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EN
he article examines the mutual relations between the mendicants and guilds in the towns of Teutonic Order and Royal Prussia in the 14th–16th centuries. The preserved sources, in their widest extent, concern the issue of monastic prayer commitments. They show that, in relation to costs, only the largest and richest guilds could afford to have their own chapels, more had altars within monastic churches, and the poorest could only perhaps afford to pay individual monasteries for prayer obligations. The documents also indicate that at the time of the monastic economic crisis, caused by the progress of the Reformation and, consequently, the loss of income from the collection of alms and indulgences, they sought compensation for establishing cooperation with non–guild craftsmen, who, in exchange for paying fees to monasteries, were able to manufacture their products within their service buildings. These rights in Gdańsk and Toruń were confirmed by the king, usually specifying that the named individual could work only for the needs of the monasteries. Subsequent practice indicated that these provisions were violated, and attempts to sell goods caused numerous conflicts in which the town council became involved.
PL
Dyskurs prawny jest jednym z bardziej złożonych typów dyskursu. jest on realizowany przez teksty prawne sformułowane w języku prawa. Teksty prawne są tekstami specjalistycznymi różniącymi się od innych tego typu tekstów swoimi inter i intra tekstowymi relacjami, są wśród nich teksty o specyficznych strukturalnych, funkcjonalnych i lingwistycznych cechach, które mozna sklasyfikować ze względu na różne kryteria. Olbrzymia różnorodność tekstów prawnych odzwierciedla różnorodność dziedziny jaką jest prawo. Mając na uwadze powyższe relacje pomiędzy tekstem prawnycm a samamym prawem, mozna stwierdzić, że analiza gatunków tekstów prawnych przyczynia się do rozwoju prawnego dyskursu w ujęciu całościowym i do zrozummienia istoty tekstu prawnego w ujęciu szczególnym. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu opis i ocenę cech charakterystycznych istniejących klasyfikacji tekstów prawnych.
EN
Being a complex type of discourse, legal discourse is realized through legal texts written in legal language, which are regarded as special-purpose texts different from other kinds of texts in respect of their text-internal and text-external properties. A great variety of legal texts reflects the diversity of law itself. As different legal texts tend to have different functional, structural and linguistic features, they are classified into genres on the basis of different criteria. The analysis of genres of legal texts contributes to the overall understanding and construction of legal discourse in general and legal texts in particular. This paper aims at the overview and discussion of genres of legal texts focusing on specific features of legal texts and criteria of the classification of legal texts into genres.
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EN
The author focuses her attention on the term legal translation. The aim of the paper is togive features of legal translation which can serve the purpose of constructing a definition of theterm. The first part of the paper touches upon the problem of legal translation, legal discourse, legal texts and legal language. The typologies of legal texts presented by different authors have been included here as well. In the second part of the article the features typical of legal translation and differentiating it from other types of translation are given.
PL
W niniejszym artykule poruszony jest problem zakresu terminu tłumaczenie prawnicze. Opracowanie ma na celu wskazanie tych elementów charakterystycznych, które mogą posłużyć do zbudowania definicji przekładu prawniczego. Pierwsza część poświęcona jest omówieniu pojęcia przekładu prawniczego, w szczególności z perspektywy definicji tekstu i dyskursu prawniczego oraz języka prawa. Omówione zostaną różne typy tekstów prawnych w koncepcjach różnych autorów oraz w perspektywie tłumaczeniowej. W drugiej części opracowania przedstawiono cechy pozwalające na rozróżnienie tłumaczenia prawniczego od innych rodzajów przekładu specjalistycznego, poprzez wskazanie, że jego specyfika wynika z przebiegu procesu tłumaczenia na etapie odkodowania i ponownego kodowania informacji.
FR
Nous abordons dans le présent article le problème de la portée du terme traduction juridique. Nous allons essayer de désigner les caractéristiques qui peuvent servir de base à une définition de la traduction juridique. La première partie se concentre sur la présentation de la notion de la traduction juridique, notamment du point de vue de la définition du texte et du discours et du langage juridiques. Nous analysons les différents types des textes juridiques en comparant les typologies adoptées par quelques auteurs et en adoptant la perspective de la traduction. Dans la deuxième partie du présent article, nous présentons les caractéristiques qui permettent de distinguer la traduction juridique d’autres types de traduction spécialisée en démontrant qu’elle réside dans la spécificité du processus de la traduction juridique qui consiste en décryptage et recryptage du message.
