Search results

1

Distinguishing facts from beliefs: fuzzy categories

100%

Rabinowitz M., Acevedo M., Casen S., Rosengarten M., Kowalczyk M., Portnoy L. B.

Psychology of Language and Communication

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2013

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vol. 17

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issue 3

241-268

EN

This paper presents results from five studies that investigate how people perceive the distinction between facts and beliefs. The central question being asked is whether the features that distinguish the categories of facts and beliefs are distinct or overlapping. In each of the five studies, participants are presented with content statements and asked the degree to which they agree with a given statement, the degree to which they think others would agree with it, and whether the statement was a fact or a belief. From these ratings, six possible patterns were derived. The results showed that in many content areas the patterns that describe the statements they categorized as facts and those that they categorized as beliefs had considerable overlap. In addition, participant consensus as to which statements were to be considered facts versus beliefs varied from high to low depending on the specific content being evaluated.

2

Basic Concepts: A Cognitive Approach

100%

Walentukiewicz W.

Studia Semiotyczne

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2019

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vol. 33

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issue 1

PL

This article seeks to describe concepts of a special kind, these being ones that count as basic, while at the same time referring to the results of research in logic, the philosophy of language, and empirically pursued cognitive psychology. The key issue addressed is this: on what grounds are such basic concepts formed? It thus investigates issues pertaining to their formation and operation, especially in small children. (Basiclevel concepts will be examples of basic concepts.) Such concepts can take the form of mental representations of objects, properties and relations. They function in classifications made by numerous and diverse cultural groups, are established at an early stage-being the first to be named and, so to speak, malleable-and their structure is not satisfactorily captured by any currently recognized theory. Moreover, they are organized around some sort of overall similarity irreducible to any particular component part. (Basic concepts pertaining to properties and relations must be based on some overall similarity, as properties and relations themselves do not consist of parts. Equally, basic concepts pertaining to objects cannot be constructed on the basis of mere parts of these objects.) Psychologists and philosophers, on the other hand, frequently claim that properties are component parts to which overall similarity can be reduced (e.g. in exemplar-based and prototype-based theories of concepts). Yet if this solution were to be accepted, one would then have to say that three- or four-month-old children are unable to establish properties before delimiting the range of the relevant category (or any fragment of this range), whilst also being unable to establish the range of that category (or any fragment of it) before delimiting its properties. The problem with this is that children can distinguish some properties; however, they are incapable of establishing within a relatively short period of time which of these properties determine membership in the sense of falling within the range of the category in question. Moreover, basic concepts cannot be organized on the basis of a relation of similarity reducible to properties, due to the fact that any such similarity will be an equivalence relation, whilst the similarity relation accessible to the child constitutes a nonequivalence relation. A further point is that no consensus has yet been agreed upon within the psychological literature as to the construction of concepts formed by three- or fourmonth-old children.

3

Thematic Roles in Image Schemas. Part 2. A Missing Link from Reality to Mind

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Szwedek A.

Academic Journal of Modern Philology

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2023

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issue 19

345-359

EN

For a long time, Thematic roles have received much attention, raising many disputes and controversies, but they still remain a ‘murky construct’ (Newmeyer, 2010, Rissman and Majid, 2019). Dowty’s words of 1986 that “the perennial vexing problem is the lack of agreement among linguists as to which thematic roles exist, and the absence of any obvious way to decide this question” still hold true. Departing from the traditional ‘intuitive semantic’ approach, I provided evidence that Thematic roles are indispensable components of image schemas, and constitute a scaffolding for language structures (2022, forthcoming). A natural question arose then, where they come from in the image schemas. Fillmore (1968) proposed that they may be, “presumably, innate concepts”, while Langacker (1991) alluded to their “nonlinguistic” origin. The present paper argues that Thematic roles come from “nonlinguistic” sources, i.e., human interpretation and categorization of reality, completing the Thematic roles embodiment process.

