Search results - CEJSH

1

The Polish Trial of Kafka. On the Reception of Franz Kafka and So-Called “Dark Literature” by the Censorship Board

100%

Mojsak K., Polish Academy of Sciences I. o. L. R., kajkeron@wp.pl

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica

|

2016

|

vol. 37

|

issue 7

EN

The article discusses the reception of Franz Kafka’s novels and the so-called “dark literature”, popular after 1956, by the censorship board. It presents the discussions around Kafka’s work and various interpretational strategies used to secure this literature a place in the culture of People’s Republic of Poland. The article presents analyses of the censors’ reviews of Kafka’s (but also Sartre’s or Faulkner’s) novels and offers insight into the censorship process and the literary life of the late 1950s in general.

2

The Polish Trial of Kafka. On the Reception of Franz Kafka and So-Called “Dark Literature” by the Censorship Board

100%

Mojsak K.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica

|

2016

|

vol. 37

|

issue 7

183-201

EN

The article discusses the reception of Franz Kafka’s novels and the so-called “dark literature”, popular after 1956, by the censorship board. It presents the discussions around Kafka’s work and various interpretational strategies used to secure this literature a place in the culture of People’s Republic of Poland. The article presents analyses of the censors’ reviews of Kafka’s (but also Sartre’s or Faulkner’s) novels and offers insight into the censorship process and the literary life of the late 1950s in general.

3

„Poznański Czerwiec 1956”. Historia wydania książki

87%

Kledzik B.

Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Literacka

|

2016

|

issue 29

29-35

EN

The author remembers the initiatives taken in 1981 to celebrate the twenty fifth anniversary of Poznań 1956 protest.

4

CENZURA A KASZUBSKI SEPARATYZM. WOJEWÓDZKI URZĄD KONTROLI PRASY, PUBLIKACJI I WIDOWISK W GDAŃSKU WOBEC DWUTYGODNIKA „KASZËBË” 1957–1961

80%

Gogol B.

Colloquium Wydziału Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych AMW

|

2017

|

issue 3

55-79

EN

Gdansk Pomerania supervising the transfer of information was considered very important in shaping the mood among both Kashubians and immigrant population after 1945. Widely understood "topic Kashubian", Kashubian regionalism was a "special" difficult "stretch" for the Gdansk censorship. Censors suspiciously approached the specifics of the Kashubian region, deletions, or assessments periodicals guided by prejudice against Kashubians. Representatives of censorship perceived intelligence community of the Kashubians as reluctant socialist power, as potential supporters of German "revisionism". The term regionalism Kashubian replaced the term separatism. Reluctantly treated deep attachment to their own language, traditions, family, respect for property, a natural in this community ideological and religious conservatism, distrust of "outsiders". The actions of the censors in Gdansk see bias against the community, the specifics and views censors did not understand and did not accept. As a result of the thaw in 1956, for the Kashubian related to the regionalism recognized the opportunity to speak about their own needs. It appeared in the form of initiatives biweekly "Kaszëbë" published by the Association of Kashubian in the years 1957–1961. Periodical constantly was "suspect" in the eyes of Gdansk censorship, often erected Kashubian journalists objection to promote its pages separatism. The existence of this title was a kind of censorship for the missed time experiment "thaw" extremely troublesome surveillance. None of wybrzeżowych periodicals, was not so "worked on" by the censors. In censorship it was concluded that the magazine did not fulfill reported by its initiators purposes - declarations of editorial work on the approximation of the biweekly problems Kashubians Polish population, according to the Gdansk censorship and the remaining unrealized. This, clearly differed publications "Kaszëbë" many-fits publications, was not appreciated by the censors, and the difference lies in the fact that the periodical raised issues that interested Kashubians. Issuing "Kaszëbë" even without "separatist inclined towards" was discontinued, besides the active participation of censorship, at the end of 1961.

5

Produkowanie estetyk, produkowanie podmiotu. Początki odwilży i wolność twórcza w sztukach wizualnych na przykładzie wystawy w Arsenale

80%

Dąbrowski J.

