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EN
In this paper we present some issues that occur during the translation of literary works, especially from Slovak, but also from Slavic cultural sphere, into Romanian, as a result of differences regarding cultural images or linguistic issues. This will be followed by a more thorough systematization in the future. On the basis of Miko’s theory of style, we have analysed texts by Slovak writers such as Samo Chalupka, Ivan Štrpka and others, as translated into Romanian by professor Barborică and Ondrej Štefanko. We have highlighted the fact that in some cases the cultural images are within cultural tradition due to the grammatical gender of the word-the main groundwork for an image, analysing the instances in which they cause issues in translation, requiring the translator to resort to different solutions, including displacing the meaning either towards the iconic, or towards the operative, or finding an adequate substitution. Similar situations also occur in the case of a confrontation between two languages, two codes-the linguistic and the artistic, which involve a knowledgeable recipient, trained in the field of art and languages. The issue is also of interest in the context of comparatism.
PL
Writer Pavol Strauss is little known in Slovakia and Poland because there were several decades between his first collections of poetry written in the German language in the period between the two World Wars and his Slovak post-war essays, and then his other works (essays, diaries and aphorisms) published sporadically or after 1989 on the other. He published four collections of poetry in German: Die Kanone auf dem Ei (1936), Schwarze Verse (1937), Worte aus der Nacht (published bilingually in 2001) and Bruder Abel lebt ja noch (manuscript).After 1946 Pavol Strauss stopped writing poetry and stopped writing in German.
EN
The article discusses the description of feminine beauty in the Slovak baroque love poem Obraz panej krásnej perem malovaný, která má v Trnave svoje prebývání by Štefan Ferdinand Selecki. The author points to the essential function of feminine figures from the Age of Antiquity (Mary Magdalene, Judith, Diana, Terpsichore, Sibyl, Lucretia, and Helen). The poet invokesthem to construct the main female character. The analysis considers the selection of figures and their features, which collaborate ideally to portray the “lady of Trnava”. The stunning physical beauty of the Slovak aristocrat corresponds with inner grace, virtue and purity.
Bohemistyka
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2019
|
issue 1
90-107
EN
The article deals with two groups of realia in the Slovak novel by Peter Krištúfek (1973–2018). The first one are those concerning Slovak traditional culture, which are used in a form of theatrical scenery by the author. The second one are those connected with Slovak identity, as the writer understands it. The article offers the comparative analysis of the Slovak text with its translations into Czech and English. The conclusion is made about different translators’ strategies according to the translation purpose and extralinguistic circumstances and the necessity of the Czech translations of Slovak fiction despite the unique closeness of these two Slavic languages.
Human Affairs
|
2013
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vol. 23
|
issue 2
311-318
EN
The article introduces readers to the current state of Slovak studies in Russia. The fate of Slavic studies in Russia is complicated and it has had its ups (late 19th and early 20th century) and downs (1920s and 1930s), but until now there has been a multidisciplinary tradition of studying all Slavic peoples, their languages, literature, history and culture. The article focuses on the study of Slovak language, literature, history and culture at Moscow State University, the Institute for Slavic Studies in Moscow, and Saint-Petersburg State University. It deals with the main researchers and their work and publications. The article is based on general research into the history of Slavic studies carried out by leading Russian scientists.
