentów. Badanie omawiane w niniejszym artykule ma na celu sprawdzenie, które oceny respondentów (wsteczne czy oczekiwania na przyszłość) mają statystycznie istotny wpływ na poziom CCI oraz czy w ocenie respondentów występują różnice między krajami (przekrojowo) i różnice czasowe (efekty szeregów czasowych). Modelowanie panelowe przeprowadzono na podstawie danych dotyczących CCI jako zmiennej zależnej oraz zbioru zmiennych niezależnych dla krajów Unii Europejskiej oraz pięciu krajów spoza Wspólnoty. Dane pochodzą z bazy danych Eurostatu. Okres analizy obejmuje 7 lat i 5 miesięcy (styczeń 2015–maj 2022 r.), co wynika z dostępności danych. Do obliczeń wykorzystano program SAS 9.4. Wyniki badania świadczą o tym, że wyższe oczekiwania respondentów przekładają się na większe wartości CCI i mają statystycznie istotny wpływ na poziom tego wskaźnika. Przeprowadzone modelowanie wykazało, że w ocenie respondentów różnice pomiędzy krajami są znaczące, natomiast różnice czasowe – nie.

EN

The consumer confidence index (CCI) is an index constructed on the basis of subjective assessments of the economic situation (retroactive and future), in many studies used as a variable supplementing the forecasting of consumer behaviour. Its significance is evidenced by the literature on consumer sentiment. Research on developed, economically stable countries focuses on assessments of the economic situation in the preceding period. On the other hand, according to many authors, the analysis of economically unstable states should focus on the expectations of respondents. The aim of the study is to check which respondent assessments (retroactive or expectations for the future) have a statistically significant impact on the level of the CCI and to examine the differences in respondent assessments between countries (cross-sectionally), as well as the time differences (time series effects). The panel modelling was carried out using data for the CCI as a dependent variable and a set of independent variables for all European Union countries and five non-member states. The data were collected from the Eurostat database. The analysis period of seven years and five months (January 2015–May 2022) results from the availability of data. The SAS 9.4 software was used in this research. The results of the survey showed that higher expectations of respondents result in a higher CCI, and that they have a statistically significant impact on the level of the index. The modelling also demonstrated that the differences in respondent’ assessments between countries are significant, whereas the time differences are not.

17

On a Production Function of European Countries: An Empirical Study

63%

Mazurek J.

Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe

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2018

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vol. 21

|

issue 2

25-35

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zbadanie zgodności dopasowania kilku zagregowanych funkcji produkcji, w tym funkcji Cobba‑Douglasa, modelu Mankiwa, Romera i Weila czy specyfikacji Mincera dla zestawu 30 krajów europejskich w okresie 2006–2015. Zmienną zależną był wynik gospodarczy wyrażony realnym PKB, natomiast zbiór zmiennych niezależnych obejmował siłę roboczą, kapitał fizyczny, kapitał ludzki, wydajność pracy czy poziom technologii. Głównym odkryciem artykułu jest stwierdzenie, że wszystkie wyżej wymienione zagregowane funkcje produkcji były wyjątkowo dobrze dopasowane do danych empirycznych, przy skorygowanych współczynnikach determinacji powyżej 0,95. Stwierdzono również, że włączenie innych zmiennych makroekonomicznych, takich jak wydajność pracy, kapitał ludzki lub poziom technologii do dwuskładnikowej funkcji Cobba‑Douglasa, nie spowodowało znaczącej poprawy zgodności dopasowania.

EN

The aim of this paper is to examine the goodness‑of‑fit of several aggregated production functions including the Cobb‑Douglas function, the Mankiw, Romer and Weil model, or Mincer’s specification for a set of 30 European countries during the period 2006–2015. The dependent variable was economic output measured in real GDP, while the set of independent variables included labour, physical capital, human capital, labour productivity or technology level. The main finding of the paper is that all the above‑mentioned aggregate production functions fitted the data exceptionally well, with the adjusted coefficients of determination above 0.95. Also, it was found that the inclusion of other macroeconomic variables, such as labour productivity, human capital or technology level to the two‑factor Cobb‑Douglas function did not result in a significantly better goodness‑of‑fit.

18

Nástroje územního rozvoje založené na podmíněnosti práva k výstavbě a jejich využití v evropských zemích

63%

Vejchodská E.

