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Raport
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2013
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vol. 8
341-347
EN
The article presents the results of Report the archaeological excavations at site 12 in Kalsko related to the construction of the S-3 motorway between Gorzów Wielkopolski and Międzyrzecz. In total, the research provided the possibility to acquire a complex of 1099 relics, including: 21 cores, 3 tanged points, 11 microlithic tools, 8 end-scrapers, 9 burins and 2 flake-axes, among others. Analysis of the flint inventory acquired during the excavations provides the possibility to conclude that the site was settled in two periods. In the first one – they were left by the Lyngby culture, while in the second the relics of the camp are dated to the Mesolithic Period.
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Żywe piękno współczesności

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EN
The phrase used in the title of the article does not raise any doubts today, and may even seem trivial to the point that it can be used as an advertising slogan. With a more careful approach, it calls to mind the emphasis on the need link the aesthetic with everyday life, with keeping art up to date with the changes taking place in different non-artistic areas, etc. However, the author points out that in the Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, such proclamation would be considered an expression of the ignorance as to what real beauty is, or focusing only on its most external symptoms. He cites Plato, who wrote about the climbing towards true beauty, or Plotinus, who claimed that it only “lends itself” to well-formed things. In turn, regarding to the position of this notion among other categories taken into account in modern art, he notes that its meaning was often extended, this time horizontally, to stress the autonomy of the aesthetic values. Avant-garde artists deemed beauty irrelevant, saw it in a supplementary function, or radically modified its understanding (for example the “convulsive beauty” of the Surrealists). Summing up its situation, Władysław Tatarkiewicz wrote in 1970 that it was “in decline.” This conclusion, however, was not fully justified. Its author did not take into account the pragmatic concept of art proposed by John Dewey, which contributed to the American aesthetic thought of the last decades of the twentieth century, as reflected for example in the views of Richard Shusterman. This tendency, involving the blurring of lines between the values of elite and popular culture, can be regarded as an expression of specifically conceived democratization of beauty. Beauty, however, has been usually associated with uniqueness. An attempt to combine the democratic characters of beauty with its uniqueness is what camp can be considered to be.
EN
The author describes a mode of sensibility called ‘Camp’. She concentrates on the most characteristic features of it, especially on the ambivalence of any assessments, specific playful type of seriousness, theatricalization, artificiality, superior role of inverted commas and emphasis. While analyzing connections between Camp and homosexual subculture, the author stresses the role of the artists’ deepened self-consciousness and their deceitful distance towards their own works of art. Those features are especially noticeable in their playing with the conventions and with the principles of good taste. While describing the presence of Camp in the Polish literature, the author emphasises the roles of relativity, both aesthetical and moral. The elements of Camp are distinguished in the ‘banalistic’ literature and in the prose of Grzegorz Musiał, but the main part of the text is devoted to the prose of Michał Witkowski, in which we can find an intriguing combination of the sublimity and mockery, gloss and trumpery, spirituality and hedonism. Those features, inseparably connected with the stylistic of Camp, are constantly present in the prose of Witkowski. It makes him the most important representative of the discussed mode of sensibility in Poland.
EN
While contemporary pop culture is nowadays considered part of the cultural mainstream, its practices of codification and its use and circulation of signifiers are still shaped by its roots in counterculture. This leads to a second order esthetic that reflects upon mass culture and subverts it by means of transgression and rearrangement. This essay argues that this subversive logic of reference is closely linked to what Susan Sontag has described as “camp.” While doing so it not only sheds light on the aspect of subversion and identity building, but also on the aspect of performance and staging that plays an important role for camp, as well as pop culture and its play with artificiality and authenticity. As a consequence the concept of camp is used to examine the practice and performance of artists like David Bowie, Madonna, Christina Aguilera and Janelle Monáe, and finding structural similarity in their practice and production, which uncovers a tendency towards apersonal self-historization which is typical for pop and is closely linked to its ability to generate new meanings out of materials that stem from other contexts originally.
Zoon Politikon
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2019
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issue 10
186-230
EN
The article is an ethnographic essay, which is based on a long-lasting fieldwork conducted in an Italian refugee center. The first part contains basic information on the research project, as well as the presentation of the phenomenon – empowerment – which is the axis of this text. The second part has an innovative form: on the canvas of films watched with refugees, I am conducting the analysis of problems raised by participants.