Studia Slavica
|
2014
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vol. 18
|
issue 1
69-74
EN
Genre of „besednica“ (talk) was quite frequent and favourite among writers at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Short texts on the border between journalism and literature, similar to feuilletons, were regularly published in periodicals of the era. In Czech cultural milieu, roughly from the 1840s onwards, the notions of „črta“ (feature), as well as „obraz“ (image) or „obrazy ze života“ (images from life) appeared in works by J. K. Tyl, B. Němcová, J. Neruda and J. Arbes. These genres meant that two fields, literature and journalism, got closer to each other. Short texts written by Martin Kukučín and published in the Národnie noviny (National Newspaper) in the late 1880s and early 1890s create a cycle known as pragensiae (works originated in Prague). These are Zimná sezóna v Prahe (Winter Season in Prague) from 1889 which informs about theatre performances in Prague; Malé črty z veľkého mesta (Small Features from the Big City) and Dve hodiny medzi zákonodarcami (Two Hours Among Lawmakers), both from 1890; as well as several texts about the exhibition in Prague written in 1891, such as Praha v znamení výstavy (Prague under the Sign of Exhibition), Prechádzka po výstavisku I.– II. (Walking in the Exhibition I–II) and Prechádzky po výstavke v Prahe I.– III. (Walking in the Exhibition in Prague I–III).
PL
The intensity of the literary movement that took place in the Slovak territory integrated within the Kingdom of Hungary due to the Enlightenment policy of the ruler Joseph II can be properly illustrated by the genre-varied works of Ladislav Bartholomeides, an Evangelical priest and teacher. His first literary work Rozmlouvání Jozefa Druhého s Matějem Prvním Korvínus řečeným v království zemřelých, 1790 (The Conversation of Joseph II with Matthias I, Called Corvinus in the Kingdom of the Dead, 1790) is, in the first place, a significant evidence of the impact of the antique dialogue on the Slovak literary works. Bartholomeides updates the conversation of the dead, a popular genre form of the Enlightenment literature. Based on his predecessors’ assertions, he shapes the image of Joseph II as a clever and kind-hearted ruler. The Hungarian monarchs that Joseph II meets after his death defend his Enlightenment reforms. A critical reflection can be heard from Joseph’s lips. In terms of the contemporary Enlightenment writing, Bartholomeides put emphasis on the aesthetic category of “ingenuity”. In his attempt at an objectified interpretation of Joseph II’s political actions, he appeals also to his compatriots’ national sentiments. By the fact that the relationship of the Hungarian rulers with the Slavic ethnicity and its language is positive, he indirectly encourages them to cultivate their mother tongue. He gives the conversation also distinctive religious characteristics, he points out the connection between the earthly and the eternal life, since it is only immortality that gives purpose to the ruler’s earthly journey.
Porównania
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2017
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vol. 21
|
issue 2
EN
The European Oriental Renaissance began with the discovery of Sanskrit which gave birth to comparative philology, the pre-eminent academic discipline of the 19th century. The Czech philologist Josef Dobrovský (1753–1829) and the Polish scholar of Sanskrit Walenty Skorochód Majewski (1764–1835) very soon discovered similarities between Indian and Slavic languages and consequently many Slavic scholars began to see India as the Slavic homeland. The great Slovak Romantic poets such as Ján Hollý (1785–1849) and Ján Kollár (1793–1852) considered India to be the homeland of the Slavs, as did Ľudovít Štúr (1812–1856), the main leader of the Slovak national revival in the 19th century, although, as a Hegelian, he was critical of Indian religion and of the caste system. The paper reconstructs the image of India in Slovak literature of the 19th century which ranges from a fascination with the idea of the Slavic homeland in India in the first half of the 19th century to its refusal in the light of the theory of Aryan invasion in the second half of the 19th century. It focuses on the changing image of the Indian Other and on the self-image of the Slavs vis-à-vis India.
