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EN
The technology of heuristic study is examined in the formation of creative activity of the teenagers at the lessons and in the extracurricular events of artistic direction, which activates cognition, emotional perception and experiencing of images, analysis and reasoning in relation to them, and also stimulates their creative self-expression. Heuristic activity can be used during the study of all school objects. Its range embraces creative, cognitive, organizational, psychological processes that stimulate creative activity of the teenagers. In particular, the facilities of art are sent to the reflection in artistic offenses of surrounding reality and place of man in it, extend aesthetic experience of creative thinking, stimulate a child to cognition of national artistic traditions. Technologies of heuristic study and education of the teenagers by means of fine art, sent to forming creative activity – readiness of the students to heuristic activity, creative thinking, expression of interesting ideas in the process of perception and analysis of the artistic works and others. Heuristic conversation and heuristic tasks perform to the effective method of heuristic study. They are sent to the development of the heuristic thinking in the independent reasoning of children above the uncompleted questions and decision of the problem tasks. The offered examples are differentiated by a teacher in accordance with the different age category of the teenagers of the 5-7th classes. Technology of heuristic study consists of a few stages: a heuristic conversation, heuristic tasks, conclusions and a final stage. The aim of heuristic conversation is to send a minimum of the information in order to activate intuition of the teenagers and creative discussion and sufficient motivation for continuation of cognition. Heuristic tasks are characterized by the different level of complication, possibility to elect them, which are interesting for the teenagers, those results in new experience of heuristic activity in the process of creation a character. The process is completed by working out the totals and conclusions of the students. Expediency is grounded and the examples of application of a heuristic technology are made at the different stages of the study the fine arts in the process of perception and interpretation of artistic works that contain optical illusions. The offered heuristic technologies envisage the stage-by-stage including the teenagers to a heuristic conversation with heuristic tasks that assist the personal interest of the teenagers to heuristic activity.
EN
The Act on Personal Income Tax stipulates a number of methods for calculating costs, which unfortunately often leads to disputes between taxpayers and tax authorities. The same also concerns the rules applicable specifically to academic teachers performing their duties under an employment relationship. Problems emerge both in the context of the manner and scope of eligibility for flat-rate 50% tax-deductible expenses. Notably, the interpretative problems stem not only from the provisions of tax law as such. They also emerge in the context of the higher education reform. But even though the observed legal inconsistencies require urgent legislative action, the necessary amendment to the provisions of the Act of 20 July 2018 – Law on Higher Education and Science has yet to be introduced. Nearly two years after the Act’s entry into force, the Minister of Finance finally decided to issue a general interpretation. Therein, it is stated that in terms of the applicability of 50% tax-deductible expenses, the Act of 20 July 2018 – Law on Higher Education and Science constitutes lex specialis, i.e. ultimately, the 50% cost deduction is applicable to the entirety of an academic teacher’s remuneration. The following paper provides a critical analysis of the present regulations as well as possible solutions to the current fiscal and legal stalemate. In the authors’ opinion, the general interpretation by the Minister of Finance fails to substantially amend the quality of the law whose provisions remain largely unclear. At the same time, its practical value for the academia cannot be denied. Undoubtedly, the fact that the same was issued by the direct superior of tax authorities will make this opinion difficult to ignore in the context of individual cases.
EN
Orienting society toward sustainable development is impossible without the development of a teacher into a creative person with his/her individual style of activity and thinking. This cannot be achieved without a continuous and systematic professional development that promotes innovation. Great hopes are placed on innovations, they are considered to be a reliable driving force for development. The research emphasizes the importance of identifying what teachers think about innovations in education and their own position in relation to innovative activity. Evolutionary Model, Innovative Milieu Model, and Propulsion Model of Creative Contributions can be applied within a context of presented study. Eight teachers (four teachers with a student/learning-centred orientation towards teaching and four teachers with content-centred orientation towards teaching), who worked at different schools, were interviewed in October and November 2006. Ettlie and O'Keefe's scale of attitude to innovations was used as the basis during the interview. The research revealed the most important factors hampering teachers' motivation for innovative activity and pedagogical regularities and criteria for stimulating innovations.