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EN
One of the most interesting issues of the phenomenon of tramping is its relationship to landscape, nature and their reconceptualization into his own image. The basic substance of this activity is primarily spending time in nature, in the woods, outside the city. This spending free time in nature currently takes place in tramping in two main discourses. The first discourse is the free camping, sometimes called tenting, the second discourse is settlements (being on the tramp settlement). These two discourses of tramping are still current and very popular between the tramps. Each of these imaginary ways has passed its cultural-historical development and in the current time has already own original style. As well as the tramps, who are inclined either to the discourse of wild camping, or are permanent residents of tramps settlements. Aim of this paper is to evaluate the situation in the current tramp camps and settlements.
EN
This article analyzes the main directions of the organizational activity held by the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine (ULU) in the camp for prisoners of war from Russian army in Rastatt, Germany since May 1915 until 1917. Representatives of ULU in Rastatt founded schools of literacy and various educational courses, opened camp library and people’s theater, and equipped the church. Besides, the camp saw the creation of several Ukrainian circles and organizations whose members actively participated in the development of national life in Rastatt. Organization and management of the entire cultural and educational work in the camp was handled by the Department of Education of ULU. Members of this department were both civilians and captured Ukrainian officers whose assignment to Rastatt was agreed by the German military authorities. Á e Department of Education saw high personnel turnover as some of its members were assigned to other camps, while being replaced by new employees. During the first stages of the camp’s Ukrainization, the popularity of Russian chauvinist ideas among many Ukrainian POWs made it much more difficult to engage in the promotion of national and patriotic ideas, as well as in cultural and educational work. A lot of POWs were afraid of cruel repressions of the Russian government and the emperor for their participation in Ukrainian work. However, eventually the majority of POWs managed to get rid of these fears and created community „Independent Ukraine” whose leadership grew to lead all directions of Ukrainians’ life and activity in the camp. Due to the activity of the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine, the camp prepared numerous nationally conscious Ukrainians who actively participated in diÄ erent military groups which fought against Russian Bolshevism in 1918-1920.
EN
The article analyses the conditions of stay and moral attitude of the interned Ukrainian soldiers in Wadowice camp (Poland). It was proved that Ukrainian interned soldiers’ everyday life was connected with a lot of difficulties that were caused by the overpopulation of the camp and quite rough regime of the interns’ stay. Furthermore, indisposed, malevolent and even hostile attitude towards the Ukrainian interned soldiers took place, particularly from the officials at the camp. Consequently, it caused the demoralization of the Ukrainian warriors who did not have national patriotic feelings. These conditions led to the necessity of strengthening the moral spirit of camp dwellers. Cultural and educational departments of the division, camp theatre and other cultural and art centers were responsible for this mission along with the humanitarian aid from the camp affiliate YMCA.
EN
The article is an analysis of the English translation of Michał Witkowski’s Lubiewo, the translation first published in 2010 as Lovetown. The discussion focuses on the level of difficulty facing the translator, Bill Martin, in the context of numerous intertextual references in Lubiewo, the problem of memory and post-dependency. It is also an attempt at inquiry into the influence of translator’s decisions on the reception of the novel abroad. In particular, the question of translation of the aesthetic of bent and camp in the text, which is visible in theatric quality of language, use of emotionally marked expressions, hyperboles, sexual undertones, sexual language proper, language games, gay slang etc.
EN
Who (and what) was silent about the story told by heteronormative society? And how is the fragment of this story seen by “Others”? The article shows that the time of “queer before gay” includes (in Polish) not only well-known names such as: aunt or pedal, but also slang: ‘lala’ (doll), ‘przyjaciółki’ (friends), ‘siostry’ (sisters in Polish, girls in English), gays “from the outside of society”, as well as heterosexuals who got a ticket to the alternative world of the excluded. I tell this story from the perspective of the performative function of language (Althusser, Austin, Butler) and mechanisms of knowledge/power (Foucault). I focus on the activities of homosexual men encoded in their “hiding language” (sociopolitan gay). I show how the creation of the “homosexual” identity closed the community of aunts and pedals in a precisely defined form. And how camp and queering reality allowed them to function in this form. This article is thus another element of decoding the so-called language of concealment, so-called sociolect of Polish gays (aunts and pedals) and queering history of Poland (part of the queering history of Central and Eastern Europe).
