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EN
In 2015, the WHO Centre for Health Development established an international team of researchers to study cases of Community-Based Social Innovations that Support Older People in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. The key criterion for the selection of the analyzed projects was the direct involvement of institutional and non-institutional representatives of local communities in the implementation of projects whose main purpose was to support and activate older people. The conceptual and methodological assumptions did not refer to the idea of co-production. However, the conceptual apparatus used and the scope of the conducted exploration justify attempts to determine the potential for occurrence of the senior co-production within these initiatives. The “senior” character of the potential co-production was deliberately emphasized here, because in the presented analysis, the author focused mainly on the characteristics of activities undertaken by elderly people who each time constituted a group of basic beneficiaries (recipients) of organized services.
EN
Public service delivery has never been the area of a state monopoly, but the process of the “destatization” of public service delivery accelerated with the wave of new public management (NPM). The competition between private suppliers of public services was expected to reduce public expenditures and improve the quality of services. However, current scepticism towards NPM triggered the revival of the idea of co-production, i.e. direct participation of citizens in public service delivery. This paper reviews the practices of co-production in European health care systems. It is based on an extensive definition of co-production, not only including co-delivery, but also co-planning, co-financing and co- -evaluation. The existing evidence regarding the effects of co-production is also reviewed.
EN
Co-production is a term that has been used to describe arrangements where receivers of services are also involved in producing them. This type of arrangements can be found in a wide range of services and situations, which has stretched the concept of co-production to a point where its meaning is becoming less clear. This paper presents research on co-production from two very different service areas that will show both commonalities and differences in the interpretation of the concept. What is at the core of the concept and how can co-production be transferred from one service area to another? These are questions addressed in this paper, using existing research on childcare and addiction treatment in Sweden.
PL
Autorka analizuje polsko-czechosłowacką koprodukcję filmową „Zadzwońcie do mojej żony” („Co řekne žena”, reż. Jaroslav Mach, 1958) w optyce produkcyjno-kulturowej. W artykule zostało zarysowane tło metodologiczne umożliwiające badanie koprodukcji w krajach socjalistycznych, następnie autorka przedstawiła główne uwarunkowania współpracy polsko-czechosłowackiej w latach 1948-1958. Analiza powstawania filmu „Zadzwońcie do mojej żony”, pierwszej powojennej koprodukcji polsko-czechosłowackiej, ukazuje realizację filmu jako pole ścierania się sprzecznych dążeń i interesów.
EN
The author looks at the Polish-Czechoslovak co-production “What Will My Wife Say to This?” (“Co řekne žena”, dir. Jaroslav Mach, 1958) through the lens of production and culture. This article presents methodology that enables the study of co-production in the socialist countries. Further the author presents the main determinants of Polish-Czechoslovak cooperation in the years of 1948-1958. The analysis of the making of the film “What Will My Wife Say to This?”, the first post-war Czechoslovak-Polish co-production, shows the making of a film as a field of clashing of conflicting aspirations and interests.
EN
Co-production is a new term in Poland; however it has received significant recognition throughout the Western European countries of Europe. Co-production has been used to describe the participation of citizens, also gathered in third sector organisations, in the formulation (setting the directions and tools) and implementation (the provision and management of public services) of various public policies. These types of arrangements can also be found in early childhood education and care in Poland, as is presented in this study. This paper thereby attempts to investigate the state of the art of co-production, including its threelevels – co-production at the service of delivery, co-management and co-governance – in education, paying special attention to the early stage of childcare and education devoted to children at the ages of 3–5. In addition to this, the study endeavours to define the most important obstacles which hinder co-production in early childhood education and care in Poland, with reference to the structural, social and economic factors.
XX
The OECD considers co-production an important social innovation. This paper discusses alternative definitions of innovation, since traditional definitions, employed by economists for industry and manufacture, do not fit well with public service provision. It then presents some definitions of co-production, discusses the relationship between staff and their clients, and asks whether co-production is based on individual acts, collective action or both. It briefly discusses several factors that can contribute to making coproduction more sustainable. This paper concludes that governments should develop more flexible, service specific and organization specific approaches for promoting co-production, rather than looking for simple “one size fits all” solutions to the challenges facing public service delivery in the 21st Century, particularly for enduring welfare services. Finally, it recommends more research to promote sustainable co-production.