EN
The main task of training secondary school visual art teachers is to develop intelligent, socially active and creative individualities graced by knowledge and skills in pedagogy, psychology and art, as well as by abilities for self-development and self-education. These teachers need well-developed teaching skills and competence, proficiency in promoting their students' acquisition of artistic knowledge and competence in modern art. Besides, they should be able to creatively deal with unusual artistic tasks and to respond to the changes in contemporary art and culture, since alongside the teacher's qualification, these teachers are conferred the Bachelor Degree in Art. Therefore, creative study work is one of the significant stages in the development of professional skills for the prospective secondary school visual art teachers. In order to accomplish the tasks set, the work of the teacher educators should be directed towards the development of student's creative activity, so that they can independently and regularly develop their creative skills. The aim of the study has been stated to work out and theoretically substantiate the model of creative process aimed at facilitation of prospective secondary education art teachers' creative activity.
EN
This article presents characteristics of the selected aspects of the creative potential in older persons. In addition to  specific aptitudes or gifts, cognitive qualities such as intelligence, knowledge and experience have been indicated as  the components of creative potential. Furthermore, the importance of a developed lifestyle at earlier stages of life has been highlighted,  along with the attitude towards one’s  aging, spiritual sensibility and motivation for  creative work. An attempt has been made to illustrate distinguishing characteristics of works by outstanding creators in the latter parts of  their lives. More often than not, critics cited the following characteristics of creative persons: individualism, inclination towards harkening back to the past, melancholic spirits and thought orientation regarding transcendent reality
EN
The article presents the possibility of using mandala during the classes with children studying Polish as a foreign language. Some particular areas of Polonistic education have been dis-cussed here, such areas where using this technique supporting passing the knowledge and developing skills is possible. The functions of educational mandala have been described along with the most important rules of using it. Working with the picture of mandala can help to liberate a child’s creative activity.
EN
Creative activity is the most important form of human activity. Each effort – especially a child’s one may give good results only when it comes from a deep need to express one’s own attitude to the reality. Education through art facilitates the growth and shapes the personality of young people. The parents’ and educators’ authority is very important. It is not true that young people are not interested in art. They are interested in many kinds of art since they offer new possibilities and inspire. Other people interested in art can inspire them. Children observe and explore, spontaneously express themselves through drawing, by music, poetry etc. This is a specific way of seeing the reality through the child’s eyes, so often misunderstood by adults and peers. Sometimes it is the only possible, non-verbal way to express child’s own thoughts, feelings, sorrows or joys. It is a pure, uncomplicated, untouched by commercialism form of art. Each effort, especially child’s one, may give good results only when it comes from a deep need to express one’s own attitude to reality. Small creators explore the source of inspiration in lyrics, music and art works through unconventionally formulated themes. The creation of their work is the expression of their knowledge about the world, but it shows their emotional relation with the world too.
EN
Cognition of the world, construction of knowledge related to our surroundings, and expressing meanings that stem from our life experiences are by no means easy processes. A substantial part of our knowledge remains dormant, but its extraction makes it possible to grasp children’s visions of the world. Even if rarely applied in educational practice, creative activities remain a very effective approach to release children’s conceptualisation of the world. This paper presents research results that demonstrate the efficiency of creative-thinking techniques in extracting children’s visions of the world, as illustrated by the concept of the family. The study, which was conducted as a didactic intervention, was performed in the 2018-2019 school year on a group of younger pupils from a large city. The results reconstructed children’s process of understanding the above-mentioned concept and revealed the possibilities behind creative psychodidactics.
EN
The main purpose of this paper is to show the role of creative activity in non-formal intercultural education. The author presents creative ways of implementing the idea of non-formal intercultural education within the educational process. On the basis of the non-formal intercultural education postulates, she analyses three examples of educational initiatives (directed to children, teenagers and adults), which included creative activity (literary, artistic, photographic, etc.).