Artium Quaestiones

|

2018

|

issue 29

381-408

PL

In Polish art history, there are two approaches to the “Arsenał” exhibition of August 1955. One, rooted in the debates around it, presents the “Arsenał” as the beginning of a political “thaw” – an act of emancipation, a demonstration of young artists who rebelled against the socialist realism. The other approach to the show or, rather, to the “thaw” as a whole, rejects an interpretation of artistic processes and choices as autonomous activities. Instead, with reference to the theory of Michel Foucault, the “Arsenał” is considered as a result of a reconfiguration of scattered power relations, stimulated by the changing strategies of the institutional power system. The present paper follows the latter approach. Foucault claims that power relations are combined with three interconnected types of human relations: defining the hierarchy of tasks and division of labor, compelling obedience, and performing “communicative binding,” i.e. purposeful action that affects the actors’ knowledge of the world and of themselves. After 1954, power relations in Poland were strategically changing: the system of labor division and the distribution of art, including all the related benefits, was still centralized, but the ineffective administrative control relaxed, while the production of meaning changed as well – the communist party modified its rhetoric referring to art and the range of artistic choice grew together with the options of communication. Still, the liberalization of the system and abandoning the Moscow version of the socialist realism in cultural policy did not mean any real increase of the freedom of choice. Using state exhibition institutions and the press, which was the main channel of communication between the authorities and the masses, the communist regime continued to control the aesthetic consciousness of the artists. An analysis of both printed and visual messages found in the press of the period, specialist periodicals and daily newspapers alike, has revealed a surprising similarity of the official discourse and the aesthetic choices made by the participants of the “Arsenał” – in particular those choices which were later interpreted as attempts to reject the socialist realism and launch a new beginning. It seems that the young artists were “positively censored,” i.e. the regime succeeded in creating an aesthetic reality which they accepted. What is more, they considered it subversive as an emanation of liberty. The selection of the aesthetic modes favored by the authorities took place in an unconscious way already at the stage of creation, before particular works of art were accepted by the ”Arsenał” jury and before they were actually controlled by the institutions of censorship.

6

Model chińskiej cyberdyplomacji

80%

Broś N.

Wschodnioznawstwo

|

2016

|

issue 10

145-160

EN

Objective of the article is to present Chinese concept of cyberdiplomacy which refers to globval trend in foreign affairs to use model of new public diplomacy as modern approach in international relations. The Chinese government, observing a significant increase in the number of network, Internet users and analyzing the bene& ts which has been achieved by Western countries, activated its actions and strategies in the cyber environment in order to promote domestic and foreign policies. Due to the progressive modernization of the country and the desire to alter its international image, the importance of new tools acquired in the field of soft power focusing on the attractiveness of the state in order to achieve its political objectives connected with concept of „China’s peaceful rise”. Their cyberdiplomacy strategy involves the use of the Internet, social media, portals to integrate a wide international audience. However China faces many challenges to create effective cyberdiplomacy and widely used censorship and propaganda are the biggest obstacle in this matter.

7

Ritual as reflected by censorship. The Control Bureau as the custodian of the cultural image of the authorities in the early days of the People’s Republic of Poland

80%

Woźniak-Łabieniec M.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica

|

2017

|

vol. 44

|

issue 6

61-73

EN

The ritual as a series of actions specified by traditions or a given political system, defined in detail and repeatable, was also fulfilled in the communist system. There it was aimed at introducing and amalgamating the order imposed on Poland by the Soviets after WWII. It could only be achieved by strictly observing the rules of Socialist rites. And that did not only apply to, however important, the celebrations of holidays according to the communist calendar, but also to the master principles which the enforcers of the new order used towards society. The indicated research material, extracted from censorship archives, shows that regardless of the changing media policy in the first decade after WWII, from the very beginning there existed invariable rules which constituted a compass for specific choices: the ban on criticising or disturbing the good name of the authorities, starting with Generalissimo Stalin, through the leaders of the states subordinate to him, higher-ranking officials, police and the army, to udarniks. The Control Bureau for Press, Publications and Performances was one of the most active bodies in the field. In the privacy of their offices, without the publicity so common for the clamorous ceremonies and rallies, censors worked to maintain the Stalinist rituals.