Urbanismus a územní rozvoj

|

2017

|

issue 1

13-16

EN

As developable and undevelopable areas are defined by spatial plans, the right to build is granted to selected plots. Considerable financial values are generated by the definition of new developable areas or higher levels of land use. If all the profit goes to landowners, the public sector is deprived of a huge opportunity to fulfil its interests in the territory. For this reason, the trend today is for rent capture and redirection of a larger or smaller part of the rent from landowners to the public sector. This article presents various tools based on the conditionality of the right to build.

CS

Územním plánem jsou definovány zastavitelné a nezastavitelné plochy a jsou tak přidělována práva k výstavbě vybraným pozemkům. Definováním nových zastavitelných ploch nebo umožněním vyšší míry využití území je generována značná finanční hodnota. Pokud veškerý zisk připadne vlastníkům půdy, veřejný sektor ztrácí obrovský potenciál k naplňování veřejných zájmů v území. Trendem je proto tzv. zachycení renty a přesměrování její větší či menší části od vlastníků půdy veřejnému sektoru. Článek představuje různé nástroje využívané v evropských zemích, které část této renty zachycují. Zaměřuje se na nástroje založené na podmíněnosti práva k výstavbě.

19

Demograficzno-społeczna charakterystyka potencjalnych zasobów pracy w krajach europejskich

63%

Majdzińska A.

Studia Ekonomiczne

|

2016

|

vol. 293

69-86

PL

W opracowaniu przedstawiona została analiza subpopulacji tworzącej potencjalne zasoby pracy (tj. ludności w wieku 15-64 lata) pod względem niektórych charakterystyk społeczno-demograficznych w krajach Unii Europejskiej oraz wybranych pozostałych krajach europejskich w latach 2000-2030. W szczególności rozważona została struktura wieku oraz poziom wykształcenia tej subpopulacji.

EN

The study presents an analysis of a subpopulation constituting potential labour resources (in particular, people aged between 15-64) in respect of certain socio-demographic characteristics in the European Union countries and selected European countries in the years 2000-2030. The focus was put on the subpopulation’s age structure and its level of education.

20

The place of culture in sustainable development of European countries – homogeneity or diversity of the phenomenon?

63%

Krzyminiewska G., Pondel H.

Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy

|

2023

|

issue 75

150-166

PL

Celem artykułu jest ocena poziomu zrównoważonego rozwoju w wybranych krajach europejskich – z uwzględnieniem jego wymiaru gospodarczego, społecznego, środowiskowego i kulturowego, oraz zróżnicowania zjawiska w badanych jednostkach. W analizie przyjęto założenie, że wskaźniki kulturowe determinują poziom miernika zrównoważenia rozwoju. Doboru krajów dokonano w oparciu o wskaźniki ich różnorodności etnicznej i kulturowej. Zakres czasowy analizy to lata 2012 i 2019, a źródłem danych była baza Eurostatu. Do analizy problemu badawczego wykorzystano metodę taksonomiczną (porządkowania liniowego). Realizacja celu determinowana była ograniczeniami w wyborze wskaźników oraz dostępnością i aktualnością danych w statystyce europejskiej. Na podstawie dotychczasowych badań można stwierdzić, że w wymiarze kulturowym, taka sama liczba krajów charakteryzowała się bardzo wysokim i wysokim poziomem zrównoważenia rozwoju (5), jak niskim i bardzo niskim (5). Wymiar kulturowy odgrywa zdecydowanie większą rolę w zrównoważeniu rozwoju krajów silnie zróżnicowanych kulturowo. Uwzględnianie go w analizach pozwala na wykorzystanie najbardziej wartościowych endogennych cech danej zbiorowości dla ukształtowania efektywnej relacji z pozostałymi składowymi zrównoważonego rozwoju.

EN

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the level of sustainable development in selected European countries – taking into account its economic, social, environmental and cultural dimensions, as well as the level of diversification of the phenomenon in the entities under analysis. The analysis assumes that culture has a positive impact on sustainable development measures. The selection of countries was based on indicators of their ethnic and cultural diversity. The time range of the analysis is 2012 and 2019, and the data source was the Eurostat database. A taxonomic method (linear ordering method) was used in the analysis of the research problem. The achievement of the aim was determined by limitations in the selection of indicators and the availability and validity of data in European statistics. Based on research to date, it can be concluded that, in the cultural aspect, the same number of countries presented a very high and high level of sustainable development (5) as those presenting a low and very low level (5). The cultural aspect has substantially greater meaning for the sustainability development of the countries characterised by high cultural diversity. Taking this aspect into account while conducting analyses makes it possible use the most valuable, endogenous characteristics of a given population for forging an effective relationship with the other elements of sustainable development.

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