PL
Europejski renesans orientalny rozpoczął się od odkrycia sanskrytu, które zrodziło wybitną dyscyplinę akademicką XIX wieku: filologię porównawczą. Czeski filolog Josef Dobrovský (1753–1829) i polski badacz sanskrytu Walenty Skorochód Majewski (1764–1835) bardzo szybko odkryli podobieństwa między językami indyjskimi i słowiańskimi, wskutek czego wielu słowiańskich uczonych zaczęło postrzegać Indie jako ojczyznę słowiańską. Wielcy słowaccy poeci romantyczni, tacy jak Ján Hollý (1785–1849) i Ján Kollár (1793–1852) uważali Indie za ojczyznę Słowian, podobnie jak Ľudovít Štúr (1812–1856), główny przywódca słowackiego odrodzenia narodowego w XIX wieku; jako heglista był on jednak krytyczny wobec religii indyjskiej i systemu kastowego. Artykuł rekonstruuje obraz Indii w słowackiej literaturze XIX wieku, od fascynacji ideą słowiańskiej ojczyzny w Indiach w pierwszej połowie XIX wieku do jej negacji w świetle teorii inwazji aryjskiej w drugej połowie XIX wieku. Główna uwaga poświęcona została zmieniającym się obrazom indyjskiego Innego i własnym wizerunkom Słowian w odniesieniu do Indii.
SK
Prehľad prekladov slovenskej drámy v Poľsku v rokoch 990—2005 berie do úvahy dve oblasti obehu dramatického textu: jednak divadelnú, a jednak literárnu oblasť ako dva priestory priameho styku príjemcu s textom preloženého dramatického diela. V uvedenom obdobi preklady slovenskej drámy boli iba zriedkavo inscenované poľskými divadlami, pričom prevládajú v tomto počte inscenácie rozhlasových hier. Príčinou je nedostatok prekladov slovenskej drámy do poľštiny. Preklady, ktoré vznikli pred rokom 1989, neboli uverejnené v tlači, zmizli v prekladateľských archívoch a dnes nie sú pristupné režisérom. Od začiatku 90. rokov tlačou vyšli preklady len štyroch slovenských hier, ktoré takisto neboli inscenované profesionálnymi divadlami. Preto priama prítomnosť slovenskej dramatickej tvorby v Poľsku je skoro nulová, pričom iba v malej miere je to spôsobené prekladateľovým výberom diela na prevod alebo kvalitou prekladu — výsledkom prekladateľových rozhodnutí počas procesu translácie. Dôležitou príčinou, no aj následkom neprítomnosti slovenských hier na poľských javiskach je skutočnosť, že poľský príjemca o slovenskej dráme a divadle vie len veľmi málo.
EN
The review of polish translation of slovak drama between 1990—2005 regards two areas of dramatic text’s circulation. They are: scenic area and literatury area, which are also two spaces for direct contact between recipient and a text of a drama’s translation. During an indicated time slovak drama were staged by polish theatres seldom, stagings of radio-plays were dominated. The reason is in insufficiency of slovak drama’s translations in polish. Translations from before 1989 weren’t published, they loos at translators’s archives and now stage managers haven’t approach to them. From the beginning of 90. years only four translations of slovak drama were published. They also weren’t staged by polish profesional theatres. The direct presence of slovak drama in Poland is almost zero. This situation is only slightly owing by translators’s decision about a text to translating. It’s also slightly owing by a quality of translations like a final effect of a translators’s choices during his work. The minimal knowlegde of polish recipient anout slovak drama and theatre is also very important agent.
Pamiętnik Literacki
|
2022
|
vol. 113
|
issue 4
236-243
PL
W recenzji omówiono anglojęzyczną publikację wieloautorską „Handbook of Polish, Czech and Slovak Holocaust Fiction. Works and Contexts” (2021). Recenzent przybliża podstawowe wątki książki i omawia jego miejsce na tle innych nowych publikacji naukowych dotyczących literatury zagładowej w Europie Środkowej i Środkowo-Wschodniej. Szczególną rolę odgrywa analiza ramy metodologicznej tomu oraz funkcjonalności jego struktury w odniesieniu do modeli encyklopedii, leksykonu czy słownika.
EN
The review examines an English language collaborative publication “Handbook of Polish, Czech, and Slovak Holocaust Fiction. Works and Contexts” (2021). The reviewer explores the basic threads of the book and discusses its place against the background of other recent academic publications about the Holocaust literature in Central and Central-Eastern Europe. Essential role in the article is played by an analysis of methodological framework of the volume and the functionality of its structure in reference to the models of an encyclopaedia, lexicon, or dictionary.
