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EN
If the place where the theft was committed is a supermarket, establishing the precise time of that attempt is often disputed. It depends on the acceptance of a certain theoretical view about the notion of “an attempt.” According to the dominant position adopted in the Polish legal literature, theft is committed at the time of seizing the property, even before approaching the cash register.
EN
Article 16 § 1 of the Penal Code contains a legal definition of the preparation of the crime. According to the specifics of this regulation, we may distinguish three functions of the present regulation: 1) a pattern (model) of the preparatory actions; 2) the type of the offense, 3) a legal criterion, which is used to separate the preparation of a crime and the attempt to commit a crime.
EN
The aim of the study is to answer a question, what determines the unlawfulness of attempts. According to the author, attempts take place only if a behavior of a perpetrator either already has violated the precautionary rules that determine the content of the norm underlying the offense at the stage of accomplishment, or has not violated this rule, but situates on the foreground of its violation, creat- ing a situation that allows immediate undertaking of behavior contrary to this rule. This means that the essence of the unlawfulness of attempts is the social inadequacy of the perpetrator’s behavior, because such behavior, evaluated from the ex ante perspective, creates a socially unacceptable danger to the specific legal good. This property of behavior is the material content of its illegality. Formally, a breach of precautionary rules or a direct attempt to breach them is a requirement of the violation of the norm, which underlies criminal liability for attempted crime. From the dogmatic perspective, behavior which has not met the above-mentioned condition, does not realize the element of any attempted crime in the form of ”a direct act done towards committing the offence” and for that reason such behavior cannot be considered as an attempt within the mean- ing of the Polish penal code.
EN
The following article critically assesses the ruling of seven justices of the Supreme Court dating January 19, 2017. The crucial issue undertaken by this article consists in the assessment of the validity of the ruling of the Supreme Court which assumes an unsuccessful attempt in the cases of the lack of an object on which to commit a criminal offense and defines the “voluntariness” of active grief exhibited at the stage of attempting to commit a criminal offense. The Supreme Court assumed an objectivist conception in their interpretation of the phrase “lack of an object on which to commit a criminal offense”, thus assuming that what transpires is a successful attempt in the case where there was a lack of a particular object comprising the perpetrator’s intent, but there were other objects which could have become the objects of the crime. At the same time, however, the Supreme Court ruled that the premises of voluntariness resulting in impunity (Article 15 § 1 of the Criminal Code) did not apply, since the perpetrator did not abandon his intent to commit a criminal offense; it was only the object of it that did not fulfill their expectations. According to the author of the article, such a ruling allows to reach two contradictory conclusions. Thus, the author proposes a different conception of assuming successful or unsuccessful attempt with regard to an object on which to commit a criminal offense, as well as a model for assessing the voluntariness of the perpetrator in the cases of the lack of continuation of iter delicti.
EN
The article presents the necessity and the evolution of the institutions of self-defense in the Polish criminal codes of the years 1932, 1969 and 1997. Analyzed are the signs of self-defense in relation to the previous regulations. The study cited the views of eminent legal theorists, judgment and comparison of understanding the institutions in the comments from various years.
EN
Mistaken identity and bad aim have been traditionally accepted as the two textbook situations where the doctrine of transferred malice has found application. By reference to a cross-section of academic sources as well as case law from a number of common law jurisdictions, three core elements of transferred malice are identified: the intent of the defendant, the consequence that befalls the unintended victim, and public intuitions with regard to resulting harm. The overarching conclusion of the considerations consists in reaffirming the role of factual contingencies in deciding cases as well as the existence of a significant policy element which has caused, the paper submits, judges to subsume under the umbrella term of transferred malice cases which could satisfactorily be explained by means of other legal concepts, most notably remoteness, foreseeability or negligence.
EN
Mistaken identity and bad aim have been traditionally accepted as the two textbook situations where the doctrine of transferred malice has found application. By reference to a cross-section of academic sources as well as case law from a number of common law jurisdictions, three core elements of transferred malice are identified: the intent of the defendant, the consequence that befalls the unintended victim, and public intuitions with regard to resulting harm. The overarching conclusion of the considerations consists in reaffirming the role of factual contingencies in deciding cases as well as the existence of a significant policy element which has caused, the paper submits, judges to subsume under the umbrella term of transferred malice cases which could satisfactorily be explained by means of other legal concepts, most notably remoteness, foreseeability or negligence.
EN
The commented judgement is about attempted incitement. The author described different views on this issue presented in the doctrine and jurisprudence. She positively assessed the opinion of the Court of Appeal in Warsaw, according to which the attempted incitement was admissible, while critically, she responded to the understanding of attempted incitement adopted in the ruling.
PL
Glosowany wyrok dotyczy usiłowania podżegania. Autorka przedstawiła różne poglądy na tę kwestię prezentowane w doktrynie i orzecznictwie. Pozytywnie oceniła opinię Sądu Apelacyjnego w Warszawie, zgodnie z którą usiłowanie podżegania jest dopuszczalne, krytycznie natomiast ustosunkowała się do przyjętego w glosowanym orzeczeniu rozumienia usiłowania podżegania.