EN
This paper focuses on camp characteristics of Eduardo Mendicutti’s novel Yo no tengo la culpa de haber nacido tan sexy and analyses the construction of gender identity of its transsexual protagonist. It also studies the way intertextual el ements are used by the author to queer the literary tradition of the Spanish Golden Age.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy dwóch zjawisk charakterystycznych dla zachodniej kultury postmodernistycznej: 1. fetyszyzacji mody, 2. konstruowania płci kulturowej. Oba te zjawiska są analizowane na przykładzie scenicznych występów Conchity Wurst. To, co mnie interesuje, to występy Conchity – nie-kobiety udającej kobietę. Maskarada opiera się na nieoczywistych podziałach tego co męskie i tego co żeńskie. Jest to specyficzna gra z płcią, seksualnością i cielesnością. W tej maskaradzie ważną funkcję pełni moda wzmacniająca zabawę z granicami upłynniania seksualności Conchity. W niniejszym artykule analizuję następujące kwestie: 1. fetyszyzacja jako autoprezentacja, 2. konstruowanie płci/dekonstruowanie płci, 3. moda, popkultura, gender i camp. Szczególnym punktem odniesienia jest Conchita, ale obok niego/jej także Mae West, Joan Crawford, Madonna czy Andy Warhol.
EN
The article is about the fate of Polish police officers imprisoned in NKVD prisoner-of-war’s camp in Jukhnovo and Kozelsk. It presents the huge pressure of Stalin’s loyal people on operational officers of NKVD whose work was to expose and isolate those who did not agree for any form of cooperation with the Soviet authorities, conducted counterrevolutionary activities and consider reconstruction of independent Poland. It shows the sequence of top-down decisions taken and implemented in camps, between camps as well as between camps and prisoners. Presenting the decisions which were aimed at detecting ‘dangerous’ police officers allowed to show how important for NKVD was people who executive posts at the State Police. It was demonstrated, that while the exposed police officers were moved from Jukhnovo camp to Kozelsk camp, or from both camps directly to prisons, it was decided to send all police officers for grueling forced labour which was aimed not only at humiliating, but also causing death.
EN
The article concerns two phenomena characteristic for the western postmodern culture. The first one is the fetish of fashion and the second – the construction of gender. Both of these phenomena are analyzed on the example of Conchita Wurst’s stage performances. What interests me, are Conchita’s performances – a no-woman imitating a woman. Masquerading is based on non-obvious divisions masculinity and femininity. This is a distinctive game with gender, sexuality and physicality. Fashion plays a significant role in this masquerade, thanks to the reinforced fun with liquefaction boundaries of Conchita’s sexuality. In this article I analyze the issues like fetishization as self-presentation, constructing and de-constructing gender, fashion, pop culture, gender and camp. A particular point of reference is Conchita, but I also mention Mae West, Joan Crawford, Madonna and Andy Warhol.
EN
The article analyzes the conditions of stay and morale of the interned Ukrainian army in the Wadowice camp (Poland). It was proved that the life of Ukrainian soldiers was marked by considerable difficulties due to overcrowding of the camp, a rather tight regime of keeping interned, limiting the ability to temporarily leave the camp, the unpreparedness of the camp commandant's office to go to a meeting with the interned in solving their most pressing problems. Ukrainian soldiers’ ration was reduced, and sometimes they received spoiled products; they were devoid of soap; the camp still had a group of captive Red Army soldiers with Bolshevik agitators in their environment; there was a prohibition of singing songs (outside the camp, while studying, etc.). All this was aggravated by malevolence and even hostility to interned Ukrainian soldiers on the part of the individual officers of the camp (sometimes even offensive attitude to them), the intrusion of the camp’s commandant into the internal life of Ukrainian soldiers. All this led to the demoralization of the part of the interned Ukrainian army, which did not have stable national-state feelings. One of its manifestations was the desertion of several dozen interned from the camp, including officers. In these conditions, it was imperative to consolidate the moral spirit of the interned, what the cultural-educational departments were cared for. In order to create positive values, actors-amateurs of the camp’s theater regularly offered warriors performances by Ukrainian playwrights. The YMCA camp branch, which, despite the anti-Ukrainian position of its head, objectively changed the lives of the interned for the better.