EN
The year 1918, which brought the split of the Habsburg monarchy and the rise of Czechoslovakia, represented the final completion of the constitution of the modern nation-state society. This complicated process, not very precisely named by its contemporaries as "national revival", was a result in both the Slavic and non-Slavic Central European milieux of the complicated emancipation movement of the Czech and Slovak nations. This newlyfounded state had been based upon a kinship of language and ethnicity, but its peoples still had differing historical and confessional traditions as well as developmental potentialities. Therefore, the official ideology of unitarian Czechoslovakism held up the construction of a higher-level Czechoslovak unity in the cultural sphere, but, in reality, there were more diverse literary discourses which proliferated both in integrational and disintegrational forms, as well as artistic poetics, ethnic minorities, and several co-existing languages. In the interwar period of 1918-1939, there was a dynamized literary development freeing the creative potential of artistic generations and single subjects; this was politically influenced by Masaryk’s idea of democratic community in the geopolitical space between the West and the East in both cultures. This situation in Czech and Slovak literatures contributed to a more intensive self-reflection of European ideological and aesthetic currents through which both literatures moved closer to world literature in their most celebrated creations.
EN
Unarguably the breakthrough nature of the revolutions of 1989 had their impact on the shape of the political system of the former Soviet bloc countries, including Slovakia. From the point of view of literature this breakthrough moment is not that obvious as from the 1990s there have been debates on various detailed aspects and contexts referring to this period of transformation. The author of this article discusses factors such as pluralism of literary institutions, development of publishing market, the impact of market mechanisms on literary life, and reintegration of literary circulation that establish a condition of Slovak literature the country has never been in before. What changes after 1989 is the perception of the writer’s role and thus a new dominant model of an unconstrained writer is being shaped. As to the fields of poetics and text structure, what is most difficult to identify is the unequivocally original solutions as immediately after 1989 no new movement or literary trend comes into being. Yet, the author makes a point that the very fact that the literary texts function in a completely new system of dependencies allows for regarding the year 1989 as a literary breakthrough. This approach, however, implies that the autonomous, formalistic and structuralist model of understanding the history of literature has to be abandoned.
PL
Przełomowy charakter wydarzeń roku 1989 dla kształtu systemu politycznego w krajach byłego bloku komunistycznego, w tym Słowacji, nie ulega wątpliwości. W dziedzinie literatury cezura ta nie jest tak oczywista, od lat dziewięćdziesiątych XX w. prowadzone są dyskusje poświęcone różnym szczegółowym aspektom i kontekstom okresu transformacji. Autor artykułu omawia zjawiska, które potwierdzają nową sytuację literatury słowackiej: pluralizm instytucji literackich, rozwój rynku wydawniczego, wpływ mechanizmów rynkowych na życie literackie, reintegrację obiegów literackich. Po 1989 r. zmieniają się także wyobrażenia o roli pisarza, dominujący staje się model indywidualistyczny. W dziedzinie poetyki i struktury tekstów najtrudniej wskazać zdecydowanie nowe rozwiązania, bezpośrednio po 1989 r. nie pojawił się nowy prąd czy tendencja literacka. Autor podkreśla jednak, że sam fakt usytuowania i funkcjonowania tekstów literackich w zupełnie nowym systemie relacji pozwala na potraktowanie 1989 r. w kategoriach przełomu literackiego. Podejście takie wiąże się z rezygnacją z autonomicznego, formalistyczno-strukturalistycznego modelu rozumienia historii literatury.