8

Theatre and Drama of Socialist Realism in the Context of Cryptotexts (Based on MKiS and WUKPPiW Material)

80%

Wiśniewska-Grabarczyk A., University of Lodz F. o. P., psiutanka@poczta.onet.pl

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica

|

2016

|

vol. 37

|

issue 7

EN

The main goal of the article is to offer a description of cryptotexts of theatre staging handbooks and dramatic works created in Poland during the socialist realism period. A cryptotext is a secret text which is the result of a purposeful act of subterfuge. In the article, I present selected cryptotexts – reviews produced in the Ministry of Culture and Art (MKiS) and censorship reviews of the dramatic works submitted for evaluation to the Voivodship Control Bureau for Press, Main Office of Control of Press, Publications and Shows (WUKPPiW). The archives contain evaluation of works which have been published in subsequent years as well as those which remained only in their draft form. Analysis of the evaluations of ministry officials reveal the mechanisms for allowing and withholding submitted dramatic works and a theatre staging handbook which shows the practices of publishing theatrical works. An analysis of different evaluations of the same text allows for a hypothesis that the main aim of cryptotexts was the evaluation of ideological correctness of submitted works. Despite this main function it is possible to point out specific passages in the statements by the WUKPPiW officials which are similar to statements of Ministry officials. In both cases the evaluation pertains to the content and the planned fulfilment of the work and plays mainly a didactic function.

9

Cartographic methods and their correctness on maps in the Polish press since the mid-19th century

80%

Kowalski P., Okonek M.

Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development

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2008

|

vol. 13

277-288

EN

On the background of the conditions of functioning of the Polish press since the mid-19th century, the paper describes cartographic and graphic methods used on press maps, with the emphasis on the quantitative methods of information presentation. The qualitative methods were mostly used in a proper way. The factors determining the level of press mapping were the skills of map makers and the limitations resulting from the letterpress printing technology. The application of computer technology and the shift to offset printing in the last decade of the 20th century overcame these obstacles. New possibilities of the creation of maps with richer content and more graphically effective emerged. Despite these new possibilities one still needs at least basic knowledge on cartographic methods and map graphics in order to be able to prepare the cartographically correct maps. The maps presented in this paper focus on the presentation of the most common mistakes, with less emphasis put on the cartographic methods and map graphics.

10

Politics, Poetics and “the Tragedy of Existence”. The Reception of Młyny Boże [the Mills of God] Novel Series by Kazimierz Truchanowski by the Censorship Bureau

80%

Mojsak K., Polish Academy of Sciences I. o. L. R., kajkeron@wp.pl

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica

|

2016

|

vol. 37

|

issue 7

EN

The article analyzes the censorship board’s reception of Kazimierz Truchanowski’s novel cycle The Mills of the God, published between 1961 and 1967. The analysis gives an insight into the interesting process of the growing tolerance – and indifference – of censorship board towards this kind of hermetic, non-epic prose: far from the official cultural course, but at the same time not coming into open conflict with it. Review of censors’ reception of the subsequent parts of Truchanowski’s novel can be seen as a contribution to the history of the so-called “socparnasizm” as well as to the history of the growing pragmatism of the censorship board (and its de-ideologization).

11

Routine But Ribald. Intimacy in Stefan Żeromski’s Journals

80%

Kościewicz K., Uniwersytet w Białymstoku I. F. P., kkosciewicz@gmail.com

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica

|

2016

|

vol. 37

|

issue 7

EN

Stefan Żeromski’s Journals concern mostly matters of intellectual (book, theatre, and exhibition reviews, writing techniques) and personal character, with the latter including some very intimate material. Żeromski was an exhibitionist in his writing. He described his autoerotic practices, his visits to brothels, details of sexual relationships with his mistresses, as well as some personal problems of his friends and acquaintances. The present analysis of the writer’s Journals focuses on how Żeromski tended to write about his intimate life, what matters and to what extent were treated as taboo by the author himself, by people from his closest circle, by readers of the manuscript version of his Journals, and finally, by editors and publishers of two 20th-century editions of his work. Taking this perspective, the close reading of Żeromski’s Journals will thus concentrate on issues such as private life, taboo, censorship and self-censorship.