PL
W publikacji dokonano prezentacji sztucznych sieci neuronowych jako narzędzia eksperckiego, który wspomaga podejmowanie decyzji dla kwartalnego okresu inwestowania w akcje notowane na hipotetycznej giełdzie papierów wartościowych. Zaproponowano także zestaw 12 cech gospodarki i giełdy, który ma na tyle uniwersalny charakter, iż zaprezentowany w publikacji sposób konfiguracji sieci wraz z tym zestawem danych może być przydatny na dowolnie wybranej giełdzie.
EN
The publication presents artificial neural networks as a expert tool which supports making decision for the quarterly period of investment in shares listed on a hypothetical stock exchange. Also it is proposed a set of 12 features of a economy and some stock exchange, which have a universal character because the presented configured network with this set of data can be useful in any chosen stock exchange.
EN
Since the beginning of its existence, sport has played an important role in society. With the potential of social impact, sport was bound to produce a close relationship with the sphere of politics. An aim of this paper is to introduce the concept of sports policy to the Polish scientific discourse. This concept is used very rarely in Polish political and scientific discourse. On the other hand, in the UK, Scandinavian countries, Canada and Germany a distinct nature of sport policy is exposed to a large extent. In the mentioned countries no one negates its concepts, localization and social usefulness. It is described there as one of the elements of social policy. There are even scientific discussions on the inclusion of sport policy in defined categories of public policies.
PL
W polskim dyskursie naukowym pojęcie polityki sportowej jest bardzo rzadko stosowane. Brak jednej obligatoryjnej definicji jest przede wszystkim konsekwencją nie do końca określonego charakteru zaangażowania się państwa w obszar sportu. Z kolei w Wielkiej Brytanii, państwach skandynawskich, Kanadzie i Niemczech bardzo mocno eksponuje się jej odrębny charakter, nie neguje się jej pojęcia, umiejscowienia ani przydatności społecznej. Określa się ją tam jako jeden z elementów polityki społecznej. Prowadzone są nawet dyskusje dotyczące włączenia polityki sportowej do zdefiniowanych kategorii polityk publicznych. W związku z tym głównym celem artykułu jest wprowadzenia do polskiego dyskursu naukowego pojęcia polityki sportowej, przedstawienia jej cech oraz problemów definicyjnych.
EN
The twelfth book of the Etymologies is, as we know, devoted to the descriptions of animals (divided into eight groups), Isidore of Seville, basing on previous accounts, drew from these sources the most important elements characterizing individual creatures. The twelfth book summarizes the long–lasting (ancient and early Christian) views on the innate corporeal shapes and ways of behaviour and reactions of animals. In the presentation of some animals, the bishop of Seville clearly strengthened (preferred) their features – presented in the sources aviailable to him – which in his interpretation were common to animals and to people, or bore resemblance to human characteristics. He demonstrated features from the psycho-mental and moral spheres (equus, bos, leo, elephantus, canis, simia, iricius, formica, serpens, delfinus). To a lesser degree, he pointed to bodily features (birds, aves: psittacus, pica, coturnix) and social (ciconia, apis). Mention of common (or similar) traits of animals and humans does not occur only in part of the book saying de vermibus (other groups of animals have their ,,representatives” in this regard). Paying attention to the common features of animals and people is, we think, an important aspect of Isidore’s view of the animal world. It is also one of the special features of his anthropology.