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XX
Co-production is very common phenomenon in our everyday lives. We are inclined to assist in the production of services that are delivered to us. The work of Elinor Ostrom shows that it is reasonable to consider co-production as an important element in the production of public services. This paper aims to show what co-production is, the kind of implications co-production has for the performance of public administration, and how co-production can influence the political system as a whole. Co-production, on the one hand, could lead to minor changes in the way the welfare state functions; and, on the other hand, co-production could serve as the basis for a new, complex, polycentric political system.
EN
While the notions of social services co-production and older people productivity have already been employed in the academic literature independently of one another, the relationship between the two has not been established yet. The article proposes a pioneering conceptual model that combines these two issues. Since the proposal is novel, the article introduces the concepts that allow to operationalize the model as well as the graphic diagram that explains the relationships between these concepts. The article presents social services co-production as a potential source of the personal and social productivity among the older people generated by the use of their human and social capital. Its aim is to stimulate a debate on this crucial topic and invite for a further development of the proposed conceptual model.
EN
Objective: New public governance is one of the most popular paradigms in public administration management. The aim of this article is to examine the co-production of public services, which is gaining interest in many European countries, including Poland, and to find out how co-production is defined, what the reasons to pay attention to this tool are, how we can distinguish between different models of co-production and, last but not least, what the possibilities and drawbacks of introducing it into practice are. Research Design & Methods: The article is a literature review based on the most important public management journals. Findings: In conclusion, the author shows new ways of defining co-production and presents a proposal for further research strategies for the co-production of public services. Implications / Recommendations: The meaning of co-production of public services has varied over the last few years due to the fact that various new elements have emerged. Therefore there is still a huge field, to cover such as conducting research about the use of social media in the co-production of public services. Contribution / Value Added: The most recent literature review about co-production was conducted by Vooberg in 2014. As a result, this article refreshes the knowledge about it and proposes a new research agenda for the future.
EN
The co-creation/co-production paradigm received significant attention in the last decades from Public Administration managers, officials, and scholars as a viable tool to overcome the limits of the New Public Management framework. Some scholars recognise that co-creation can be the basis for building an alternative administration model called New Public Governance. Other research found that co-creation is an innovative practice in the social investment policy frame. A more recent EU research project examines the idea and practice of co-creation in public services informed by lived experience pilots in 10 European countries. This paper presents the Italian case as an example of an institutional configuration open to the citizens’ participation in the co-design of public services. The paper is organised as follows. In the first paragraph, we illustrate the recent development of the legislation concerning the participation of citizens and civil society organisations in designing and delivering public services and/or management of common goods. The second paragraph deals with a deep analysis of “grey material” and scientific publications concerning the history, evolution and future perspectives of the “Shared Administration” procedures. The third paragraph presents a case study of collaboration between citizens, Third Sector/Civil Society Organisations (TSO/CSO) and public administration at the local level (Municipality of Bologna). The conclusive paragraph summarises the key findings of our study.
EN
Aim/purpose – The purpose of this article was to identify the information and communication technology (ICT) tools fostering the co-production of social services, acknowledging that the technological environment is an important contextual condition enhancing the development of co-production. Design/methodology/approach – The method used was systematic literature review (SLR). Findings – As a result of the review, the catalog of solutions and tools offered by information and communication technologies was presented. The results of the research carried out indicate that the co-production of social services is favored by the use of such ICT tools as mobile applications, crowdsourcing, open data, big data, real-time data collection and analysis, gamification, and social media. Research implications/limitations – The main implication of the research is the comprehensive catalog of ICT tools that can be used to facilitate social service co-production. ICT tools also favor the emergence of new forms of co-production; there-fore, the acquaintance of these tools can accelerate this process. The study is constrained by several limitations. The study is constrained by several limitations. First, applied methodology, which is qualitative, analyzes secondary data. Second, the co-production in the social services area includes many and various services, and ICT application and impact can differ by specific type of service. Originality/value/contribution – This paper contributes to research on the co-production of social services, particularly in terms of the use of new technologies in this process, in two ways. First, the development of the catalog of ICT tools favoring social service co-production. Their application fosters the involvement of contextual actors, increasing the efficiency, effectiveness, and quality of social services. In this way, the social service co-production contributes to better addressing the citizens’ needs, increasing their quality of life and well-being, and unleashing their potential. Second, by taking the PSL perspective and situating factors favoring co-production within a service ecosystem framework, this paper draws attention to public value emerging from new relations, extensive dialogue, deliberation, common arrangements, and collaborative activity in virtual communities.