EN
Dušan Mitana’s book My Home Cemetery (Môj rodný cintorín, 2000) is centred on banal scenes from everyday life that could happen in any Slovak village in the 1960s, such as family relations, village gossips, political and theological disputes in pubs and at home, building homes, working in a local cooperative, supporting a local football team, etc. However, the narration denies any similarity with Realism. Instead, the story is bizarre, hyperbolized, and grotesque; very much along the tradition of Magic Realism. Mitana’s writing is Postmodern; he uses different languages, genres, approaches and quotations in his book. Cemetery in Mitana’s story is both space and place; it is both pars and totum; it is one (real/fictional) cemetery and entire Slovakia. Even though this cemetery is situated on the outskirts of the village, it is the centre (navel); its eccentric location is a song of human disrespect towards eternity. Besides being the centre, the cemetery is also a middle world where reality meets fi ction, banal meets high, fl esh meets spirit, Christianity meets paganism, banal everyday routines mix with dreams, visions and prophecies, and those who are alive coexist happily with those who are dead. It is also a nodal point between past and (Messianic) future, since it is the home place of the writer himself, and this writer is a Slovak writer. Whereas the writer has a mission to revive the dead by weaving stories about them, his nation’s mission is to spread the Slovak word in the world. In this way, Mitana’s book also mocks manifestations of Slovak nationalism in the 1990s, which was still partially using concepts and rhetoric of Romantic Messianism.
EN
One of the most signifi cant Slovak romantic poets, Janko Kráľ (1822-1876), was buried in an unknown place, however today he has a symbolic grave in the Slovak National Cemetery in Martin. In this case we may speak of a peculiar irony of fate, because the vision of the world as a grave is central in his work, especially in the poetic cycle known as Dráma sveta (Drama of the World). More intensive analysis of this theme reveals author’s deep involvement in gnosticism on the one hand, and a Christian worldview on the other. Kráľ uses the grave in its extremely negative aspects to illustrate the condition of the modern man, which in his historiosophy project is determined by a temporary victory of evil. The article describes the way of escape from negativity based on the Christian faith in the Resurrection, which is contaminated by the pagan vision of nature and the 19th century myth of Slavic revival. The grave in the author’s interpretation is the metaphor of the modern world. Therefore, special attention is given to the theme of grave as a specifi c variant of the labyrinth. There is the seed of the tree of life hidden in the centre of the labyrinth-grave. In Kráľ’s vision the seed is the Slovak language/ Slovakia. Following that implication, the grave conceals the Garden of Eden.
SK
Studia vychadza z navrhnuteho J. Jarniewiczom clenenia postoją prekla- datelov na zakonodarcov a vel'vyslancov. Polske preklady slovenskej literatury spravidla existuju v ulohe zastupcu póvodnej literatury a kultury. Okolnosti suvisiace so vznikom alebo zverejnenim najstarsich polskych prekladov tejto literatury: l'udovej piesne, ktora je castou romanu J. Rostworowskeho Zamek na Czorsztynie, romanu J. Kalinciaka Restavra- cia v preklade P. Stalmacha a dramy J. Gregora Tajovskeho Matka prelozenej F. Gwiżdżom ukazuju, ze motlvy, ktorymi sa riadili tito prekladatelia, azda neboli spojene iba s pocitom misie a tuzbou byt velvyslancom prelozeneho diela, autora a póvodnej literatury
EN
The article refers to J. Jarniewicz’s concept of two types of translators attitude: legislator and ambassador. Polish translations of Slovak literature generally exist as a representative of the original literature and culture. Circumstances of creating and publication of the oldest Polish translations of this literature: a folk song, part of J. Ros- tworowski’s novel Zamek na Czorsztynie, a novel by J. Kalinciak Restavracia translated by P. Stalmach and a drama Matka by J. Gregor Tajovsky translated by F. Gwiżdż, shows the motives behind these translators probably were not necessarily associated only with the mission and with the desire to be an ambassador of a translated work, author and primary literature.