4

The impact of background category information on the creation of social cliques: The role of need for cognitive closure and decisiveness

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Bukowski M., Sędek G., Kossowska M., Trejtowicz M.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2012

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vol. 43

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issue 1

12-19

EN

This article focuses on the role of need for cognitive closure in the process of mental model creation about social relations (i.e. social cliques). We assumed that high (vs. low) need for closure participants tend to rely on background category information when forming social cliques. We predicted that this tendency to employ categorical information as a mental aid, used in order to form social cliques, would be efficient in simple task structures (where category information overlaps with the mental model structure) but would lead to increased error rates in complex task structures (where category information is inconsistent with the model structure). The results confirmed our predictions, showing especially strong effects for the decisiveness component of need for closure. The importance of individual differences in need for closure and decisiveness in social reasoning is discussed.

5

Geographical Names in the Linguistic Awareness of the Intellectually Disabled Person. A Case Study

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Jęczeń U., Drozd K.

Logopedia

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2017

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vol. 46 EN

277-292

EN

The article presents the linguistic capacities in defining geographical names of the moderately intellectually disabled male. The principal objective was to reconstruct, based on the subject’s utterances, the concepts like desert (pustynia), ocean (ocean), mountains (góry), country/village (wieś) and town (miasto), which assumed the form of cognitive definitions. In view of the fact that the subject used commonsense knowledge and utilized colloquial language, we tried to show that the resultant explications of meanings are the outcome of “good” and “expanded” categorization constructed on the basis of “linguicized experiences”.

6

The role of categorization in understanding

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Piłat R.

Nauka

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2017

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issue 3

PL

In this article, I am examining the role of categorization in understanding. The problem arises from well-known distinction between explanation and understanding, which has been for a century pursued in hermeneutic tradition. Categorization belongs to explanatory endeavor and its role in understanding is unclear. In order to delimit the scope of inquiry I am focusing on the weakest kind of categorization, so called categorization ad hoc. I am examining the hypothesis to the effect that categorization plays its role in hermeneutic circle as some sort of pre-understanding. Eventually, however, I reject this hypothesis. It is because it leads to hermeneutic paradox: The notion of pre-understanding has a meaning only in the context of full-fledged understanding, which is an unattainable ideal. Such ideal cannot be used as a personal criterion of the quality of one’s understanding. There is a tension between the feeling of understanding and the scarcity of personal means to justify this feeling. I am suggesting that similar, albeit weaker effect occurs also in more elaborate, scientific categorizations. What is really wrong in the passage from categorization to understanding is some form of self-understanding: We do not know whether we understand better, or at all when we put some categorical order onto our experience. We do not seem to have the required meta-understanding.

7

Reflections of Verbal Syntax in Nominalization and Adjectivization

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Biały A.

Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics

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2008

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vol. 44

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issue 3

283-301

EN

In Distributed Morphology (DM), morphology is seen as a reflection of syntactic processes and requirements. Since DM is an essentially syntax-based approach to word formation processes, and derivation in particular, it assumes the retention of original structure in a given process of derivation where a new form is created. For example, the structure for the verb integrate has to be contained within the structure for the derived noun integration. The question is what constitutes the structure of integrate, and to what extent it is preserved in the structure of the deverbal noun. Following Borer (2003) and Harley (in press), the analysis of the relationships between such related forms reveals important rules governing phrase structure in general.The paper focuses mainly on Polish nominalization and adjectivization data and sets it against similar investigations conducted on English (e. g., Harley in press). The aim of the analysis is to investigate whether the accounts proposed for languages such as English, in the spirit of DM, can be maintained for Polish. The results also add to the general discussion of what part of meaning, or interpretation, should be associated with the lexical root (i. e. lexicon), and what part is inherently structural or functional.

8

Specyfika prasłowiańskiej konceptualizacji pojęcia ‘człowiek’ na tle europejskim

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Niewiara A.

Język a Kultura

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2015

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vol. 25

21-34

EN

In the paper the critically discussed etymologies of the European words naming ‘human being’ served as means for establishing that the Slavic conceptualization: ‘human being is apart of community’ is an original innovation and differs from other European ones: ‘mortal being’, ‘earthling’, ‘wise being’. The metaphorical base for the Slavic conceptualization was inherited and common for the European tribes, who conceptualized the community of people as aclosely connected pseudo-plant organism. The Slavic mental worldview specificity consist in more consequent and more intensive elaborating of the concepts of different types of human communities within the category of collectiveness and making the latter aconceptual base for the interpretation of the concept of ‘human being’.