EN
In the doctrine of criminal law, the term “qualified attempt” denotes two cases. Firstly, the term “qualified attempt” describes a situation in which, when the perpetrator, in their intent to commit a criminal act, directly aims to commit it but does not succeed (attempt), while fulfilling all premises of another criminal act (commission). In the second case, the term “qualified attempt” describes a situation in which the attempt at the commission of a criminal act is covered by the impunity clause on the basis of active grief, while the act of the perpetrator needs to be classified as a commission of a different criminal act. The article, following a general overview of the literature on the subject, presents the author’s own understanding of the term “qualified attempt”, which consists in the differentiation among attempt, cumulatively qualified attempt with commission, and non-punishable attempt subsumed as a punishable commission.
PL
Artykuł jest analizą aktualnej sytuacji w krajach Unii Europejskiej, spowodowanej „napięciem terrorystycznym” i definiuje zjawisko muzułmańskiego terroryzmu religijnego. Omówiono wybrane akty terroryzmu dokonane w Europie w latach 2015–2019 w kontekście muzułmańskiego radykalizmu religijnego. Zwrócono uwagę na profil muzułmańskiego terrorysty oraz motywy jego działania i gotowość na samobójczą śmierć. Ponadto w artykule omówiono przyczyny radykalizacji poglądów wśród muzułmanów żyjących w Europie. Kształtowanie postaw radykalnych w społeczności muzułmańskiej jest sposobem obrony wartości religijnych przed agresją kulturową Zachodu. Istotne znaczenie posiadają także centra religijne islamu, a więc imamowie oraz meczety, które są finansowane przez radykałów muzułmańskich.
EN
The article is an analysis of the current situation in European Union caused by the "terrorist tension" and defines the phenomenon of Muslim religious terrorism. Selected terrorist acts made in Europe in 2015-2019 in the context of religious radicalism were discussed. Attention was paid to the profile of the Muslim terrorist and the motives of his actions and readiness for suicide. In addition, the article discusses the reasons for the radicalization of views among Muslims living in Europe. Shaping radical attitudes in the Muslim community is a way of defending religious values against Western cultural aggression. Also important are religious centers of Islam, and therefore imams and mosques, which are financed by Muslim radicals.
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EN
This article discusses various ideas concerning the legal nature of attempted crime, which has traditionally been viewed as a stage of crime. Using the method of analysing criminal law provisions based on a systemic examination of the normative structures encoded in these provisions, some authors have come to a different conclusion and posited that an attempt is a separate type of prohibited act. The article attempts to interpret this method which, taking into account the scholarly achievements to date in the field of normative analyses of penal provisions, does not question the nature of an attempt as a stage of crime that does not have an independent existence. A separate problem related to the way of interpreting the normative nature of an attempt is the issue of the application of the provisions on attempted offenses to those that are delictum sui generis of an attempt. A normative analysis of the attempt, shaped in the penal code as a stage of crime, leads to the conclusion that the basis of this legal structure is a violation of the same sanctioned norm that we extrapolate from the provision specifying the act.
PL
W artykule omówiono różne koncepcje na temat charakteru prawnego usiłowania postrzeganego tradycyjnie jako forma stadialna przestępstwa. Stosując metodę analizy przepisów prawnokarnych opartą na systemowym badaniu struktur normatywnych zakodowanych w tych przepisach, niektórzy autorzy dochodzą do odmiennych wniosków i przyjmują, że usiłowanie jest odrębnym typem czynu zabronionego. W artykule podjęto próbę takiego sposobu interpretacji, który uwzględniając dotychczasowy dorobek nauki w zakresie analiz normatywnych przepisów karnych, nie kwestionuje jednocześnie charakteru usiłowania jako nieposiadającej bytu samoistnego postaci stadialnej przestępstwa. Osobnym problemem, związanym ze sposobem odczytania charakteru normatywnego usiłowania, jest kwestia stosowania przepisów o usiłowaniu do przestępstw będących delictum sui generis usiłowania. Analiza normatywna usiłowania ukształtowanego w kodeksie karnym jako forma stadialna przestępstwa prowadzi do wniosku, że u podstaw tej konstrukcji prawnej leży naruszenie tej samej normy sankcjonowanej, którą odczytujemy z przepisu typizującego dokonanie.
EN
The verdict deals with a kind of subjective side of a crime. The author criticizes the thesis that a court can settle it only because of a level of wrongdoers’ consciousness. It also demands a certain knowledge of volitional sphere. The verdict also deals with a possibility of using the institution of the so-called active remorse; the Court mistakenly associates it with the degree of an attempt development (unfinished attempt – finished attempt).
PL
Wyrok sądu dotyczy ustalenia postaci strony podmiotowej. Autorka glosy krytycznie odnosi się do tezy, że wystarczy tu samo ustalenie stanu świadomości oskarżonego. Przypisanie sprawcy zamiaru wymaga również poczynienia odpowiednich stwierdzeń co do sfery wolicjonalnej. Wyrok odnosi się także do możliwości skorzystania z tzw. instytucji czynnego żalu, błędnie uzależniając ją od stopnia zaawansowania usiłowania (usiłowanie ukończone – usiłowanie nieukończone).