12

Meandry i paradoksy międzywojennej cenzury filmowej w Polsce

80%

HENDRYKOWSKA M.

Images. The International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication

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2016

|

vol. 18

|

issue 27

63-86

EN

Meanders and paradoxes of interwar film censorship in Poland The article concerns film censorship in Poland in the interwar period. The first detailed rules on censorship appeared in February 1919. Due to the small level of film production, these provisions related primarily to distribution and screenings. The detailed instructions for censors from 1920 cited in the text contain a long list of prohibitions concerning the presentation of scenes and images “contrary to law and public morality.” In practice, film was subject to political, moral, military, religious, and also artistic censorship. The article presents the ways to circumvent censorship guidelines used by distributors and cinema owners, as well as a critical evaluation of the activities of this institution in the eyes of film publicists.

PL

Meanders and paradoxes of interwar fi lm censorship in Poland The article concerns film censorship in Poland in the interwar period. The first detailed rules on censorship appeared in February 1919. Due to the small level of film production, these provisions related primarily to distribution and screenings. The detailed instructions for censors from 1920 cited in the text contain a long list of prohibitions concerning the presentation of scenes and images “contrary to law and public morality.” In practice, film was subject to political, moral, military, religious, and also artistic censorship. The article presents the ways to circumvent censorship guidelines used by distributors and cinema owners, as well as a critical evaluation of the activities of this institution in the eyes of film publicists.

13

PRZEŁOM CZY KONTYNUACJA? CENZURA W OBLICZU POLSKIEGO PAŹDZIERNIKA 19561, CZ. 2

80%

Gogol B.

Colloquium Wydziału Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych AMW

|

2017

|

issue 2

5-26

EN

The present article is a contribution to the history of post-war preventive censorship in the Polish People’s Republic, as well as an attempt to grasp the full scale of manipulations perpetrated against both authors and audience of the censored media — literally of ‘fabricating’ of other people’s texts. The purposes of institutional censorship were constant, prior to and after 1956. In brief, they consisted in: permanent, preventive control of all mass media, of each, even the most simple, piece of information publicised in any way. The censorship, in its official capacity, was interested in publications in all walks of life. The scale of the censoring is astonishing, even today. The presence of introductory, preventive censorship in Poland was commonly known, but its actual scale, basis and content of interferences or confi scations were kept secret from public. It was a mechanism precisely controlled through secret or confi dential regulations. important is the evaluation of meticulousness of the censorial interferences of the ‘red pencil’ and their accuracy to the intentions of the authors of regulations — decision-makers from the Polish United Workers’ Party or state institutions. These regulations determined a field of activity for a censor; they regulated information meant for a Jan Kowalski, an ordinary Polish citizen. They reveal ‘obsessions’ of the state authorities in the period of Polish Stalinism, for instance in the specific scope of state secrets. The control over the expression was only one of many duties of the censorship. An important matter was to present a consultative role of the office, appraisal of the work done by editorial staff, publishers, writers, journalists and even scientific researchers. Censure reduced or intensified its operation according to the actual situation in the country and the policy of the state authorities. There was a difference between its work before and after ‘the Thaw’ of October 1956. Each of the two periods had its own censoring obsessions and priorities. After the parliamentary elections of January 1947 a monopoly over the propaganda information was imposed, in a spilit of Stalinism leaving its stamp on almost all spheres of public life. Censorship played in the process a role of orthodox guard of the unreal image of the political system being imposed on the country. After 1956, in the wake of the October Thaw, its role changed a little but did not weaken. It is evident in the fact that censors themselves began to call into question some of the regulations but it had no infl uence on the core of censoring operations. The decree on censorship was not changed. The extent of censorial control was not thoroughly specified and the scale of information manipulation was not reduced. After a short reorganizational chaos censors carried out their duties on the basis of methods worked out in the first years of the existence of the office. The final year of 1958 was marked by an evident end of the Thaw, the ban on criticising ‘the Party line’, and a beginning of the so-called Little Stabilisation, in maintaining of which censorship was to play an important role, thus the usefulness of its existence for the regime was not discredited.