Praktyka Teoretyczna
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2018
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vol. 28
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issue 2
192-219
EN
The text analyses how the relation of contemporary Polish gay culture to camp is changing, and how these changes are related to new phenomena in pop culture. Furthermore, the author discusses whether similar (camp) taste and similar (camp) lifestyle allow us to understand queer community as the “new creative class” according to Richard Florida. Among the phenomena discussed are “gay diva worship”, “guilty pleasures”, “hoot” and “hipster”. The material analysed comes from the Polish LGBTQ press.
PL
Autor tekstu stawia pytania, jak zmienia się relacja współczesnej polskiej kultury gejowskiej do kampu oraz jaka wskutek tych przemian jest relacja kampu do nowych zjawisk popkulturowych. Nadto autor rozważa, czy w odniesieniu do (kampowej) wspólnoty smaku i stylu życia można mówić o „nowej klasie kreatywnej” w rozumieniu Richarda Floridy. Dyskutowane są tu zjawiska takie jak „gejowskie diwy”, „winne przyjemności” (guilty pleasures), „beka” oraz „hipsteria”. Materiał pochodzi z polskiej prasy LGBTQ.
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EN
This essay discusses two examples of contemporary Filipino cinema – The Blossoming of Maximo Oliveros (Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Oliveros), Auraeus Solito’s directoral debut, and Joel C. Lamangan’s Zsazsa Zaturnnah: Ze Moveeh. More divides than binds these films together, especially in terms of genre. The first is a comedy-drama, the latter – a musical adaptation of a fantasy comic book. What binds them together is the fact that both main characters are bakla – Filipino gays, although the word is very difficult to translate into Polish. It refers both to a “gay“ – a homosexual person who is in a relationship with another homosexual person, as well as a feminized man who performs his own sexuality and identity. Even though it would be very difficult to describe The Blossoming of Maximo Oliveros and Zsazsa Zaturnnah: Ze Moveeh as masterpieces of contemporary cinema, their pertinence should be seen in the courage to speak about the issue of homosexuality in the Philippines and the undeniable uniqueness of showing the social problems of the country in this manner.
PL
This essay discusses two examples of contemporary Filipino cinema – The Blossoming of Maximo Oliveros (Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Oliveros), Auraeus Solito’s directoral debut, and Joel C. Lamangan’s Zsazsa Zaturnnah: Ze Moveeh. More divides than binds these films together, especially in terms of genre. The first is a comedy-drama, the latter – a musical adaptation of a fantasy comic book. What binds them together is the fact that both main characters are bakla – Filipino gays, although the word is very difficult to translate into Polish. It refers both to a “gay“ – a homosexual person who is in a relationship with another homosexual person, as well as a feminized man who performs his own sexuality and identity. Even though it would be very difficult to describe The Blossoming of Maximo Oliveros and Zsazsa Zaturnnah: Ze Moveeh as masterpieces of contemporary cinema, their pertinence should be seen in the courage to speak about the issue of homosexuality in the Philippines and the undeniable uniqueness of showing the social problems of the country in this manner. 
EN
The author of the article demonstrates an example of using transactional analysis in working with young people. The key elements mentioned in the article include the ego structure and interpersonal games. The knowledge of what governs human behaviour can be helpful in predicting the effects of work with the youth, which also applies to transactional games, in which participants can choose their place or refuse to take part in the game. The refusal to play the game turned out to be the most effective strategy in the author's work as a camp instructor. Transactional analysis proved very useful in this kind of work, as it helped to distinguish between what the instructor could do from what she was not able to do.
EN
In his contribution, the author presents the concept of a cabinet of (pop)cultural curiosities, which is based on the prefigurement of Mannerist and Baroque cabinets, or the so-called Wunderkammer, Kunstkammer, etc. He uses this concept to interpret the work of the Czech rap band Čokovoko, relying on the theory and history of the camp phenomenon, which is based on aesthetic transgressions, ironic attitudes and the stretching of the boundaries between taste and tastelessness. The metaphor of the cabinet of curiosities allows to describe and explore the specific ways in which the peculiarly frivolous play with themes concerning women and their stereotypical position as passive objects is performed in the band’s compositions against the background of the transformation of various (pop) cultural codes.
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