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Pravdivé a poctivé odpisy

100%
EN
The valuation of assets and correct capture depreciations is activity having an impact on the amount of the reported assets and economic result process. The report deals with the issue of depreciation of the tangible fixed assets. Some of methods determination of the depreciation is presented. Attention has also been devoted to the new access to determination rates depreciation on the base of the mathematical model of the investment process.
EN
Research background: In determining the prices in road transport, carriers usually use the calculations based on a so-called routes utilisation coefficient, which allows the carrier to also take the possibility of the return rides without load into account. Currently, it is usually used as a constant from the interval from zero to one. Purpose of the article: Considering a different offer of return transport from individual European Union (EU) countries, it can be assumed that the routes utilisation coefficient should have different values because there is a varying level of non-zero probability that the vehicle will return without a load. This study therefore proposes a new approach to determining the value of this coefficient based on transport direction. The study also aims to identify clusters of EU countries, for which the common value of the coefficient should be set. Methods: The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used to verify the assumption of the differences among the means of transport offers. Cluster analysis was used to identify the aforementioned groups of countries. This analysis is based on real data on transport offers to Slovakia from 18 different EU countries. Findings & value added: The results of the analysis can also be used in other EU countries because if significant differences in transport offers to Slovakia exist in individual countries, there is a reasonable assumption that this conclusion will also be valid in other countries. The analysis demonstrated that it is more appropriate to use the routes utilisation coefficient with various values, dependent on the transport direction. For the transport companies, implementation of the obtained results into practice is beneficial to increase their competitiveness through the more precise setting of transport prices, but also to the optimisation of the transport price itself with regard to the expected costs.
EN
This study explored educational cost using a multidimensional scaling approach. Undergraduates rated how similar 11 items on task value and cost were with one another. Results show that cost has two dimensions, each consisting of two clusters. In one dimension, cost is separated from task value components; in the other, cost is clustered with task value components. Findings imply nuances of cost in the context of goal theory, motivation, and emotion.
EN
Costs are one of the fundamental economic categories characterising the achievements of business entities. The costs incurred by companies stem from the coexistence of various factors, whose occurrence is affected by the volatility of the external and internal environment. Therefore, costs are inherently connected with the risk that the incurred costs will differ from those assumed and postulated. Costs can thus be seen as an economic value subject to risk. This article concerns the risks of business entities, associated with incurring costs. The article presents the nature and sources of cost risk and the impact of various types of economic risk on the costs. It also presents the essence of risk management associated with costs incurred by the company. Particular attention was paid to assessing the level of cost risk on the basis of the deviations of incurred values from the postulated ones.
EN
The article discusses a role of budgetary control as a method of financial management in the housing community during the period of 2011-2015. As the research methods there were used the analysis of the budgets, as well as deductive and inductive reasoning for conclusions. The analysis of the budgets and their implementation in 2011-2015 shows that budgetary control is successfully used to manage community’s finances. It allowed the community to reduce certain categories of costs significantly. The analysis undertaken by the community venture shows that manifestations of budgetary control are present in its activities, taking into account feed-back and also feed-forward.
EN
Agri-environmental programmes should be designed, implemented and evaluated on the basis of the use of the acquis of the new welfare economics, and in particular its part referred to as cost-benefit analysis. Then, there is a chance that the public goods and internalised externalities offered by the farmers will be optimised. Subsequently, it will be possible to properly define the in-crease in total costs and the effects occurring in the farms that choose to partici-pate in the available agri-environmental projects. This means that the rates of payments to farmers for agri-environmental services will be calculated on an objectified basis. In a larger scope, it will be possible then to rely on the diversity of rates of remuneration of farmers. This way, it will be possible to improve cost and allocation efficiency of the programmes themselves and to streamline public expenditure incurred on the agri-environmental policy and to reduce the welfare losses caused by taxation.
EN
Research of efficiency of agricultural production in the agricultural enterprises of Ukraine. The basic tendencies and peculiarities of agricultural enterprises. Shows the dynamics of profitability of major products crops and livestock. The most acceptable ways of increasing efficiency in silhospodarskyh enterprises in terms of European integration.
EN
This article deals with the use of stochastic model for determination of the optimal quantity of supply of supplier to automotive industry. Today manager’s practice emphasizes the decrease of stocks. The main issues considered in this topic are: the mathematical stochastic stock model to determine the optimal quantity supply.