9

МОРФОНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ МОДЕЛИ НОМИНАТИВНОЙ ДЕРИВАЦИИ (К ПРОБЛЕМЕ ФУНКЦИЙ ДЕРИВАЦИОННОЙ МОРФОНОЛОГИИ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА)

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Antipov A.

Acta Neophilologica

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2008

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vol. X

21-30

EN

The article is devoted to study the semiotic aspect of the Russian derivative morphonology. The dynamics and perspectives of this functional aspect are shown in connection with the nomina- tive categorization on the example of the Russian dialectal morphonology.

10

Emotion categorization in Moroccan Arabic and English: a Prototype Approach

100%

Elasri K.

Studie z aplikované lingvistiky - Studies in Applied Linguistics

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2018

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vol. 9

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issue 1

51-64

EN

Cross-linguistic research on emotion shows that there are similarities and differences in the conceptualization of emotions in different cultures. Using the prototype approach, we explored emotion categorization in Moroccan Arabic (MA) and compared it to American English (AE). Two studies were conducted. The first study reveals that there are 131 prototypical emotion categories in MA. The second study investigates how these emotions are categorized according to native speakers’ judgement. The results of this study show that in both varieties there are six basic level emotion categories: love, surprise, and happiness within the positive superordinate category; and anger, fear, and sadness within the negative superordinate category. In the MA study, however, there were two additional categories: shame and hatred. The differences between the two varieties exist at the level of subcategories which includes culture-specific emotions in each variety. As a recommendation for further research, we suggested investigating the lexical equivalence of emotions between English and MA and explore the reasons behind this lexical anisomorphism.

11

MODELING COGNITION IN AUTISM: A BRIEF REVIEW OF CONNECTIONIST SIMULATIONS

88%

Várnagy Z., Győri M., Bérdi M.

Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)

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2011

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vol. 66

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issue 2

335-360

EN

Autism is one of the most intensively investigated human neurocognitive disorders. This distinguished interest has several reasons; such as the significance of the affected cognitive mechanisms, the relatively high incidence and complexity of the disorder, and also the expectation that results from autism research can contribute substantially to the understanding of typical cognitive development and functioning, too. Connectionism is a specific mathematical tool-kit, inspired by the neural system, applied for modeling cognitive functions, and especially for modeling developmental aspects and knowledge acquisition. The aim of this paper is to review briefly the attempts that have been made to date to model various cognitive characteristics of autism by connectionist means; the specific tools used, and their most important findings. Special attention is paid to modeling atypical categorisation processes observable in this disorder, as well as to the overall perspectives and limitations for applying connectionism in modeling autism.

12

Dimension argumentative et narrative de l’information médiatique à travers des séquences bisegmentales

88%

Dyoniziak J.

Neophilologica

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2021

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vol. 33

1-13

EN

The present analysis is devoted to the discursive units that are activated at the moment by the media nomination as categoremes of the referent, Donald Trump, and shape the media narrative. These will be formulas, which appear in the headlines and imply labels, e.g. Donald Trump, agitateur en chef (‘Donald Trump, the troublemaker’; lemonde.fr, 5.10.2017). The research problem will be to determine their narrative and argumentative potential. Theoretical framework is provided by studies of the media information discourse (Arquembourg, 2011; Calabrese, 2009, 2013; Moirand, 2007; Veniard, 2013), as well as the argumentative discourse (Amossy, 2006). The corpus has been compiled on the basis of electronic version of two daily newspapers Le Monde (lemonde.fr) and Gazeta Wyborcza (wyborcza.pl), released between Jan the 1st 2016 and december 2020.

13

Film Genre and Theories of Conceptual Representation: Toward a Schema-Based Account of Film Genre Oriented to Multimodal Cognitive Linguistics

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Szawerna M.

Academic Journal of Modern Philology

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2023

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issue 19

EN

The topic of this article is situated at the intersection of cognitive linguistics, multimodality studies, film studies, psychology, and genre theory. The article’s goal is to contribute to multimodal cognitive linguistics by discussing the concept of ‘film genre’, which has so far been under-represented in this research area, from the perspective of major theories of conceptual representation with a view to characterizing film genre as a viable theoretical concept of multimodal cognitive linguistics. Specifically, the schema-based characterization of the concept of film genre proposed in this article is meant to account for such theoretically problematic aspects of film genres and their filmic exemplifications as textualization, inclusiveness, exclusiveness, hierarchicality, and filmic multivalency.