PL
Dwunasta księga „Etymologii” jest, jak wiemy, poświęcona opisom zwierząt (podzielonych na osiem grup). Isidor z Sewilli, opierając się na wcześniejszych relacjach, czerpał z tych źródeł najważniejsze elementy charakteryzujące poszczególne stworzenia. Dwunasta księga zbiera i niejako kumuluje starożytne i wczesnochrześcijańskie poglądy na temat naturalnych kształtów ciała, sposobów zachowania i reakcji zwierząt. Podczas prezentacji niektórych z nich biskup Sewilli wyraźnie wyakcentował te ich cechy – przedstawione w dostępnych mu źródłach – które w jego interpretacji były bądź wspólne dla ludzi i zwierząt, bądź też były podobne do cech ludzkich. Izydor pokazał w ten sposób wiele cech ze sfery psycho-mentalnej i moralnej u takich zwierząt jak: bos, canis, delfinus, elephantus, equus, formica, iricius, leo, serpens i simia. W mniejszym zaś stopniu wskazywał na podobieństwo cech somatycznych u ludzi i ptaków (coturnix, pica, psittacus) oraz na analogie w życiu „społecznym” ludzi, owadów i ptaków (apis, ciconia). Wydaje się, że zwracanie uwagi na cechy wspólne zwierząt, owadów i ludzi było ważnym elementem w Izydorowym postrzeganiu świata zwierząt. Jest to również jedna ze szczególnych cech jego szeroko rozumianej antropologii.
EN
Bielsko and Biała were once separate towns divided along the banks of the river Biała, which was also a state border. The two towns earned their reputation for woollen cloth produced there by local cloth makers. A permit for the cloth makers’ guild was first issued in 1548 in Bielsko, while the guild in Biała was founded in 1667. An intense development of technology in the 19th century, with the rise of cloth making machines, led to a transformation in cloth making from manufacturing to factory production. This is how a big textile production centre came into being, with one of the most powerful textile workers’ guilds. The towns’ location at a flourishing trade route, in the region of intensive sheep grazing – which provided the towns’ factories with wool – as well as rich water and timber inventories – indispensable for the unbroken production cycle – all added to the long-lasting commercial success. An important aspect of the cloth makers’ life was their participation in religious practices in the two towns. Denominationally, the cloth makers were either Roman Catholic or Protestant. The Protestants came to the region from Silesia and from abroad, in the wake of the Counterreformation movement and persecutions of the Protestant populations that followed. They were looking for a peaceful, decent place to live and work. To be a cloth maker, one needed to complete training and gain respective qualifications. A tripartite system of schooling was in practice: student – apprentice – master. The board of the guild comprised the guild master, assessors and a scribe. Guild masters formed a religious community and they were in charge of official celebrations of all church festivals. The festival that was specially celebrated by both denominations was Corpus Christi. The guild funded altars in the local churches to honour St. Martin – cloth makers’ patron saint. Another religious event celebrated by the Catholic and Protestant cloth makers together was funeral, when any of the guild’s member or any of their family members died. All masters and apprentices were obliged to participate in the celebrations. The guild supported its members and the families of the deceased: the ill, the elderly, the disabled, widows and orphans – victims of their husbands’ and fathers’ tragic death, caused by fires, floods, plague or other acts of God. The guild also supported schools and churches of both denominations, a municipal hospital and orphanages. With the rise of the industrial revolution, when cloth manufacturing became textile production, the guild became obsolete. It lost its status and power and was substituted by other institutions, while its capital was taken over by the town.
Eruditio et Ars
|
2022
|
vol. 4
|
issue 1
149-157
EN
This paper presents the issue of mutual relations between the personality structure and effectiveness of the performed occupation of a pre-school and early school education teacher. In this publication author focuses on identifying these qualities and in order to do so analyzes and interprets the results of own research conducted in a group of 38 students of the first year studying the pre-school and early school education field of study in the Institute of Pedagogy State University of Applied Sciences in Nowy Sącz.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowany został problem wzajemnych relacji pomiędzy strukturą osobowości a efektywnością wykonywania zawodu nauczyciela wychowania przedszkolnego i wczesnoszkolnego. Autor w publikacji skupia się na zidentyfikowaniu tych cech i aby tego dokonać, analizuje oraz interpretuje wyniki badań własnych przeprowadzonych na wybranej grupie studentek pierwszego roku kierunku pedagogika przedszkolna i wczesnoszkolna Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Zawodowej w Nowym Sączu.