Pieniądze i Więź
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2018
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vol. 21
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issue 2(79)
106-111
PL
W artykule przedstawia się wybrane kierunki analizy kosztów. W pierwszej części omówiono zagadnienia związane z analizą kosztów w ujęciu porównawczym i przyczynowym, w płaszczyznach ich struktury, dynamiki i odchyleń. W artykule odniesiono się również do kluczowych celów zarządzania kosztami. Zarządzanie kosztami uznano za element procesu doskonalenia działalności przedsiębiorstwa, odnosząc ich analizę do obszarów strategicznego i operacyjnego zarządzania.
EN
The article presents selected directions of cost analysis. The first part discusses issues related to cost analysis in a comparative and causal perspective, on their structure, dynamics’ and deviations’ levels. The article also refers to the key objectives of cost management. Cost management was considered an element of the company's business improvement process, referring its analysis to the areas of strategic and operational management.
RU
Аннотация. В кризисном состоянии экономики предприятиям Казахстана необходимо выявление и использование внутрипроизводственных резервов на уровне каждого подразделения предприятия. Внутрихозяйственный расчет обеспечит существенную экономию расходов путем выявления скрытых и явных резервов производства, способен оптимизировать численный профессиональный состав трудовых коллективов, улучшит качество сложившейся нормативной базы, следовательно, планово – учетную и контрольную работу за ходом выполнения хозрасчетных заданий. Факторный анализ, произведенный на основе показателей хозрасчетных заданий, обеспечит выпуск востребованной рынком продукции в нужных объемах и расширения ее ассортимента. Цель исследования. Провести детальный анализ соответствия ассортиментной стратегии предприятия реалиям и запросам потенциальных потребителей. Обеспечить прибыльную работу предприятия при наибольших возможностях использования производственных мощностей. Методы исследования. Сравнительный анализ выполнения производственных расчетных заданий с выявлением проблемных участков и убыточности определенных направлений, балансовый метод применяется с учетом доведения производственной программы до подразделений и оценка результативности реализованной программы, абстрактно-логический метод применяется при описании теоретической части статьи с учетом логики построения научного исследования. Выводы. Проведением факторного анализа в статье аргументированно показывается взаимосвязь в доле прибыли объема выпускаемой продукции, ее цены и себестоимости, что позволит предприятию четко определить, на что следует обратить внимание предприятию при планировании своей ассортиментной политики по каждой товарной позиции. Определен перечень групп товаров и продукции необходимый для наращивания объема производства, а также те товарные группы, которые рекомендованы к исключению из производственной программы. Представлены и просчитаны варианты дополнений видов и разновидностей продукции для расширения ассортимента выпускаемой продукции с целью получения большей доли прибыли предприятием.
EN
Economic downfall of Kazakhstan’s companies demands the finding and using of intraproductive stock of every unit of enterprise. Internal self-sufficiency provides significant cost savings by exposure of company’s secret and obvious reserves; find the optimization of the numerical professional composition of labor collectives; improve the quality of the existing regulatory framework, and therefore plan and accounting and control work for the implementation of self-supporting assignments. Factor analysis produced on the basis of indicators of self-supporting tasks will ensure the production of products in demand by the market in the right quantities and expansion of its range. Purpose. To perform the detailed analysis of the assortment strategy conformity of the enterprise to the realities and needs of potential consumers. To provide the profitable operation of the enterprise with the more possibilities of using production capacities. Methods. Comparative analysis of the performance of production tasks with the identification of problem areas and loss-making of certain areas, the balance method is applied taking into account the completion of the production program to the paragraph and evaluation of the effectiveness of the implemented program, the abstract logical method using the logical construction of scientific research. Results. The article shows reasonably the correlation in the profit share of the volume of output, its price and cost by carrying out factor analysis which will allow the enterprise to clearly determine whereon there should be paid attention to the enterprise while planning its assortment policy for each commodity item. The list of groups of goods and products necessary for increasing the volume of production as well as those commodity groups that are recommended for exclusion from theproduction program is defined. Presented and calculated variants of additions to types and varieties of products to expand the range of products to achieve a greater share of profit by the enterprise.
EN
The present research is the first part of econometric study of the so called sponsored goods and looks at one of the most common types of such goods namely art products created by theaters, concert organizations and museums. The aim of the paper is to analyse the performance of Russian art organizations to find out to what extend the conditions of their functioning in post Soviet times under the development of market economy, democratization of leisure and changes in consumer preferences influence their economic results. Could Russian theaters, museums and concert organizations be self- sufficient in market economy established in Russian in 1991-2010?The set up task determined the object of the study and the statistical data to be used-40 years time series performance indicators that include equal time intervals-1971-1990 for performing arts organizations and 1991-2010-for theaters, concert organizations and museums. The specifics of calculations presented in the article result from the very approach to the testing of cost disease. Its essence is to reveal the symptoms of this disease in art organizations taken as an element of economy as a whole rather than only as a part of cultural activities. Accordingly a new method of diagnostics of the cost disease is suggested that is based on development of specific indexes measuring the lag of labor productivity, advancing dynamics of wages and priority growth in prices for tickets in relation to the corresponding indexes of macroeconomic dynamics as well as determination of cost disease consequences-the deficit of income of providers of cultural (art) goods. The implementation of such an approach allowed to construct three-dimensional space which coordinates describe the dynamics of performance results of art organizations.