14

Dlaczego kwiaty są dobre i niewinne? O językowo-kulturowym obrazie kwiatu słów kilka

75%

Piekarczyk D.

Etnolingwistyka. Problemy Języka i Kultury

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2017

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vol. 29

EN

The article aims to discover why the Polish language contains an entrenched positive image of flowers that involves the properties of ‘beauty’, ‘good’, ‘purity’, or ‘innocence’. Beginning with an analysis of the poetic vision of flowers in the poetry of Maria PawlikowskaJasnorzewska, which counters the generally accepted wisdom, the question is asked why Polish conceals features of a flower related to its reproductive organ – the features that the poet considers crucial to the nature of flowers. An analysis of the internal structure of the category flower (Polish kwiat) and the motivation of its semantic features shows that speakers entertain positive associations with the plants’ esthetic aspects and disregard the ambiguous sexual connotations. The esthetic aspects additionally motivate numerous features relating to moral values. Amplification of positive connotations and downplaying the ambiguous ones is largely shaped by cultural taboo, which treats the reproductive process as indecent and embarrassing.

PL

W artykule autorka próbuje dociec, dlaczego w języku polskim utrwalił się zdecydowanie pozytywny obraz kwiatów, budowany wokół cech ‘piękna’, ‘dobra’, ‘czystości’, ‘niewinności’. Wychodząc od analizy poetyckiego obrazu kwiatów (przedstawionego przez Marię PawlikowskąJasnorzewską), który stanowi wyraz polemiki z powszechnie akceptowanymi sądami, autorka zastanawia się, jakie czynniki spowodowały, że w polszczyźnie zostały ukryte cechy motywowane organem rozrodczym kwiatu (cechy, które poetka uznaje za oddające istotę kwiatów). Badanie wewnętrznej struktury kategorii kwiat i motywacji cech semantycznych pozwala stwierdzić, że użytkownicy języka upatrując w kwiatach elementy czysto estetyczne, wiążą z nimi same pozytywne skojarzenia, a usuwają skojarzenia seksualne, dwuznaczne. Dodatkowo wartości estetyczne kwiatów są źródłem motywacji dla licznych cech odnoszących się do wartości moralnych. W rozbudowywaniu pozytywnie wartościujących konotacji, a ukrywaniu dwuznacznych, niemałą rolę odgrywa w końcu tabu kulturowe, nakazujące traktować problematykę rozmnażania za temat wstydliwy, nieprzyzwoity.

15

Psychologically based, anti-prejudice educational intervention – project

75%

Popiołek K., Wójcik M.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2012

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vol. 43

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issue 4

223-232

EN

The presented study explores the possibility of creating and implementing educational program which would reduce intergroup bias in realistic high school setting. The project was based on the assumption that there is the need of easily applicable, anti-prejudice intervention, which would be appropriate to introduce into foreign language course books, would be universal in terms of changing negative attitudes and would meet all methodological requirements of language lessons. Crossed categorization and the common ingroup identity model were used as theoretical basis for 30 English lesson scenarios on B2 level (upper-intermediate). It was shown that after the intervention there was a signifi cant change in the students’ attitude toward the outgroup and the outgroup members. The implications of these fi ndings are discussed.

16

Językoznawczy kontekst badań edukacyjnych

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Wiśniewska-Kin M.

Studia Edukacyjne

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2018

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issue 49

415-430

EN

The article is going to show how the approach to the educational role of language has changed. The emergence of new thinking about language is directly associated with the tendency to shift from objectivity to subjectivity. To make the reconstruction of this change, I will discuss the selected elements of the structuralist theory of language and compile them with elements of the cognitive theory of language; for instance, classic categorization methods vs. natural categorization, taxonomic definingvs. cognitive defining.The proposed comparative analyzes open up space to thinking about the measures that can be taken in order to create conditions conducive to revealing the real development potential of a child in the process of education.

17

Słowo o Teorii Metafor Pojęciowych w bieżącym dyskursie akademickim: komentarz do artykułu Ariadny Strugielskiej (2012) “Alternate Constuals of Source and Target Domains in Conceptual Metaphor”

75%

Turewicz K.