EN
Bielsko and Biała were once separate towns divided along the banks of the river Biała, which was also a state border. The two towns earned their reputation for woollen cloth produced there by local cloth makers. A permit for the cloth makers’ guild was first issued in 1548 in Bielsko, while the guild in Biała was founded in 1667. An intense development of technology in the 19th century, with the rise of cloth making machines, led to a transformation in cloth making from manufacturing to factory production. This is how a big textile production centre came into being, with one of the most powerful textile workers’ guilds. The towns’ location at a flourishing trade route, in the region of intensive sheep grazing – which provided the towns’ factories with wool – as well as rich water and timber inventories – indispensable for the unbroken production cycle – all added to the long-lasting commercial success. An important aspect of the cloth makers’ life was their participation in religious practices in the two towns. Denominationally, the cloth makers were either Roman Catholic or Protestant. The Protestants came to the region from Silesia and from abroad, in the wake of the Counterreformation movement and persecutions of the Protestant populations that followed. They were looking for a peaceful, decent place to live and work. To be a cloth maker, one needed to complete training and gain respective qualifications. A tripartite system of schooling was in practice: student – apprentice – master. The board of the guild comprised the guild master, assessors and a scribe. Guild masters formed a religious community and they were in charge of official celebrations of all church festivals. The festival that was specially celebrated by both denominations was Corpus Christi. The guild funded altars in the local churches to honour St. Martin – cloth makers’ patron saint. Another religious event celebrated by the Catholic and Protestant cloth makers together was funeral, when any of the guild’s member or any of their family members died. All masters and apprentices were obliged to participate in the celebrations. The guild supported its members and the families of the deceased: the ill, the elderly, the disabled, widows and orphans – victims of their husbands’ and fathers’ tragic death, caused by fires, floods, plague or other acts of God. The guild also supported schools and churches of both denominations, a municipal hospital and orphanages. With the rise of the industrial revolution, when cloth manufacturing became textile production, the guild became obsolete. It lost its status and power and was substituted by other institutions, while its capital was taken over by the town.
EN
Taking into account the tasks that foreign students at Polish universities face, the author attempts to discuss those language characteristics that are common for various domains in the humanities and which make Polish for humanities particular. She draws attention to the properties of the language in academic and popular science texts (objectivism, intellectualism, or depersonalization) and discusses the linguistic means used for their creation. She points out the linguistic aspects which foreigners who intend to study in Poland should get familiarized with. She also discusses the sources of texts used for working with the students who attend professional language courses, ranging from academic textbooks (for the most advanced) to the media and online texts and textbooks for foreigners.
PL
Autorka, biorąc pod uwagę zadania, przed jakimi stają studenci obcokrajowcy studiujący na polskich uniwersytetach, podejmuje próbę omówienia wspólnych dla różnych nauk humanistycznych właściwości językowych, decydujących o specyfice humanistycznej odmiany języka polskiego. Zwraca uwagę na cechy języka humanistycznych tekstów akademickich oraz popularnonaukowych (obiektywizm, intelektualizm czy depersonalizacja) i omawia środki językowe, za pomocą których się je tworzy. Wskazuje na zagadnienia językowe, z jakimi powinni zapoznać się cudzoziemcy zamierzający studiować w Polsce. Wskazuje też źródła tekstów do pracy ze słuchaczami kursów języka specjalistycznego – od podręczników akademickich (dla najbardziej zaawansowanych), poprzez teksty prasowe i internetowe, do podręczników dla cudzoziemców.
12
Content available remote

Stereotypy kobiecości w opiniach studentek i ich babć

58%
EN
The article is an account of the research regarding the level of compliance of gender stereotypes among female university students and their grandmothers. It provides information about gender stereotypes and their consequences, as well as examines their presence in universities. Furthermore, it illustrates similarities and differences in the use of stereotypes by different generations of women in the respect of components of gender stereotypes such as characteristics, roles, appearance and occupation.
