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1
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The negative impact of scientific ideology on education about the moral status of animals

100%
Probucka D.
Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny
|
2017
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vol. 62(2 (244))
261-269
EN
The article presents an analysis of the ethical views of Bernard Rollin, an American zoologist and philosopher who examined how the education about the moral status of animals has been affected by the so-called scientific ideology. This way of thinking denies animal suffering and consciousness in stark contrast with our commonsense knowledge and collective human experience. Rollin points to positivism and behaviourism as twin philosophical and psychological sources of this scientific ideology. Positivism rejected the concept of consciousness as a subjective, metaphysical, unscientific, non-measurable state and separated science from values and ethics. Behaviourism further obstructed moral reflection on the acceptable methods of treatment of animals not only by eliminating the category of animal consciousness, but also by replacing the vocabulary to describe its experimental manifestations with one of observable actions (reinforcement and aversion). Behaviourism denies animal suffering and other states of consciousness on the epistemological principle that they are difficult to verify. This paradigm continues to be successfully applied in modern biomedical laboratories and blinds scientists to both the pain inflicted on animals and the moral repercussions of animal consciousness. Positivism and behaviourism alike cast animals as models and biological mechanisms to distort our understanding of their nature and justify their harm. The article presents an analysis of the ethical views of Bernard Rollin, an American zoologist and philosopher who examined how the education about the moral status of animals has been affected by the so-called scientific ideology. This way of thinking denies animal suffering and consciousness in stark contrast with our commonsense knowledge and collective human experience. Rollin points to positivism and behaviourism as twin philosophical and psychological sources of this scientific ideology. Positivism rejected the concept of consciousness as a subjective, metaphysical, unscientific, non-measurable state and separated science from values and ethics. Behaviourism further obstructed moral reflection on the acceptable methods of treatment of animals not only by eliminating the category of animal consciousness, but also by replacing the vocabulary to describe its experimental manifestations with one of observable actions (reinforcement and aversion). Behaviourism denies animal suffering and other states of consciousness on the epistemological principle that they are difficult to verify. This paradigm continues to be successfully applied in modern biomedical laboratories and blinds scientists to both the pain inflicted on animals and the moral repercussions of animal consciousness. Positivism and behaviourism alike cast animals as models and biological mechanisms to distort our understanding of their nature and justify their harm.
2

Strategizing in the context of opportunities

100%
Sus A.
Management
|
2016
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vol. 20
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issue 1
211-224
EN
This article attempts to draw attention to exploiting opportunities by strategists. The paper consists of four parts. The first one introduces the reader to the strategizing approach and macro and micro-level strategic analysis. The second part presents opportunities and their sources, as a background for further considerations. The third part of the article concentrates on individual characteristics of strategic management practitioners, actively identifying new opportunities. The final part focuses on the issues of behavioural uncertainty, and so this type of uncertainty, which inhibits the process of using the opportunities by strategists.
3
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Approximation strategies for explaining text comprehension processes in translation theory

100%
Lux I.
Studia Translatorica
|
2019
|
issue 10
91-100
EN
This article outlines the two (only seemingly competing) theoretical approaches operative so far in translation theory to explain text comprehension processes. First, it gives a short description of the hermeneutic approach and the analytic approach. Then, it explains how both approaches can be linked together on the base of the translation-oriented text analysis scheme from Nord. The article ends with an overview of the benefits from this linkage for translation didactics and practice, including CAT-tools and MT.
4
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Ryle, čtenář Austenové : Behaviorismus jako průhled do lidských srdcí

86%
Beran O.
Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)
|
2018
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vol. 66
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issue 1
75-96
EN
The article offers and discusses a possible understanding of Ryle’s behaviourism against the background of Ryle’s philosophical reflections on the novels of Jane Austen. The first part presents Ryle’s account of Austen’s charaterology as an Aristotelian anthropology (people do not divide into the good and the bad, rather each one presents a concrete exemplification of a series of heterogenous traits) and its philosophi­cal setting in virtue theory. In the second part I examine how Ryle’s dispositional analysis can be applied to more complex character traits too: character traits should be understood as dispositions with an open spectrum of behavioural expressions, to which we lend a certain quality (extending also into behavior that goes “against the disposition”). In the third part, with the help of a (Wittgensteinian) concept of verification, I reconstruct a hypothetical Ryle-Wittgenstein conception of behaviourism as the specific analysis of the relation between non-identical, though inseparable, reports of behavior and reports of the “mental”: reports about concrete expressions and acts are the only means by which a meaningful dispute about the sense and accuracy of reports about character traits can be conducted. In the final, fourth, part I add some notes on the question of how the two types of report can throw light on each other. The ability to know character traits is a specific kind of perceiving or seeing (which exercises itself on people who express themselves in different ways, but which does not amount to a peering “within” their minds or heads), at the root of which is an ability to judge which requires cultivation.
5
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Kognitivní revoluce, behaviorismus a magická teorie mysli