EN
Co-production of public services is an increasingly popular tool in public management, although it is still a new phenomenon in Poland. Despite the attention researchers give to co-production, some significant gaps remain. In this article, the author attempts to examine the legal possibility of implementing co-production by the Polish local government by local initiative and Solecki Fund. The article aims to examine how major Polish cities gathered in Union in Polish Metropolises used local initiatives. The next step in research is to find out how Solecki Fund is spread among rural areas according to statistical data. It is proved that only a handful of local governments in Poland are truly engaged in co-production. However, Solecki Fund can be shown as an excellent example of citizens’ engagement. It is presented a possible agenda on what can be done to make co-production more popular and used on a regular basis not only in metropolitan but also rural areas.
EN
The text is a reflection on emergence of the social model for provision of public services in Poland and, in particular, on the state of our current knowledge of this process. The paper consists of two parts. The first presents, in a developmental approach, the main components of this model, i.e. co-planning, co-production, co-governance and co-management. The second part contains a brief description of the state of affairs with regard to each of the components, in the light of recent research. As it turns out, co-planning and co-production remain largely unrecognised phenomena in Poland, whereas the knowledge of co-governance and co-management is remarkably greater, thanks to research on the socalled intersector cooperation, i.e., the cooperation between public administration and the third sector. The research indicates that the state of current cooperation is characterised by a strong asymmetry.
PL
W reakcji na krytykę dominującego w ostatnich dziesięcioleciach rynkowego paradygmatu usług publicznych, rozwijają się koncepcje proponujące korektę modelu rynkowego lub odejście od niego na rzecz całkowicie nowych wzorców funkcjonowania administracji usługowej. Do pierwszej kategorii można zaliczyć promowanie udziału podmiotów ekonomii społecznej w zapewnieniu usług publicznych, podczas gdy drugi kierunek reprezentuje zwłaszcza koncepcja obywatelskiej koprodukcji usług publicznych. W artykule przedstawiono porównanie teoretycznych założeń obu wizji. Prowadzi ono do wniosku, że koprodukcja i udział przedsiębiorców społecznych w zapewnieniu usług publicznych to koncepcje nie tylko w wielu punktach zbieżne, ale też komplementarne.
EN
The end of hegemony of market-based paradigm of public services enhanced theoretical debate on alternative models for public service delivery. One approach includes fostering participation of social economy actors in providing public services, while others are more focused on promoting the concept of citizens’ co-production in planning, financing and delivering public services. The article provides theoretical considerations on the relations between both concepts. Author concludes that, despite different assumptions and origin, both concepts offer complementary and consistent vision of more participatory and less profitoriented public service delivery.
PL
Na przestrzeni ostatnich dwoch dekad w Wielkiej Brytanii znacznie wzrosło zainteresowanie przedsiębiorstwami społecznymi. Brytyjscy politycy zaczęli dostrzegać ich potencjał w tworzeniu i dostarczaniu usług dla społeczeństwa oraz pozytywny wpływ na rozwoj społeczno-ekonomiczny kraju. Wyzwania stojące przed rządzącą w latach 1997–2010 partią lewicową, a następnie obecną rządową koalicją konserwatywno-liberalną zaowocowały nowymi ideologicznymi rozwiązaniami mającymi na celu usprawnienie funkcjonowania państwa. Wzrosła m.in. rola organizacji pozarządowych oraz samej ludności w rozwiązywaniu lokalnych problemow. Na znaczeniu zyskała także koprodukcja, czyli wspołpraca między dostarczającymi usługi, a jej odbiorcami, traktowana jako nowy sposob rozwiązywania problemow państwa. Obecny kierunek brytyjskiej polityki sugeruje więc odejście od tzw. „państwa opiekuńczego” i formowanie „państwa umożliwiającego”, w ktorym obywatele angażują się w zaspokajanie społeczno-ekonomicznych potrzeb w innowacyjny sposob. Bazując na przykładzie Wielkiej Brytanii, artykuł ten odnosi się do uwarunkowań politycznych oraz ograniczeń związanych z funkcjonowaniem przedsiębiorstw społecznych w tym kraju. Ponadto artykuł prezentuje wyzwania, przed ktorymi stoją przedsiębiorstwa społeczne na terenie UK oraz nawiązuje do empirycznych wynikow jednego z projektow Unii Europejskiej, ktorego celem było przetestowanie koncepcji przedsiębiorstwa społecznego. Prowadzona dyskusja autorow nawiązuje do istotnych kwestii bytu i możliwości rozwoju przedsiębiorstw społecznych w omawianym państwie oraz kierunkow zmian, jakie muszą nastąpić, aby przedsiębiorstwa społeczne mogły się rozwijać.