EN
The accountant’s role is subject to the scientific discourse as a fundamental paradigm change takes place, moving away from the traditional “bean counter” image towards a “business partner” of the management (Pickering, Byrnes, 2016; Richardson et al., 2015; Sorensen, 2009). As far back as 1981, Jacoby pointed out that the personality traits of a “bean counter” do not correspond to the requirements of the practice, e.g. strong soft skills and interdisciplinary qualities (Jacoby, 1981; Briggs et al., 2007). It can be observed that for decades, predominantly the “bean counter” type has continued to opt for a career in accounting (Briggs et al., 2007). The present study confirms the dominance of “bean counter” types in accountancy by applying the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) with undergraduate business students and shows that there is still no significant change observable. The analysis shows that business students are significantly more frequently extroverted, thinking, and judging than the overall population. The accounting students among them are more sensing and thinking. Specific differences can be observed between the individual majors. As a result, the talent pool for the accounting profession is more likely to have “bean counters” than “business partners”.
PL
Rola księgowego podlega dyskursowi naukowemu jako fundamentalna zmiana paradygmatu, która odchodzi od tradycyjnego wizerunku „liczykrupyˮ w kierunku „partnera biznesowegoˮ kierownictwa (Pickering, Byrnes, 2016; Richardson et al., 2015; Sorensen, 2009). Już w 1981 roku Jacoby wskazał, że cechy osobowości „liczykrupyˮ nie odpowiadają wymogom praktyki, np. silne umiejętności miękkie i cechy interdyscyplinarne (Jacoby, 1981; Briggs i in., 2007). Można zaobserwować, że przez dziesięciolecia głównie typ „liczykrupyˮ decydował się na karierę w księgowości (Briggs et al., 2007). Przeprowadzone badanie potwierdza dominację typów „liczykrupyˮ w księgowości w wyniku zastosowania wskaźnika typu Myers-Briggs (MBTI) w kontekście studentów biznesowych studiów licencjackich i pokazuje, że nadal nie zaobserwowano istotnej zmiany. Z analizy wynika, że studenci biznesowi są znacznie częściej ekstrawertyczni, rozumni i oceniający niż cała populacja. Studenci rachunkowości są szczególnie wrażliwi i myślący. Konkretne różnice można zaobserwować między poszczególnymi kierunkami studiów. W rezultacie pula talentów w zawodzie księgowego jest bardziej prawdopodobna w przypadku „liczykrupyˮ niż w przypadku „partnerów biznesowychˮ.
EN
The article attempts to explain the scientific and social phenomenon that was constituted by the figure of Wacław Nałkowski. With comprehensive knowledge concerning his life, the author undertook the characterization of his personality with the use of the special psychological method of transactional analysis. It is a method developed by American psychiatrist Eric Berne during 1960s. It explains the way people think and behave, offering many tools to understand human functioning, social, spiritual and intellectual development, and person’s inherent creative potential. The analysis proved to be helpful to define these characteristic sand attitudes of Nałkowski that are desirable in today’s teachers and researchers.
EN
The aim of the article is to present information about gunsmiths and stockmakers who worked in Szczecin from the 16th to mid-19th century. The article includes a list with biographical entries of the craftsmen.
EN
The huge number of interpretations and approaches to religious experiences makes discourse in the scientific studies of religion on the scope and significance of these phenomena extremely difficult. Especially misleading is the identification of them with mystical experiences, as well as attempts to depreciate these types of experience that are alien to researchers. A possible solution is the introduction of a differentiated scale of religious experiences in which mystical experiences constitute their “climactic”, emotionally and cognitively most intensive form. Acknowledging Otto’s definition of sensus numinis, the content of the experience and its cognitive, motivational and physiological components become a problem. In this situation most promising is on the one hand the classical conception of Joachim Wach, which orders the discourse and proposes recognising research on religious experiences with one of the main disciplines of religious studies, and on the other Abraham Maslow’s concept of “peak experiences” and “plateau experiences”. Therefore, (1) religious experience is graded; (2) it is not exclusively the sense itself (sensus numinis), since it brings cognitive and volitional effects, (3) it need not have a personal character and (4) experiencing it usually leads to various, more or less successful attempts to express it, and this then happens by means of symbols and is organised in the form of myths.
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