86%
Franek J.
Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)
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2014
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vol. 62
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issue 3
403-416
EN
The article reacts to a critical evaluation of the cognitive revolution which Jaroslav Peregrin has presented (The Cognitive Counterrevolution?, Filosofie dnes, 4, 2012, No. 1, pp. 19-35). According to Peregrin the cognitive revolution has thrown open a Pandora’s box of naive mentalistic theories and variations on Cartesian dualism (“magical theories of the mind”), which “do not belong to science, nor even to sensible philosophy”. Although I agree with the rejection of magical theories of the mind, I attempt to show that the cognitive turn in the 50’s and 60’s of the last century is susceptible of a quite different interpretation, according to which cognitive science, as a result of its basic assumptions and methodology, does not imply or propagate any kind of Cartesian dualism, rather it explicitly denies the possibility of such an account of the relation between mind and body.
6
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The need of diversifying people with autism and the impact of the autism typology on speech therapy

86%
Lipski W.
Logopedia
|
2014-2015
|
vol. 43-44 EN
329-346
EN
It is always a great challenge for a speech therapist and the whole diagnostic team to make a proper diagnosis. This is the key moment of the therapy process. Modern medical diagnostic tools (ICD, DSM) can only show whether the examined person has a pervasive developmental disorder, or not. From the speech therapist - practitioner perspective, this kind of diagnosis is insufficient, because the medical criteria which are the basis of the diagnosis, say very little of the child’s functioning level. A huge heterogeneity among persons with this disorder is another issue. This triggered the need for dividing subcategories among this population. The author of the article quotes two classification of autism: first according to L. Wing, second according to O.S. Nikolska. Classifications presented in this work became a starting point to create a more profiled speech therapy intervention. Therapy model presented by the author is based on Applied Behavior Analysis.
7
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Od sokratejskiego behawioryzmu do cyfrowego konstruktywizmu

58%
Diogo dos Reis A. M., Yakovleva O., Smyrnova-Trybulska E., Morze N.
International Journal of Research in E-learning IJREL
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2018
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vol. 4
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issue 1
11-28
EN
The paper presents a synopsis of the evolution of methods and techniques up to the digital age and characterises the main aspects of behaviourist and constructivist models in order to study the development of new advanced pedagogical tools and methods in education science in constructivist environment. For the purpose of the study, an analysis of the technological evolution during the last decades and its impact on education science was made, with a special focus on virtual teaching and learning. The practical outcome of the study was a series of online seminars and workshops, prepared by the international team of the IRNet project. The keynotes and workshops were held during DLCC2017 Conference (Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Distance Learning, subtitle: Effective Development of Teachers’ Skills in the Area of ICT and E-learning) at the University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. Video presentations and an automatic translation are available at: https://areis-en-constructivism.blogspot.pt.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia przegląd ewolucji metod i technik nauczania aż do ery cyfrowej. Podaje charakterystykę głównych aspektów modeli behawiorystycznych oraz konstruktywistycznych w celu zbadania rozwoju nowych zaawansowanych narzędzi i metod pedagogicznych stosowanych w naukach o edukacji w środowisku konstruktywistycznym. Dla potrzeb badań dokonano analizy ewolucji technologicznej, jaka zaszła w ciągu ostatnich dekad, oraz jej wpływu na edukację, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wirtualnego uczenia się i nauczania. Praktycznym rezultatem badańbyła seria seminariów i warsztatów przeprowadzonych online, które przygotował zespół projektu IRNet. Wystąpienia i warsztaty odbyły się w ramach przeprowadzonej w 2017 roku konferencji DLCC(Teoretyczne i praktyczne aspekty nauczania na odległość: efektywne kształtowanie umiejętności nauczycieli w obszarach ICT oraz e-learningu).
8
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O potrzebie różnicowania osób z autyzmem i wpływie typologii autyzmu na terapię logopedyczną

58%
Lipski W.
Logopedia
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2014-2015
|
vol. 43-44
347-365
PL
Postawienie właściwej diagnozy zaburzeń ze spektrum autyzmu jest zawsze dużym wyzwaniem dla logopedy i całego zespołu diagnostycznego. Jest to kluczowy moment w procesie terapii. Współczesne medyczne narzędzia diagnostyczne (ICD, DSM) określają jedynie, czy osoba badana ma całościowe zaburzenie rozwojowe czy nie. Z perspektywy logopedy-praktyka jest to diagnoza niewystarczająca, ponieważ kryteria medyczne, które są podstawą diagnozy, mówią bardzo niewiele na temat poziomu funkcjonowania dziecka. Kolejną kwestią jest duża heterogeniczność grupy osób z tym zaburzeniem, w związku z czym powstała potrzeba wydzielenia podtypów w obrębie tej populacji. Autor artykułu przywołuje dwie klasyfikacje autyzmu: pierwszą wg L.Wing, a drugą wg O.S. Nikolskiej. Przedstawione w pracy klasyfikacje stały się punktem wyjścia do opracowania bardziej wyprofilowanej interwencji logopedycznej. Model terapii, który autor prezentuje, oparty jest na Stosowanej Analizie Zachowania.
EN
It is always a great challenge for a speech therapist and the whole diagnostic team to make a proper diagnosis. This is the key moment of the therapy process. Modern medical diagnostic tools (ICD, DSM) can only show whether the examined person has a pervasive developmental disorder, or not. From the speech therapist - practitioner perspective, this kind of diagnosis is insufficient, because the medical criteria which are the basis of the diagnosis, say very little of the child’s functioning level. A huge heterogeneity among persons with this disorder is another issue. This triggered the need for dividing subcategories among this population. The author of the article quotes two classification of autism: first according to L. Wing, second according to O.S. Nikolska. Classifications presented in this work became a starting point to create a more profiled speech therapy intervention. Therapy model presented by the author is based on Applied Behavior Analysis.
9
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Psychopedagogika uczenia się i zachowania, czyli o związkach behawioryzmu z edukacyjną analizą transakcyjną (cz. 2)