EN
The problem of identity formation of the modern teacher is one of the main components of the development of education in modern life. In the article the actual problem of identity-building in educational environments, as well as the development of effective methods of the modern teacher are revealed. The components of the creative potential of the individual, in particular: initiative; ability to move forward; self-confidence; the desire to make maximum use of the opportunities that have emerged; the persistence are characterized. It is stressed that native and foreign pedagogical science in general has managed to create the perfect personality, who is able to realize fully his/her creative potential. The scientists saw that such an individual has specific qualities, without which the potential just stagnate. Such a person has the following qualities: the desire for self-realization – it has become a necessity, and it seems a continuous process, during which the person is not happy with its results and strives to improve them; passion for the business as a vocation – such a person becomes a “fanatic” of his craft and devotes himself to professional activity; the authenticity of the individual – the desire to show the society its true face, not hide it behind masks and not be ashamed of somebody’s own abilities; independence of thought – the ability to make any opinion and turn it to the advantage, even if it is a criticism; confidence in somebody’s own abilities; individuality and flexibility – the ability to prove oneself as a producer of ideas in specific situations, execution and a deft adjustment of the actions under the already established goal and finding different ways to achieve the objectives better; criticality and a high degree of reflection. In general, all the components must be in harmony and complement each other, and it will become the driving force of creative potential of the personality. The person who can achieve certain results is able to fairly large actions, which will ultimately have an impact not only on the overall development of pedagogical science, but on the humanity as a whole.
PL
Jedną z form aktywności muzycznej realizowaną w pracy z dziećmi w wieku przedszkolnym jest słuchanie muzyki. Pełne uczestnictwo w percepcji wymaga specjalnego przygotowania. Dzięki metodzie Batii Strauss poznanie utworu muzycznego staje się dla młodego, niedoświadczonego słuchacza nie tylko łatwiejsze w odbiorze, ale przede wszystkim rozwija jego aktywność twórczą.
EN
Listening to music is one of forms of music activity implemented in work with kindergarten-age children. Complete participation in perception requires special preparation. Thanks to Batti Strauss method getting to know a piece of music for a young inexperienced listener becomes not only easier in reception but above all develops his creative activity.
EN
The article deals with the methodic of digital biographical narratives creation; its structural components are presented, algorithm for creating digital biographical narratives is described in detail and the possibility of their usage in the training of future teachers is highlighted. It is noted that modern digital technologies have inexhaustible potential for improving the national education system, particularly when they are used by a teacher in the process of creation of active and educational fields of positive potential. Narrative-digital approach to the training of future teachers is characterized, the feature of which is fostering skills of critical perception of information in the media space, enriching creative activity, and forming skills of creation of figurative world through information and communication technologies. Biographical narrative is a narrative about life of a person; this narrative reflects sensory and emotional experience, evaluation of a person who created the narrative. Digital biographical narrative provides a representation of the narrative about a person’s life using information and communication technologies; it gives more opportunities to represent author’s reflection of the material using music, photos, images, colors, movies. For teachers it is important to obtain the methodic of creating digital biographical narratives, as their use in the educational process creates favorable conditions for the development of each student, because every human life is a treasury of experience, in which you can find answers to various questions. Successful application of the methods of creating biographical digital narratives involves mastering the methodology of scientific biographical research aimed at obtaining biographical data to study individual way of life and a person’s experience in different life contexts and vectors of development and the links between individual-psychological and social factors of influence on different stages of ontogeny of a personality. The sources of biographical data are personal documents (diaries, memoirs, notes, letters, photographs, videos, autobiography, autobiographical narrative, description, confession, autobiographical questionnaires) and fictions, memoirs, testimonies of relatives, friends, acquaintances, students, fellow-fighters, materials of interview, interviews, videos, newspaper reports, protocols, written requests, results of questionnaires and others. It is necessary to note that in the biographical studies different interpretative models are used. They are oriented not only on the output of general explanations and patterns, but on understanding the subjective meaning of events from the perspective of a researcher. The probability of interpretation depends on the comparison of information from different sources and critical assessment of own messages. Results of biographical research are the basis for creating digital biographical narratives that become one of the important interactive forms of modern communication. Digital narratives include: digital texts, presentations, stories posted on blogs, video blogs, photo collages, videos, animated films, descriptions of events in social networks and others. The methods of creating digital biographical narratives about the life path of the prominent personalities involve a combination of biographical research methods (conceptualization of a creative idea about a choice of personalities – the subject of study; conducting biographical research; determination of conditions that positively and negatively influenced the development of an individual) with technologies of creation and presentation of digital narratives (design of a component structure of narrative-reflexive nature, problematic of a text, implementation of educational and creative digital project).The methodology structure of creating biographical narratives follows the model of creation digital narratives by future teachers, and involves five interrelated components (concepts): axiological-motivational, content, technology-based, praxeological-creative, and result-reflective. Theoretical analysis of the biographical studies application presented in different information sources, and conducted experimental study give a reason to believe that it is quite essential for a teacher to be able to select and create digital biographical narratives that are important to the motivation of educational activity, change in behavior, ability to rethink history and experience of others, development of creative abilities in the process of creating own histories, forming own point of view on different moments of life. The results of pedagogical research on the effectiveness of the methods of creating digital biographical narratives in the training of future teachers need further exploration.
