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Problematyka przekładu dawnej literatury ustnej Mexików i Majów

100%
Szoblik K.
Między Oryginałem a Przekładem
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2015
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vol. 28
124-138
EN
The artistic verbal expression of the native inhabitants of the pre‑Hispanic Mesoamerica presented great variety of forms, among which there could be distinguished, for example, solemn speeches, ritual songs and even very complex performances, that could be compared to some forms of the European theatre. Most of these pieces were destroyed with the conquest and colonization of America. Some of them, however, survived, mainly thanks to the effort that some missionaries and their indigenous students made to register parts of the native oral tradition in the alphabetic writing. The present article presents chosen problems related with the translation of this kind of texts, one of the most important difficulties being a huge distance in time and space that separates the source and the target cultures.
2
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The 4-M Model and Convergence in Modern Nahuatl

88%
Petrović M.
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
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2016
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vol. 5
121-133
EN
Almost 500 years of constant contact with the Spanish language have influenced Mexican indigenous languages and their speakers in many different ways, and Nahuatl language makes here no exception. Apart from code-switching and massive borrowings (that include, for instance, core vocabulary and function morphemes), the convergence processes can be clearly found in many modern varieties of Nahuatl language as a step that can be observed next to a process of language shift. The present contribution investigates and examines the convergence process in Nahuatl language within the 4-M model (described in detail in Myers-Scotton & Jake 2000) in order to test the claim that this model can be applied to different kinds of contact language phenomena other than code-switching. This model distinguishes four morpheme types which do not participate equally in language contact phenomena. Some of them, for example, show retention, while others easily undergo an external change. The investigation discussed in the article was carried out in the city of San Sebastian Zinacatepec which is situated in southeastern Puebla in Mexico.
3
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The usage of Nahuatl kinship terms in polite speech

88%
Madajczak J.
Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
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2015
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issue 7(38)
69-85
EN
Nahuatl kin terms are known to be employed in a vast array of metaphoric meanings, whose cultural point of reference is different than the basis of European metaphors. However, since colonial texts were often written by bilingual natives or Spanish friars, they include both Nahua and Spanish ways of associating meanings. This paper examines the use of several Nahuatl terms for children and grandchildren in speeches and dialogues recorded in colonial written sources. Taking into account both their morphology and contextual occurrences, it suggests that they formed a system, in which particular terms and grammatical forms marked the tone of speech, the amount of reverence and the social distance. It also attempts at separating pre‑Hispanic terminology from Nahuatl honorifics used by preachers, illustrating the difference between the two metaphorical systems.
4
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Empire, Colony, and Globalization. A Brief History of the Nahuatl Language

88%
Olko J., Sullivan J.
Colloquia Humanistica
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2013
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issue 2
EN
Empire, Colony, and Globalization. A Brief History of the Nahuatl LanguageThis paper is the first attempt to outline the cultural and sociopolitical history of Nahuatl, one of the most important native languages of America, beginning with preconquest times, focusing on its role in the Aztec empire, and continuing through the colonial period until the present. We discuss the most important elements of the Nahua writing tradition, its changes under contact with European culture and Spanish, as well as modern threats to its survival. We finish with current prospects for revitalization. Imperium, kolonia i globalizacja. Krótka historia języka nahuatl Artykuł jest pierwszą próbą zarysowania kulturowej i społeczno-politycznej historii języka nahuatl, jednego z najważniejszych języków tubylczych Ameryki, począwszy od czasów przedhiszpańskich, a zwłaszcza jego roli w imperium azteckim, przez czasy kolonialne aż po sytuację obecną. Przedmiotem dyskusji są najważniejsze elementy związane z tradycją piśmiennictwa w tym języku, jego zmiany pod wpływem kontaktu z kulturą europejską i językiem hiszpańskim, aktualne zagrożenia oraz możliwe scenariusze jego rewitalizacji.
5
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Language Encounters: Toward a Better Comprehension of Contact-Induced Lexical Change in Colonial Nahuatl

75%
Olko J.
Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
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2015
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issue 7(38)
35-52
EN
The extensive corpus of colonial Nahuatl texts lights on almost every sphere of colonial life and cross‑cultural interactions between the Europeans/Spaniards and the indigenous world. This corpus contains rich language data related to contact‑induced change that reveal a simultaneous, prolonged use of neologisms and loanwords, a widespread “Nahuatlization” of foreign terms as well as adoption of Spanish ideas and cultural stereotypes. The linguistic phenomena discussed in the present paper focus on lexical change, neologization, meaning change, borrowing and the creation of calques. These language innovations reveal the nuances of the complex process of cross‑cultural translation, the receptivity of European influence, the domestication of the new and the survival of traditional language resources.
6
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Na ratunek ginącym językom

63%
Łukaszyk E., Olko J.
Tematy z Szewskiej
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2013
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issue Współpraca 2(10)/2013
88-99
PL
Justyna Olko, koordynatorka dwóch dużych projektów badawczych związanych z ginącymi językami mniejszościowymi, opowiada o tym, w jaki sposób przeszła od badań archeologicznych nad kulturami prekolumbijskimi do pracy z dzisiejszymi potomkami Azteków i działań na rzecz ochrony ich języka, nahuatl. Rozmówczynie zastanawiają się nad problemami prowadzącymi do porzucania mniejszościowych języków i trudnościami wiążącymi się z rewitalizacją, zarówno na meksykańskim, jak i na polskim gruncie, jako że doświadczenia z Nowego Świata są tu zestawione z polskimi działaniami na rzecz języka wilamowskiego i łemkowskiego. W ten sposób wyłania się nowy model humanistyki, stawiającej sobie już nie tylko cele poznawcze, lecz nastawionej także na bezpośrednią współpracę ze społecznościami lokalnymi.
EN
Justyna Olko, a leader of two important projects that deal with endangered languages, relates the path that has led her from archeology of pre-Columbian cultures to direct collaboration with the descendants of the Aztecs and the preservation of their language, the Nahuatl. The interviewer and the interviewee discuss the reasons why minor languages are spoken less and less often and the difficulties of revitalization, both in Mexico and in Poland. The experiences in the New World are juxtaposed with the Polish actions in favor of the Vilamovian and the Lemkovian. As a consequence, a new paradigm of humanities emerges, one understood not only as a research, but also as a direct collaboration with local communities.
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