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Porównania
|
2018
|
vol. 23
|
issue 2
227-237
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie Pavola Straussa jako człowieka i pisarza, który był sercem i duszą z Europy Środkowej. Miał silne związki lokalne w sensie przestrzennym i czasowym. Po pierwsze, był prześladowanym Żydem po czym dokonał konwersji na katolicyzm. W czasach stalinowskich był uznawany za obywatela drugiej kategorii i błędnie nazywany klero-faszystą, a w rzeczywistości był wierzącym katolikiem. Był aktywny literacko w drugiej połowie lat trzydziestych XX wieku, w których to czasach opublikował dwa tomiki wierszy w języku niemieckim. Jego wiersze po niemiecku miały wpływ na awangardę, z którą miał styczność w Pradze. Ta społeczność literacka określała Straussa jako eksperyment literacki. W związku z Pragą przychodzą na myśl również Franz Kafka, Franz Werfel i oczywiście Reiner Maria Rilke. Z punktu widzenia literatury eseje literackie Pavola Straussa osiągnęły szczyt wraz z innymi popularnymi twórcami (R. Musil, K. Kraus, H. Broch). Przez 82 lata swojego życia Pavol Strauss wyleczył wielu pacjentów i pozostawił rzadkie książki o wyjątkowym przesłaniu filozoficznym.
EN
The aim of this paper regarding Pavol Strauss‘ Literary Work in the Central European Context is to introduce Pavol Strauss as a man and a writer, who was with his heart and soul a Central European. He had a strong bound to this territory spatially and temporally. At first, he was chased as a Jew, later on in the age of 30 he converted into Catholic. During the period of Stalinism, they considered him a second-class citizen, and he was wrongly called the clero-fascists however he was a believing Catholic. He was literally active in the second half of the 1930s, when he published two poetic collections in German. His poems in German were influenced by avant-garde which he became in touch with in Prague – its literary atmosphere defined Pavol Strauss’ literary experiments and further orientation. When speaking of Prague, also think of Franz Kafka, Franz Werfel and, of course, Reiner Maria Rilke. From the literary point of view, Pavol Strauss with his literary essays reached the highest level along with famous authors (R. Musil, K. Kraus, H. Broch). For his 82 years long life, Pavol Strauss cured many patients and left rare books of a unique philosophical dimension.
SK
Marta Buczek, autorka článku zaoberá sa problémom stereotypov v knihe slovenského spisovateľa Dušana Taragela pod titulom "Rozprávky pre neposlušné deti a ich starostlivých rodičov" publikovanej v roku 1997. Článok sa zameriava na pôvodný text a jeho poľský preklad uverejnený v roku 2005, ktorého autorom je Tomasz Grabiński. Zbierka rozprávok Dušana Taragela je zaujímavý príklad použitia stereotypov v literatúre. Autor používa dobre známe stereotypy a núti ich k plneniu úloh v rozpore s ich základnou sémantikou, čo vedie k transformácii jednotlivých zložiek stereotypov a zahŕňa nové atypické štrukturálne vzťahy. Rozprávky Taragela uskutočňujú špecifickú hru so stereotypami pomocou žánru grotesky. Zaujímavé je ako sú tieto translatologické problémy riešené v preklade. Autorka článku sa snaží odpovedať na otázku, čí stereotypy sú prekladateľné do iných jazykov, čí sú prekladateľné v akte kultúrnej komunikácie.
EN
The author of the article raises the problem of stereotypes in the Slovak collection of short stories book under the title "Fairy Tales for Naughty Children and Their Caring Parents" (1997) written by Dušan Taragel. The article focuses on the original text and its Polish translation by Tomasz Grabiński published in 2005. Dušan Taragel‘s short stories are an interesting example of using stereotypes in literature. He uses and forces well known sterotypes to perform tasks inconsistent with their basic semantics which leads to a transformation of the individual components of the stereotype and includes the new atypical structural relationships. Taragel’s short stories undertake a peculiar play with stereotypes using of the genre of the grotesque. An interesting matter is how the Polish translation deals with this and is carried out at all levels play. The article tries to answer the question if stereotypes may be translatable into the second language when the code changes, if they can be translatable in an act of cultural communication.
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