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PL
W ostatnich latach nastąpił rozwój metod i technik stymulowania twórczego myślenia. Rozwój twórczej aktywności uczniów w duŜej mierze uzaleŜniony jest od twórczych nauczycieli i od metod, jakie stosują, aby pobudzać twórczość uczniów. W artykule zasygnalizowane zostały tylko niektóre wątki twórczości, aktywności twórczej i jej rozwijania.
EN
In recent years there has been development of methods and techniques to stimulate creative thinking. Developing students creative activity largely depends on creative teachers and the methods they use to stimulate students creativity. This article has been signaled by some threads of creativity, creative activity and its development.
PL
Rozwijanie twórczej aktywności uczniów jest koniecznością współczesnych czasów. Rozwój ten w dużej mierze uzależniony jest od sposobu pracy nauczyciela. Aby rozwijać twórczą aktywność, nauczyciel powinien proponować uczniom różnorodne zadania techniczne, wymagające początkowo naśladownictwa, kierowane bieżącym instruktażem, po zadania wymagające samodzielności i twórczości.
EN
Developing creative activity of students is a necessity of modern times. The development of students’ creative activity largely depends on how the teacher. To develop creative activity the teacher should offer students a variety of technical tasks requiring first aid, targeting the current instruction, the tasks requiring self-reliance and creativity.
EN
The article is dedicated to the problem of interpretation of personality’s creative potential in the context of its investigation in the scientific pedagogical heritage. The article presents the results of the research of major approaches to the definition of the essence of personality’s creative potential in scientific literature. The correlation between creative potential and such concepts as «personality», «creativity», and «creative personality» has been characterized. Philosophical, psychological and pedagogical approaches to the definition of a personality and creativity in the context of creative potential formation have been described in the article. The interrelation between these approaches has been defined by means of the concept of «creative personality», which was stated as a personality capable of implementing own creative potential with the help of creative activity. It has been found out in the process of the research that the definition of essence of the potential is complicated by the varied system of interrelated characteristics: knowledge, skills, activity, creative abilities, motives, etc. In consequence of scientific sources analysis major statements, which determine the concept of «creative potential», have been distinguished and their interconnection has been defined. Creativity and motivation as an orientation towards creative activity has been determined as a psychological basis for personality’s creative potential, and creative potential has been defined as a precondition for creative activity. On the basis of the analysis of scientific approaches to the definition of the concept «creative potential of a personality» it has been specified as an integrated system trait of a personality, which includes knowledge, skills, and psychic qualities of a personality. Among them creativity, motivation, orientation towards creative activity are the basic ones. These qualities, if they are highly developed and interconnected, stimulate a person to the active professional and creative change of an individual and to the change of the environment. The definition of the creative potential gives the possibilities for further justification of its structure and for the development of a set of active forms and methods of its formation. Prospects for further research in the context of the problem is the justification of the structure of the creative potential of an individual, and determining the set of active forms and methods of its formation.
EN
The task of modern school is not to transmit extensive theoretical knowledge but to preparestudents for continuous learning, creating new and valuable things, searching for unconventionalsolutions, and thus developing thinking, independence, creativity, and creative activity. Developing creative activity promotes teacher, his personality and way of working with students. Thearticle indicates the possibility of the development of creative activity of students through educational games.
PL
Zadaniem współczesnej szkoły nie jest przekazywanie rozległej wiedzy teoretycznej, ale też przygotowanie uczniów do ciągłego uczenia się, tworzenia rzeczy nowych i wartościowych, szukania niekonwencjonalnych rozwiązań, a więc rozwijanie myślenia, samodzielności, pomysłowości, twórczej aktywności. Rozwijaniu aktywności twórczej sprzyja nauczyciel – jego osobowość oraz sposób pracy z uczniami. W artykule wskazano na możliwość rozwijania aktywności twórczej uczniów poprzez gry dydaktyczne.