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Zarządzanie nieplanowaną absencją pracowników

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PL
Treści zawarte w artykule należy traktować jako wprowadzenie do zarządzania absencjami pracowników w przedsiębiorstwach. W publikacji podano przykładowe koszty i mierniki absencji, a także działania służące zmniejszeniu nieplanowanych absencji pracowniczych wraz z ich korzyściami. Za studium przypadku posłużyło przedsiębiorstwo branży hutniczej.
EN
The article is introduction to absenteeism management in enterprises. Such problems were characterized in the article: cost of absenteeism, used index in measurement of the process, activities lead to reduction of employees’ absences and their effects. The case study was used the metallurgical company.
EN
The article characterises factors of location of the branches of three international corporations that have made direct investment in Polish industry: Swedwood Poland at Chlastawa, Volkswagen Motor Polska at Polkowice, and EXIDE Technologies in Poznań. The set of the most essential factors was obtained via survey questionnaires sent to the directors of those enterprises and then assessed in quantitative terms by each of four groups: market, cost, procurement, and ‘soft’ factors. Also offered is a survey of definitions of the location factor and theoretical approaches to the location motives of foreign investors.
PL
W pracy scharakteryzowano czynniki lokalizacji filii trzech międzynarodowych koncernów, które dokonały inwestycji bezpośrednich w przemyśle polskim.: Swedwood Poland Sp. z o.o. w Chlastawie, Volkswagen Motor Polska Sp. z o.o. w Polkowicach i EXIDE Technologies SA w Poznaniu. Zestaw najważniejszych czynników uzyskano drogą wywiadu kwestionariuszowgo z przedstawicielami dyrekcji tych przedsiębiorstw, a następnie dokonano ich kwantytatywnej oceny w podziale na cztery grupy: rynkowe, kosztowe, zaopatrzeniowe i „miękkie”. Praca zawiera również przegląd ujęć definicyjnych pojęcia czynnik lokalizacji oraz podejść teoretycznych związanych z motywami lokalizacji inwestycji zagranicznych.
15
63%
EN
The paper deals with the capacity fee, which covers the costs of maintaining the capacity market in Poland. The paper analyses the definition of the total cost of the capacity market. Presents the cost allocation method for individual groups of end users on the capacity market, the rules for calculating capacity fee rates for end users are presented taking into account a distinction between end users who use electricity in households and other end consumers. The obligation to publish capacity fee rates in the Bulletin of the Energy Regulatory Office is underlined. The next part deals with the system for the collection of the capacity fee and the scope of information provided to the President of the Energy Regulatory Office. The final part addresses the fact that the capacity fee is tax deductible pursuant to the Capacity Market Act, and that the operator of a transmission system is obliged to create a reserve. The paper ends with final remarks, which summarise previous deliberations and answer the key questions presented in the article.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy opłaty mocowej, która pokrywa koszty utrzymania rynku mocy w Polsce. Podjęto się analizy definicji całkowitego kosztu rynku mocy. Przedstawiono sposób alokacji kosztów rynku mocy na poszczególne grupy odbiorców końcowych. Omówiono zasady kalkulacji stawek opłaty mocowej dla obiorców końcowych z podziałem na odbiorców końcowych zużywających energię elektryczną w gospodarstwach domowych oraz pozostałych odbiorców końcowych. Zwrócono również uwagę na obowiązek publikacji stawek opłaty mocowej w Biuletynie Urzędu Regulacji Energetyki, a także zaprezentowano system poboru opłaty mocowej oraz zakres informacji przekazywanych Prezesowi Urzędu Regulacji Energetyki. W końcowej części wskazano na przewidziane w ustawie o rynku mocy zwolnienie podatkowe opłaty mocowej oraz obowiązek tworzenia przez operatora systemu przesyłowego rezerwy. Całość zamykają uwagi końcowe, w których dokonano podsumowania poczynionych rozważań oraz udzielono odpowiedzi na kluczowe pytania postawione w tekście.