EN
In Great Britain within the period of last two decades the interest in social firm has significantly grown up. British politicians have become to acknowledge their potential in producing and delivering services for local community as well as their positive impact on socio-economic development of the country. The challenges facing Labour Party in 1997–2010 and the present Conservative-Liberal coalition have brought about new ideological solutions aiming to make more effective the functions of the state. The role of NGO’s and citizens in solving local problems has grown up. The co-production, that is co-operation between service deliverers and their receivers perceived as a new way to solve the problems of the state has become more important. The present trend in British policy suggests thus to withdraw from welfare state and to form enabling state, within which the citizens are involved in meeting their socio-economic needs in the innovative way. In the analysis of the Great Britain example the paper deals with political conditions and limitations related to the operation of social firms. The article also presents the challenges the British social firms face and recalls the empirical outcomes of the one of the EU project, which aimed to test the concept of social firm. The discussion of the authors touches the essential question of social firms existence and their opportunities to develop as well as the trends of change that have to be brought about in order to further develop social firms.
EN
In the last couple of years, the concept of knowledge co-production has become more prominent. However, the meaning of the term and its relationship with the evidence-based policy (EBP) remains ambiguous. The main objectives of the review were to describe how the co-production of knowledge has been defined, the roles that individual actors can play in the process and the relationship between knowledge co-production and the evidence-based policy approach. The author asserted that the knowledge co-production was treated by the researchers both as a participatory research method and as an institutional solution for better policy implementation.
PL
W ostatnich latach pojęcie koprodukcji wiedzy zyskuje na znaczeniu. Wyrażenie to pozostaje jednak niejasne, podobnie jak jego związek z nurtem tworzenia polityki publicznej opartego na dowodach naukowych (evidence-based policy). Niniejszy artykuł, mający charakter przeglądowy, ma na celu przedstawienie, w jaki sposób, w wybranych publikacjach ważnych z punktu widzenia debaty naukowej na ten temat, rozumiana jest koprodukcja wiedzy. W tym - jak przedstawiane są role podmiotów uczestniczących w procesie koprodukcji wiedzy, a także jak kształtuje się związek między koprodukcją wiedzy a evidence-based policy. Analiza literatury umożliwia m.in. stwierdzenie, że koprodukcja wiedzy traktowana jest przez jej badaczy zarówno jako partycypacyjne podejście metodologiczne, jak i rozwiązanie instytucjonalne służące lepszej implementacji polityki.
PL
Artykuł stanowi studium polsko-kanadyjskiej koprodukcji – Cudownego dziecka (1987) Waldemara Dzikiego. Autor koncentruje się na rekonstrukcji przyczyn wejścia polskiej ekipy we współpracę z zachodnim kontrahentem oraz przygląda się procesowi produkcji, tropiąc, jak wpłynął on na kształt filmowego dzieła. W ten sposób opisuje specyfikę polskiej kinematografii schyłku PRL – zarówno w aspekcie ekonomicznym, jak i zmian w mentalności twórców oraz decydentów. Kulisy podpisania umowy ujawniają, jakie wartości okazały się niezbędne dla wejścia polskiej kinematografii na międzynarodowy rynek filmowy. Przypadek współpracy produkcyjnej między krajami z obu stron żelaznej kurtyny jest rozpatrywany w perspektywie krytycznej refleksji nad transnarodowością kina, przy wykorzystaniu koncepcji relacji władzy – zarówno soft, jak i hard – zaproponowanej przez Josepha Nye’a. Badany przykład wskazuje jednak przede wszystkim na rolę negocjacji w międzynarodowych koprodukcjach, która prowadzi do filmowych form hybrydycznych.