14

Непубликуваните фикционални текстове (Васил Попович и Асен Христофоров)

80%

Аретов Н.

Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne

|

2020

|

issue 19

149-168

EN

This paper deals with some texts from the archives of two authors from different periods. These texts were not published by the authors in their lifetime. The reason was not some kind of censorship, especially in the case of Vasil Popovich, who probably had some scruples dealing with events from the private life of his opponent Konstantin Jireček. Asen Hristoforov, a writer who was expelled from the University and sent to a labor camp, did not offer texts about his time in the labor camp for publishing. However, in this published texts there are hints about the repressions he suffered and about his disapproval of the communist regime. At the same time, there was a tension between his criticism and his attempt to partially accept the official perspective towards some events and political figures of Bulgarian communist past.

15

PRZEŁOM CZY KONTYNUACJA? CENZURA W OBLICZU POLSKIEGO PAŹDZIERNIKA 1956, CZ. 1

80%

Gogol B.

Colloquium Wydziału Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych AMW

|

2016

|

issue 4

19-45

EN

The present article is a contribution to the history of post-war preventive censorship in the Polish People’s Republic, as well as an attempt to grasp the full scale of manipulations perpetrated against both authors and audience of the censored media — literally of ‘fabricating’ of other people’s texts. The purposes of institutional censorship were constant, prior to and after 1956. In brief, they consisted in: permanent, preventive control of all mass media, of each, even the most simple, piece of information publicised in any way. The censorship, in its official capacity, was interested in publications in all walks of life. The scale of the censoring is astonishing, even today. The presence of introductory, preventive censorship in Poland was commonly known, but its actual scale, basis and content of interferences or confi scations were kept secret from public. It was a mechanism precisely controlled through secret or confi dential regulations. important is the evaluation of meticulousness of the censorial interferences of the ‘red pencil’ and their accuracy to the intentions of the authors of regulations — decision-makers from the Polish United Workers’ Party or state institutions. These regulations determined a field of activity for a censor; they regulated information meant for a Jan Kowalski, an ordinary Polish citizen. They reveal ‘obsessions’ of the state authorities in the period of Polish Stalinism, for instance in the specifi c scope of state secrets. The control over the expression was only one of many duties of the censorship. An important matter was to present a consultative role of the office, appraisal of the work done by editorial staff, publishers, writers, journalists and even scientific researchers. Censure reduced or intensified its operation according to the actual situation in the country and the policy of the state authorities. There was a difference between its work before and after ‘the Thaw’ of October 1956. Each of the two periods had its own censoring obsessions and priorities. After the parliamentary elections of January 1947 a monopoly over the propaganda information was imposed, in a spilit of Stalinism leaving its stamp on almost all spheres of public life. Censorship played in the process a role of orthodox guard of the unreal image of the political system being imposed on the country. After 1956, in the wake of the October Thaw, its role changed a little but did not weaken. It is evident in the fact that censors themselves began to call into question some of the regulations but it had no infl uence on the core of censoring operations. The decree on censorship was not changed. The extent of censorial control was not thoroughly specified and the scale of information manipulation was not reduced. After a short reorganizational chaos censors carried out their duties on the basis of methods worked out in the first years of the existence of the office. The final year of 1958 was marked by an evident end of the Thaw, the ban on criticising ‘the Party line’, and a beginning of the so-called Little Stabilisation, in maintaining of which censorship was to play an important role, thus the usefulness of its existence for the regime was not discredited.

16

Politics, Poetics and “the Tragedy of Existence”. The Reception of Młyny Boże [the Mills of God] Novel Series by Kazimierz Truchanowski by the Censorship Bureau

80%

Mojsak K.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica

|

2016

|

vol. 37

|

issue 7

85-94

EN

The article analyzes the censorship board’s reception of Kazimierz Truchanowski’s novel cycle The Mills of the God, published between 1961 and 1967. The analysis gives an insight into the interesting process of the growing tolerance – and indifference – of censorship board towards this kind of hermetic, non-epic prose: far from the official cultural course, but at the same time not coming into open conflict with it. Review of censors’ reception of the subsequent parts of Truchanowski’s novel can be seen as a contribution to the history of the so-called “socparnasizm” as well as to the history of the growing pragmatism of the censorship board (and its de-ideologization).