EN
The macroeconomic efficiency of a public library in a small town near Warsaw has been calculated in the form of benefit/cost ratio. The benefits have been estimated by the method of contingent valuation of the library services and by the revealed preferences expressed by the costs of travel to and from the library as well as the costs of library deposit fees. The macroeconomic costs have been assumed equal to the microeconomic costs, except for labour costs which have been estimated as social opportunity costs of labour and therefore corrected downwards because of the persistent unemployment in town. The BCR ratio turned to be far below zero (depending on assumptions varied between 0.37 and 0.76). However only the direct benefits accruing to the library customers have been included.
EN
The purpose of the article – to perform comparative analysis of the economic effectiveness of the 10 samples of organic fertilizer of pig farm, bio humus “Humivit” and mineral fertilizers (Nitroamofoska, ammonium nitrate, carbamide) on the example of oats. The study used the following methods: abstract-logical, cash-analytical, cash-equivalent, expert, monographic. The research was done in Ukraine. The results of the comparative analysis of economic effectiveness of the 10 samples of organic pig fertilizer, bio humus “Humivit” and mineral fertilizers (Nitroamofoska, ammonium nitrate, carbamide) in the example of oats on the green mass show that the use of organic fertilizers sample number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10 is an economically effective, while organic fertilizers of sample number 7, 8, 9 are economically inefficient. By the main indicators of economic effectiveness (coefficients of payback, conditional additional profit, level of profitability) organic fertilizers sample number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10 have significant competitive advantages over the studied brands of mineral fertilizers and bio humus “Humivit”. The use of organic pig fertilizers, except the sample number 8, in economic terms for the impact on potential soil fertility is more effective than bio humus “Humivit”. The most significant economic benefits for the impact on potential soil fertility are samples of organic fertilizers pig number 1, 5, 10, whose application generates the lowest cost price of humus. The element of novelty is that with using the author’s scientific and methodical approach it was conducted the estimation of economic effectiveness of the liquid organic fertilizer of pig farm for the impact on potential soil fertility.
PL
Wstęp: Sposób, w jaki ogrzewane są domy i elementy instalacji, które wchodzą w jej skład, jest głównym wyznacznikiem w określeniu czy dotyczy energooszczędnego systemu. Rozwiązania zużywające małą ilość energii pozwalają na zachowanie komfortowych warunków w domu, minimalizując jednocześnie koszt związany z jego eksploatacją, a tym samym przyczyniając się do ochrony środowiska naturalnego. Przykładami tego typu są, m.in. kotły kondensacyjne, pompy ciepła oraz kolektory słoneczne. Materiał i metody: Obiektem analizy jest typowy dom jednorodzinny o powierzchni 150 m². Porównanie rodzajów ogrzewania analizowanego domu, z uwzględnieniem wybranych nowoczesnych źródeł energii, umożliwia ocenę najbardziej opłacalnego sposobu jego ogrzewania. Wyniki: Wybór racjonalnej metody ogrzewania domu podyktowany jest głównie względami ekonomicznymi. Sprawność urządzeń, w których wykorzystywane jest dane paliwo, jest zróżnicowana. Koszty eksploatacyjne, inwestycyjne, paliwa oraz roczna emisja zanieczyszczeń do atmosfery są głównym wyznacznikiem przy wyborze najlepszego rozwiązania grzewczego nie tylko dla użytkownika, ale i dla środowiska naturalnego. Wnioski: Koszty ponoszone na energię mają tendencję rosnącą. Wybór paliwa podyktowany jest głównie wartością opałową oraz ceną. Należy przeanalizować zatem, które nowoczesne źródła ciepła są najbardziej optymalne pod względem ekonomicznym, uwzględniając koszty w zł brutto/rok, jak i w zł brutto przypadających na kWh ciepła.
EN
Background: The methods of heating houses with system components determine the energy-saving systems. Energy-saving solutions allow to maintain comfortable conditions in the house, while minimizing the cost associated with its operation and at the same time helping to protect natural environment. The examples of such solutions include condensing boilers, heat pumps and solar collectors. Material and methods: The object of the analysis in this paper is typical single-family house occupying the area of 150 m². The comparison of analyzed heating system for a single-family house, including modern energy sources, allows the assessment of the most cost-effective method of heating. Results: Choosing rational method of heating for a single-family house is dictated mainly by economic reasons. The efficiency of the heating sources is also very important. In addition, an important factor is a heating period, which depends on the weather conditions in a given year. Conclusions: The costs of fuel/energy are still growing. Fuel selection is determined mainly by fuel calorific value and the price. To select the type of the heating source one must take into account the cost of kWh of heat.