EN
The article is a study of the Polish-Canadian co-production The Young Magician (Cudowne dziecko, 1987), directed by Waldemar Dziki. The author focuses on reconstructing the Polish filmmakers’ reasons for undertaking a collaboration with the Western contractor and reflects on the production process, tracing how it influenced the shape of the film work. In this way, he describes the specificity of Polish cinematography of the declining period of the Polish People’s Republic – both in economic terms and in terms of changes in the mentality of artists and decision-makers. The background circumstances in which the agreement was signed reveal the values that proved to be crucial for Polish cinematography to enter the international film market. The case of production cooperation between countries from both sides of the Iron Curtain is examined in the perspective of a critical reflection on transnational cinema, using the concept of power relations – both soft and hard proposed by Joseph Nye. However, the example of The Young Magician above all points to the role of negotiation in international co-productions, which leads to hybrid film forms.
EN
Growing population of the elderly people causes has consequences for whole society and economy and also social and cultural relations. Therefore is necessarily to take actions that contribute to enhance the quality of the provision of social services provided to this group. To achieve this goal organizations which represents elderly people (for example Seniors Councils) should actively participate in actions undertaken in the local environment. Seniors Councils should become a partner supporting co-production process for local authorities and the local community. In order to achieve that it’s important to identify those factors that in the opinion of parties involved in partnership favor co-production. Knowledge on these phenomena is in turn necessary to properly prepare and take action in the local environment. This thesis contributed to the designed and conducted of field research aimed at identifying factors which organizational actors (representatives of the Seniors Council) perceive as favoring the creation of co-production in the process of providing public services (including social services). The conducted research was placed in the tradition of interpretative research in qualitative research in which the description of the phenomenon under investigation is a consequence of the description of reality based on the perception of the interlocutors. To the data collection were used the in-depth interviews (10 interviews with representatives of the Seniors Council from municipalities of the Silesian Region), the analysis of documents (reports on the evaluation of the results of current activities of the SC) and the participant observation. The analysis of interviews content (using the NVivo package) allowed for extract following factors that respondents considered as necessarily for initiating co-production in the local environment: (1) motivations to co-production, (2) ability to delegate power and share responsibility in undertaken actions, (3) inhabitants as a key services users, (4) ability to creating integrating structures, (5) identification and acceptance of risk and (6) trust.
PL
Wzrost populacji starszych osób rodzi skutki odczuwane przez całe społeczeństwo i rzutuje na gospodarkę, stosunki społeczne i kulturalne danego państwa. Stąd konieczność podejmowania działań, które przyczynią się do poprawy jakości świadczenia usług społecznych tej grupie społeczeństwa. W tym celu należy doprowadzić aktywnego włączenia się organizacji reprezentujących osoby starsze (np. Rady Seniorów) w działania podejmowane w środowisku lokalnym. Rady Seniorów powinny stać się tym partnerem dla lokalnej władzy i społeczności lokalnej, który przez aktywne działania wspierać będzie proces koprodukcji usług społecznych. Aby to osiągnąć, istotne jest zidentyfikowanie tych czynników, które w opinii zaangażowanych we współpracę podmiotów muszą wystąpić, aby koprodukcja usług mogła zaistnieć. Wiedza na temat tych zjawisk jest niezbędna, aby prawidłowo przygotowywać i podejmować działania w środowisku lokalnym. Tak postawiona teza przyczyniała się do zaprojektowania i przeprowadzenia badań terenowych, których celem było zidentyfikowanie zjawisk, które aktorzy organizacyjni (przedstawiciele Rad Seniorów) postrzegają jako sprzyjające powstaniu koprodukcji w procesie dostarczania usług publicznych, w tym społecznych. Przeprowadzone badanie umiejscowione zostało w tradycji badań interpretacyjnych w badaniach jakościowych, w których opis badanego zjawiska jest konsekwencją opisu rzeczywistości opartej na percepcji rozmówców. Zbieranie danych odbywało się w konsekwencji gromadzenia i analizy transkrypcji wywiadów pogłębionych (10 wywiadów z przedstawicielami Rad Seniorów działającymi w gminach województwa śląskiego), analizy dokumentów organizacyjnych (sprawozdań w zakresie oceny rezultatów dotychczasowej działalności Rad Seniorów) oraz obserwacji uczestniczącej. W wyniku analizy treści wywiadów (przy wykorzystania pakietu NVivo) wyodrębniono następujące zjawiska, które respondenci uznali za konieczne do tego, żeby koprodukcja w zakresie kreowania i dostarczania usług w środowisku lokalnym mogła zaistnieć: (1) motywacja do podejmowania działań, (2) umiejętność delegowania władzy i ponoszenia odpowiedzialności za podejmowanie działań, (3) traktowanie mieszkańców jako kluczowych odbiorców usług, (4) umiejętność tworzenia struktur integrujących, (5) identyfikacja i akceptacja ryzyka oraz (6) zaufanie.