17

Theatre and Drama of Socialist Realism in the Context of Cryptotexts (Based on MKiS and WUKPPiW Material)

80%

Wiśniewska-Grabarczyk A.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica

|

2016

|

vol. 37

|

issue 7

73-84

EN

The main goal of the article is to offer a description of cryptotexts of theatre staging handbooks and dramatic works created in Poland during the socialist realism period. A cryptotext is a secret text which is the result of a purposeful act of subterfuge. In the article, I present selected cryptotexts – reviews produced in the Ministry of Culture and Art (MKiS) and censorship reviews of the dramatic works submitted for evaluation to the Voivodship Control Bureau for Press, Main Office of Control of Press, Publications and Shows (WUKPPiW). The archives contain evaluation of works which have been published in subsequent years as well as those which remained only in their draft form. Analysis of the evaluations of ministry officials reveal the mechanisms for allowing and withholding submitted dramatic works and a theatre staging handbook which shows the practices of publishing theatrical works. An analysis of different evaluations of the same text allows for a hypothesis that the main aim of cryptotexts was the evaluation of ideological correctness of submitted works. Despite this main function it is possible to point out specific passages in the statements by the WUKPPiW officials which are similar to statements of Ministry officials. In both cases the evaluation pertains to the content and the planned fulfilment of the work and plays mainly a didactic function.

18

Routine But Ribald. Intimacy in Stefan Żeromski’s Journals

80%

Kościewicz K.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica

|

2016

|

vol. 37

|

issue 7

203-220

EN

Stefan Żeromski’s Journals concern mostly matters of intellectual (book, theatre, and exhibition reviews, writing techniques) and personal character, with the latter including some very intimate material. Żeromski was an exhibitionist in his writing. He described his autoerotic practices, his visits to brothels, details of sexual relationships with his mistresses, as well as some personal problems of his friends and acquaintances. The present analysis of the writer’s Journals focuses on how Żeromski tended to write about his intimate life, what matters and to what extent were treated as taboo by the author himself, by people from his closest circle, by readers of the manuscript version of his Journals, and finally, by editors and publishers of two 20th-century editions of his work. Taking this perspective, the close reading of Żeromski’s Journals will thus concentrate on issues such as private life, taboo, censorship and self-censorship.

19

Literackie pisma bezdebitowe we Wrocławiu w latach 1976–1989

80%

Urbaniak P.

Rocznik Historii Prasy Polskiej

|

2011

|

vol. 14

|

issue 1-2(27-28)

189-208

EN

The article surveys the most important samizdat literary magazines published in Wrocław in 1976–1989. Apart from outlining the profile of each of those magazines it also presents a unique group of literary publications which, though not part of the underground press, were not subject to the censor’s clearance. Finally, the article considers the aims, the methods and the effects of the Security Service operations aimed at penetrating the editorial teams of the underground magazines

20

Primum non nocere, czyli o ukrytej dominancie w przekładzie

80%

Manasterska‑Wiącek E.

Między Oryginałem a Przekładem

|

2012

|

vol. 18

331-348

EN

The author of the above article analyses two translations of the novel by J. Korczak Król Maciuś Pierwszy, both of which were done when censorship in the Soviet Union seemed to flourish. Her consideration leads to searching for the answer to the following question: how did the influence of censorship affect the translations themselves. As it appears, numerous changes in one of the translations are not the outcome of the interference of the censorship but strategically crafted solutions on the part of the translator. What undergoes modification, apart from elements referring to God and religion, centers round individuals considered to be brutal, hardly acceptable or non‑standard for the target culture of the translation etc. On the basis of the research done the author suggests introducing the notions of a euphemistic equivalent and hidden dominant in the translation.

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