PL
Cel: Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie istoty automatyzacji i robotyzacji w procesach rachunkowości oraz analiza kosztów i korzyści w wymiarze finansowym z tytułu wdrożeń tych usprawnień na wybranych przykładach. Metodyka/podejście badawcze: W artykule dokonano przeglądu literatury oraz raportów opublikowanych przez firmy doradcze w zakresie omawianej tematyki. W celu weryfikacji dostępnych materiałów wykorzystano metody analizy oraz syntezy. W części empirycznej artykuł został przygotowany na podstawie trzech przykładów zastosowania robotów w proce-sach ewidencyjnych rachunkowości realizowanych przez przedsiębiorstwo działające w Polsce. Wyniki: Automatyzacja procesów księgowych oraz wdrożenie robotyzacji pozwala zmniej-szyć koszty funkcjonowania rachunkowości, zwiększając jednocześnie kontrolę nad proce-sami księgowymi/rachunkowymi. Możliwe oszczędności kosztów zależą w szczególności od rodzaju automatyzowanego procesu, jego skomplikowania (obecnej pracochłonności) i kosztów pracy aktualnie ponoszonych na obsługę tych procesów. Na podstawie materiałów empi-rycznych, przeprowadzono analizę zakresu zadań realizowanych przez roboty wykorzystu-jące technologię RPA wraz z oceną kosztów i korzyści trzech wybranych procesów, mając do dyspozycji rzeczywiste dane podmiotu funkcjonującego na rynku polskim. Oryginalność/wartość: W artykule poruszono aktualny i relatywnie mało jeszcze rozpo-znany naukowo obszar praktyk współczesnej rachunkowości. Jest to jedno z pierwszych opracowań w polskiej literaturze przedmiotu odwołujące się do problematyki robotyzacji w rachunkowości wraz z analizą kosztów i korzyści finansowych wybranych procesów wdrożonych w przedsiębiorstwie.
EN
Purpose: The aim of the study is to present changes in the direction of automation and robotization in accounting processes and to analyze the financial costs and benefits of imple-menting these improvements on selected examples. Methodology/approach: The article reviews the literature and reports published by major consulting companies on the subject. In order to verify the available materials, the methods of analysis and synthesis were used. In the empirical part, the article was prepared based on three examples presenting the use of robots in the accounting processes carried out by a company operating in Poland. Findings: The automation of accounting processes and implementing robotization make it possible to reduce the costs of accounting functioning while increasing the control and quality of accounting/accounting processes. The potential for cost savings depends, in par-ticular, on the type of automated process, its complexity (current labor consumption), and the labour costs currently incurred to support these processes. Based on empirical materi-als, the scope of tasks performed by robots using RPA technology was analyzed, together with an assessment of the costs and benefits of three selected processes, with actual data of an entity operating on the Polish market at our disposal. Originality/value: The article deals with the current and relatively little-known area of modern accounting practices. It is one of the first studies to refer to the issues of robotiza-tion in accounting along with the cost-benefit analysis of selected processes implemented in the enterprise.
EN
It is a matter of time when the methods of budgeting of entrepreneurship which are used currently will be replaced by new ones – more sophisticated and effective. The will make impossible to lay out the budget using defective data (so called creative budget), they will also accelerate the budgeting itself as well as they will enable to integrate them with partners’ budgets. Clarity of the budget will be one of advantages of competitiveness. The author noticed that reliable rights of physics may to be applicable when solving of economic problems. In the report there is presented and explained how to implement this fact in budgeting of business activity. Presented material is the fragment of author’s work on concept of quantum budgeting in the frame of developing theory of mechanics of the quantum economy.
PL
Jest kwestią czasu, że stosowane w działalności gospodarczej metody budżetowania zastąpione zostaną przez nowe metody, bardziej wyrafinowane i skuteczne. Uniemożliwią one opracowanie budżetów za pomocą danych ułomnych (budżet kreatywny) oraz przyspieszą samo budżetowanie, a także pozwolą je zintegrować z budżetami kooperantów. Przejrzystość budżetu będzie jedną z przewag konkurencyjności. Autor zauważył, że pewne prawa fizyki mogą mieć zastosowanie przy rozwiązywaniu problemów ekonomicznych. W referacie objaśniono, jak przejść ze świat fizyki do świata ekonomii i jak ten fakt zaimplementować w budżetowaniu działalności gospodarczej. Zaprezentowany materiał stanowi fragment pracy autora nad koncepcję budżetowania kwantowego prowadzonych w ramach rozwijanej teorii mechaniki ekonomii kwantowej.
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