EN
The commentary addresses the problem of amenability to punishment so called chain of incitement and abettment (incitement or abettment to incitement and abettment). The author shares the view of the Constitutional Court that prosecution of these forms of complicity is permissible and is not opposed to the principle of the rule of law. The author expands and complements the argument CT. In addition, the author moves close to the analyzed issue of the offenses performed in the various forms of complicity by a minor criminally responsible according  to art. 10 § 2 K.K.
PL
Glosa dotyczy problemu dopuszczalności karalności usiłowania tzw. łańcuszkowego podżegania i pomocnictwa (podżegania i pomocnictwa do podżegania i pomocnictwa). Autor podziela pogląd Trybunału Konstytucyjnego, że karalność tych form zjawiskowych popełnienia czynu zabronionego jest dopuszczalna i nie sprzeciwia się zasadzie państwa prawnego. Rozbudowuje i uzupełnia też argumentację TK. Ponadto porusza zbliżone do analizowanego zagadnienie karalności czynów pełnionych w różnych formach współdziałania przestępnego przez nieletniego odpowiadającego karnie na podstawie art. 10 § 2 k.k.
EN
The article describes Antoni Berezowski’s assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander II on 6th June 1867 (Berezowski was a Polish émigré and former insurgent). In Norwid’s writings the event is just an episode, however, it has not been fairly thoroughly discussed: both with respect to the data and facts that here and there appear in commentaries to the poet’s writings, and with respect to the very historical fact that caused commotion in the Polish émigré circles in Paris; but also with respect to the event’s context and its political repercussions in Europe and in Poland. The present text tries – since it is based on authentic materials and documents – to fairly thoroughly describe the whole affair and verify Norwid’s judgments and opinions formulated for the moment, without a proper political and historical analysis. It also shows the figure of Berezowski, an unusual émigré and patriot who paid a terrible price for the unsuccessful attempt.
EN
The article describes Antoni Berezowski’s assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander II on 6th June 1867 (Berezowski was a Polish émigré and former insurgent). In Norwid’s writings the event is just an episode, however, it has not been fairly thoroughly discussed: both with respect to the data and facts that here and there appear in commentaries to the poet’s writings, and with respect to the very historical fact that caused commotion in the Polish émigré circles in Paris; but also with respect to the event’s context and its political repercussions in Europe and in Poland. The present text tries – since it is based on authentic materials and documents – to fairly thoroughly describe the whole affair and verify Norwid’s judgments and opinions formulated for the moment, without a proper political and historical analysis. It also shows the figure of Berezowski, an unusual émigré and patriot who paid a terrible price for the unsuccessful attempt.
EN
The article ‘The musical culture of children and youths – on the basis of Singing Association for Children and Youths “Sancta Musica” in Tyczyn’ is an attempt to present a short summary of the association’s decade-long activity. The main goals of the association are to spread and develop musical passion among children and youths and combine choral singing with learning history The article presents the ten years of artistic activities of the choir ‘Sancta Musica’. This so-called ‘jubilee’ is a great opportunity to introduce the choir’s performances on the selected examples. It describes the choir’s performances in its homecountry and abroad. This article proves that combining passion with learning history is worthwhile and can be done. ‘Sancta Musica’ from Tyczyn teaches and educates. It can be said without a hint of exaggeration that the contents and matters raised in this article prove the very active role of small local circles. The article shows that taking part in the Tyczyn’s association’s activities is satisfactory for the choristers, their parents, and the people in charge of the choir’s artistic activities.
PL
Artykułu jest próbą zaprezentowania i pewnego niewielkiego zresztą podsumowania dziesięcioletniej działalności Stowarzyszenia. Upowszechnianie i rozwijanie wśród dzieci i młodzieży muzycznych pasji, łączenie chóralnego śpiewu z nauką historii to główne założenia i zadania, które realizowane są przez działające w Tyczynie Stowarzyszenie. Artykuł prezentuje działalność artystyczną chóru „Sancta Musica” na przestrzeni dziesięciu lat jego działalności. Ten swego rodzaju „jubileusz” jest okazją do zaprezentowania, działalności koncertowej na podstawie wybranych przykładów. Mowa w nim o występach chóralnych w kraju oraz poza jego granicami. Artykuł ten dowodzi, że można i warto łączyć pasję muzyczną z nauką historii. Tyczyńska „Sancta Musica” uczy i wychowuje. Bez cienia przesady można stwierdzić, że treści i sprawy poruszone w niniejszym artykule dowodzą dużej aktywności niewielkich środowisk lokalnych. Artykuł pokazuje, że udział w działalności tyczyńskiego Stowarzyszenia stanowi powód do niekłamanej satysfakcji dla chórzystów, ich rodziców oraz osób prowadzących i organizujących działalność artystyczną.
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