PL
Idea koprodukcji odzwierciedla postulaty koncepcji współzarządzania w dziedzinie organizacji systemu usług publicznych. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia genezę koncepcji koprodukcji usług publicznych oraz na podstawie przeglądu międzynarodowej literatury ilustruje aktualny stan debaty na temat korzyści wynikających z zastosowania tego modelu usług publicznych, czynników stymulujących jego rozwój oraz ograniczeń, wyzwań i potencjalnych zagrożeń związanych z jego upowszechnianiem. W podsumowaniu autor podejmuje próbę skonstruowania kompleksowej definicji koprodukcji, zwracając szczególną uwagę na elementy odróżniające ją od dwóch głównych modeli zarządzania usługami publicznymi – etatystycznego i rynkowego.
EN
The idea of co-production is the result of the application of governance theory to the organization of public service delivery. This paper presents the genesis of the concept of co-production of public services, and, on the basis of a review of international literature, it describes the current state of the debate on the benefits of co-production, factors stimulating its development, as well as constraints, challenges and potential risks associated with its dissemination. In summary, the author attempts to construct a comprehensive definition of co-production, paying special attention to the elements distinguishing it from the two dominant paradigms of public service delivery – the statist and the market-based model.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest idei koprodukcji rozumianej jako świadomy i celowy współudział obywateli w organizacji i świadczeniu usług publicznych. Zagadnienie to przedstawiono w kontekście procesu globalnego starzenia się jako zjawiska, które skutkuje koniecznością podejmowania działań służących zabezpieczeniu potrzeb rosnącej populacji osób starszych. Podstawę empirycznej części rozważań stanowiło badanie zrealizowane pod egidą jednej z agend Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO) – Centrum Rozwoju Zdrowia w Kobe. Obejmowało ono analizę studiów przypadków inicjatyw kierowanych do seniorów w lokalnych środowiskach dziesięciu wybranych krajów rozwijających się (Chile, Chiny, Iran, Liban, Rosja, Serbia, Sri Lanka, Tajlandia, Ukraina, Wietnam). Kluczowe kryterium wyboru analizowanych projektów stanowiło bezpośrednie zaangażowanie w ich realizację instytucjonalnych i pozainstytucjonalnych przedstawicieli społeczności lokalnych. Autor jako uczestnik (badacz) tego międzynarodowego przedsięwzięcia podjął próbę analizy możliwych do zaobserwowania przejawów senioralnej koprodukcji charakteryzujących poszczególne inicjatywy.
EN
The article discusses the idea of co-production, understood as informed and intentional participation of citizens in the organisation and provision of public services in the context of the global ageing process, a phenomenon which necessitates actions aimed to secure the needs of older people. The basis for the empirical investigation was a study carried out under the aegis of a WHO agency, the Centre for Health Development in Kobe, Japan. It offers an analysis of the case studies of initiatives addressed to elderly people in the local communities of 10 selected developing countries (Chile, China, Iran, Libya, Russia, Serbia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Ukraine, Vietnam). The key criterion in the selection of the analysed projects was direct involvement of institutional and non-institutional representatives of local communities in their implementation. As a participant (researcher) of this international survey, the author analyses the observable manifestations of silver co-production characterising the individual initiatives.
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