51%
Jagieła J.
Edukacyjna Analiza Transakcyjna
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2017
|
issue 6
277–311
PL
Klasyczny behawioryzm jako koncepcja psychologiczna od momentu powstania nie tylko znacząco zmienił swoje oblicze, ale znalazł także liczne zastosowania w wielu dziedzinach nauki i praktyki (ekonomia, politologia, praktyka polityczna, konstruowanie gier komputerowych itd.). Jedną z takich dziedzin jest pedagogika, gdzie stał się m.in. teorią i praktyką nauczania, koncepcją programowania dydaktycznego i tworzenia programów edukacyjnych, terapią dziecięcego autyzmu, czy strategią wychowania resocjalizacyjnego. Psychoterapia behawioralna to głównie terapia zachowań, która wypracowała szereg metod i technik leczniczych. Jednym z obszarów zastosowań behawioryzmu jest analiza transakcyjna w swoim edukacyjnym wydaniu, która nie wykorzystała jeszcze wszystkich możliwości, jakie stwarza ta koncepcja.
EN
Since its emergence, classical behaviourism as a psychological concept has not only undergone significant changes but it has also been applied in numerous areas of science and practice (economy, political science, computer games, etc.). One of such areas is education in which it has become, among others, a theory and practice of teaching, a concept of didactic programming and a basis for developing educational programmes; it has also been used in therapy of autistic children and as a strategy for resocialization activities. Behavioural psychotherapy is mainly a therapy of behaviour, with a set of its own therapeutic methods and techniques. One of the areas in which behaviourism can be used is transactional analysis in its educational perspective, to which behaviourism still has a lot to offer.
10
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Ekonomia behawioralna jako nowy nurt ekonomii - zarys problemtyki

51%
Zalega T.
Studia i Materiały
|
2015
|
issue 1/2015 (18)
7-25
PL
Ekonomia behawioralna jest szybko rozwijającym się nurtem współczesnej ekonomii, powiązanym z badaniami empirycznymi i eksperymentalnymi. Wyróżniającą się cechą ekonomii behawioralnej jest jej interdyscyplinarność. Obserwacja podmiotów wymaga badań psychologicznych i socjologicznych, a budowanie teorii behawioralnych integracji wiedzy płynącej z nauk społecznych. Wymaga to od ekonomistów nie tylko poszerzenia obszaru zainteresowań, ale zerwania z założeniem racjonalności podmiotów. Ekonomia behawioralna oznacza więc wyjście poza wąskie granice narzucone przez koncepcję homo oeconomicus. Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie dokonań ekonomii behawioralnej. Przedstawione w opracowaniu zagadnienia nie opisują całego jej spektrum, a jedynie wybrane elementy. W pierwszej części tekstu skupiono się na związkach ekonomii z psychologią oraz genezie, pojęciu i cechach ekonomii behawioralnej. W dalszej części artykułu mówiono najważniejsze zarzuty wobec podejścia behawioralnego w ekonomii, a także przedstawiono behawioryzm w innych nurtach ekonomii. Ważniejsze wnioski kończą niniejsze opracowanie.
EN
Behavioural economics is a fast developing field in modern economics and is associated with empirical and experimental studies. A distinct characteristic of behavioural economics is its multidisciplinary nature. The observation of subjects requires psychological and sociological research, and, in order to define behavioural theories, it is necessary to integrate the knowledge developed within social sciences. Hence, economists must not only extend their area of interest, but also abandon the assumption about rational individuals. Behavioural economics thus goes beyond the narrow limits imposed by the homo oeconomicus concept. This article aims to present the achievements of behavioural economics. The issues presented in this study do not describe the whole range of behavioural economics, but only refer to selected elements. The first part focuses on the relationship between economics and psychology, and the origins, concept and characteristics of behavioural economics. Further, the most important objections against the behavioural approach to economics are discussed, together with behaviourism in other trends in economics. Finally, major conclusions end this study.
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