Academic Journal of Modern Philology

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2013

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vol. 2

171-185

EN

Inspired by Strugielska’s (2012) article “Alternate Construals of Source and Target Domains in Conceptual Metaphor,” where the linguist presents a number of arguments questioning applicability of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) to the analysis of linguistic meaning, I attempt to reanalyze some of the arguments through reference to primary sources: Lakoff and Johnson (1980), Lakoff (1990), Kövecses (2000, 2002, 2005, 2011). The issues of direct concern are: dichotomous nature of conceptual domains and their assumed discretness, the issue of differentiating the conceptual structure form the semantic structure and cognitive metaphorical projections from the relation of categorization, the question of monosemy constraint and degree of informativeness of metaphorical projections. The issues are discussed in the source article in the context of works whose authors question validity of CMT on the basis of (naturally occurring) language data from corpora. My own reanalysis of the examples discussed exhibit the extent to which metaphorical projections between the source and the target domains can provide motivations for the language expressions, accounting for their metaphoricity. At the same time, employing analytic tools available within Cognitive Grammar, I demonstrate that the extent of the contribution of metaphorical projections to respective semantic structures is determined by the position of the source domain in the matrix of the respective profile/base alignment.

18

Kategoryzowanie, tworzenie domu oraz sprawczość poprzez brak działania w ośrodku pobytowym dla cudzoziemców

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Kluszczyńska M.

Barbarzyńca. Pismo Antropologiczne

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2018

|

issue 23

48-61

EN

The article analyses the residence centre for foreigners, the place of waiting for the decision regarding asylum status, paying attention to how is the institution interpreted by different actors. For the staff of the centre, it is a home for the people who live in. For the residents (women and their children) the home can be, at the most, a room in which they reside. The imposing of the notion of home, over-institutionalization and attempts of pre-integration, which exists also as a kind of help and support for inhabitants, above all, consist in disciplining to cleanliness and upbringing (for both women and their children). The author allocates the centre in the way as it is understood by the people who act in it, in the theoretical framework of the discussion on the concept of home (from the theory of Yi-Fu Tuan, through Gillian Rose’s and Wenona Ride’s conceptualization), emphasizing the gender role visible in semi-forced, semi-voluntary duties in cleaning. This perspective indicates a key feature of agency for the people who live in the centre by the refusal of forced action. Act of refusal of the imposed domestic atmosphere by some of the residents, along with the dirt, which, as Mary Douglas said, is culturally constructed “by product of a systematic ordering and classification of matter”, are the basis of arising and persistence of national stereotypes: dirty Chechen Women, clean Ukrainian women.

19

Biblical and Anthropocentric Phraseologisms in Dmytro Dontsov’s Works: A Cognitive Aspect

75%

Mykytyuk O.

Neophilologica

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2022

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vol. 34

1-16

EN

The paper deals with Dontsov’s “phraseological speech” in the framework of cognitive linguistics. The ways of creating partially-authorial (biblical) and authorial (anthropocentric) phraseologisms are discussed and their assignment to different phraseological-semantic microfields is suggested. A number of Dontsov’s phraseologisms are viewed as linguomental pictures of the world that are potentially acceptable for a wider use.Methodologically, the research presents a cluster of general scholarly methods and those used in cognitive linguistics as well as special approaches developed in modern anthropocentric research. Methods of cognitive linguistics are of the utmost importance and include categorizing the phenomena of the objective reality and the interdisciplinary method of interpretation related to the correlation of language data with cultural studies, political science, ethnopsychology and other disciplines. Semantic and contextual analyses are also used as supplementary methods. The potential value of the research is ensured by its contribution to the modern anthropocentric linguistics that aims at studying language through its speaker.Structural-and-logical scheme illustrating the cognitive stages of generating a phraseologism is suggested and the importance of categorization of lingual phenomena is emphasized. Dontsov’s phraseologisms are claimed to be means of exposure of the national Ukrainian lingual picture, symbols of the national worldview, and the prism of the world perception and understanding.

20

Językowy obraz duszy w ekfrazach z przełomu XIX i XX wieku na podstawie wybranych wierszy Zofii Gordziałkowskiej

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Bagińska L.

Adeptus

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2016

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issue 7

EN

The linguistic image of the soul in the ekphrases of the late-19th and early-20th century as exemplified by selected poems by Zofia GordziałkowskaThe main objective of the paper is to describe the linguistic image of the soul in ekphrases of the Young Poland period. In this period, literary works were often inspired by the art of painting. The focus is on the poetry of Zofia Gordziałkowska, which was largely motivated by her fascination with the then popular Swedish painter Arnold Böcklin, whose works are populated mainly by characters from the Bible and classical mythology.The reconstruction of the concept of the soul based on the texts is juxtaposed with general language data. For the analysis of the material I use the methodology of structuralism (e.g. tracing the position of the object in the lexical field) and cognitivism (examining the conceptualization of the category and its proliferation). The conclusions of the interdisciplinary examination are connected with symbolism as both an artistic movement within modernism and a philosophy of the turn of the 20th century. Językowy obraz duszy w ekfrazach z przełomu XIX i XX wieku na podstawie wybranych wierszy Zofii GordziałkowskiejCelem rozważań jest ukazanie językowego obrazu duszy zawartego w młodopolskich ekfrazach Zofii Gordziałkowskiej, zafascynowanej popularnym wówczas w Europie malarstwem Szwajcara Arnolda Böcklina. Jego dzieła zaludniają głównie postaci z mitologii antycznej i Biblii.Zrekonstruowanie pojęcia duszy na podstawie tekstów artystycznych i przedstawienie na tle danych zawartych w języku ogólnym doprowadziło do ustalenia różnicy między jego rozumieniem w tych odmianach języka. Analiza materiału z wykorzystaniem głównie metodologii kognitywizmu, dążącej do zbadania konceptualizacji pojęcia, jego profilowania i kategoryzacji, pozwoliła na nietradycyjne odczytanie poezji i wzbogacenie istniejących badań z zakresu lingwistyki kognitywnej. Wnioski z interpretacji wierszy zostały powiązane z symbolizmem jako nurtem artystycznym modernizmu i filozofią przełomu wieku XIX i XX.

Refine search results

Distinguishing facts from beliefs: fuzzy categories

Basic Concepts: A Cognitive Approach

Thematic Roles in Image Schemas. Part 2. A Missing Link from Reality to Mind

The impact of background category information on the creation of social cliques: The role of need for cognitive closure and decisiveness

Geographical Names in the Linguistic Awareness of the Intellectually Disabled Person. A Case Study

The role of categorization in understanding

Reflections of Verbal Syntax in Nominalization and Adjectivization

Specyfika prasłowiańskiej konceptualizacji pojęcia ‘człowiek’ na tle europejskim

МОРФОНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ МОДЕЛИ НОМИНАТИВНОЙ ДЕРИВАЦИИ (К ПРОБЛЕМЕ ФУНКЦИЙ ДЕРИВАЦИОННОЙ МОРФОНОЛОГИИ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА)

Emotion categorization in Moroccan Arabic and English: a Prototype Approach

MODELING COGNITION IN AUTISM: A BRIEF REVIEW OF CONNECTIONIST SIMULATIONS

Dimension argumentative et narrative de l’information médiatique à travers des séquences bisegmentales

Film Genre and Theories of Conceptual Representation: Toward a Schema-Based Account of Film Genre Oriented to Multimodal Cognitive Linguistics

Dlaczego kwiaty są dobre i niewinne? O językowo-kulturowym obrazie kwiatu słów kilka

Psychologically based, anti-prejudice educational intervention – project

Językoznawczy kontekst badań edukacyjnych

Słowo o Teorii Metafor Pojęciowych w bieżącym dyskursie akademickim: komentarz do artykułu Ariadny Strugielskiej (2012) “Alternate Constuals of Source and Target Domains in Conceptual Metaphor”

Kategoryzowanie, tworzenie domu oraz sprawczość poprzez brak działania w ośrodku pobytowym dla cudzoziemców

Biblical and Anthropocentric Phraseologisms in Dmytro Dontsov’s Works: A Cognitive Aspect

Językowy obraz duszy w ekfrazach z przełomu XIX i XX wieku na podstawie wybranych wierszy Zofii Gordziałkowskiej