EN
Social and cultural activity is important area of every person’s life. It develops differently when we are professionally active, and differently when we retire. In this short article I refer to the social and cultural activity of seniors who used to be teachers. Seniors choose different types of activities to follow according to their individual preferences, health, and social skills. However, the choice also reflects the social context of the dimensions of human action to a large extent. I tried to define this context not only in theoretical considerations, but also in pilot studies on a small group of respondents. I compared seniors who used to be teachers and those of other professions. Are retirees of different professions similar to each other? How do they find themselves in social and cultural activities? I hope the article will encourage seniors to reflect and look for areas of activity to engage in.
PL
Aktywność społeczna i kulturalna to w życiu każdego człowieka ważna rzecz. Inaczej rozwija się ona, kiedy jesteśmy aktywni zawodowo, mamy dzieci i rodzinę, inaczej, kiedy przechodzimy na emeryturę lub rentę. W tym krótkim artykule odnoszę się do aktywności społecznej i kulturalnej seniorów, którzy byli nauczycielami. Rodzaj aktywności jest uzależniony nie tylko od indywidualnych preferencji, stanu zdrowia, posiadanego zasobu umiejętności społecznych, ale też w dużej mierze odzwierciedla kontekst społeczny wymiarów ludzkiego działania. Starałem się określić ten kontekst nie tylko w rozważaniach teoretycznych, ale również w badaniach pilotażowych na małej grupie respondentów. Porównałem emerytów i rencistów, którzy byli nauczycielami, a także emerytów i rencistów innych profesji zawodowych aniżeli nauczycielskiej. Na ile różnią się lub są podobni do siebie emeryci i renciści, których różniło miejsce pracy, jak odnajdują się w aktywności społecznej i kulturalnej? Mam nadzieję, że ten artykuł skłoni potencjalnych emerytów do refleksji, ale pozwoli również dostrzec obszary działalności, jaką sami mogliby rozwijać, będąc już na zasłużonej emeryturze.
EN
The article indicates the actual state of education through theatre in Polish schools, hinting at unsettling occurrences and erroneous conduct by the teacher. It also undertakes an initial attempt to capture the model of a theatre based on kinetic activities, inspired by children’s situations and the problems which occur in their lives.
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PL
Niniejsze rozważania ukierunkowane są przede wszystkim na ukazanie powiązań pomiędzy twórczością i pokojem. Są to w moim przekonaniu bardzo ważne zagadnienia pedagogiczne, przede wszystkim dlatego, iż podważają słuszność szeroko rozpowszechnionych poglądów, zgodnie z którymi kwestie wojny i pokoju znajdują się poza możliwościami wpływu zwykłego człowieka. Tymczasem, zgodnie z prezentowanymi w tekście koncepcjami (Montessori, Rowid), każda jednostka powinna być świadoma swojej indywidualnej mocy sprawczej w budowaniu pokojowego ładu w otaczającym ją świecie. Wytworzenie właściwych postaw i zaszczepienie człowiekowi poczucia odpowiedzialności w tym zakresie to jedne z najważniejszych zadań edukacji.
EN
The aim of these deliberations is primarily to show the relations between creativity and peace. In my opinion, these pedagogic issues are very important, especially because they challenge the commonly held views that an ordinary man in the street cannot have any influence on the issues of war and peace. In accordance with the concepts presented in the text (Montessori, Rowid), each person should be aware of their individual causative power in the creation of peaceful order in the surrounding world. The development of proper attitudes and instilling in a human the sense of responsibility in this regard are among the most significant educational tasks.
XX
The problems of future teacher’s preparation for the innovation activity are examined. The essence of the idea of «innovation pedagogical activity» is determined. The factors which influence on the development of innovation processes on the modern stage are described. The maintenance of structural elements of future teacher’s innovation pedagogical activity is settled. The basic stages of preparing for the innovation activity are selected. The functional components of future teacher’s innovation activity, which help him to plan his work better, to realize innovations of the pedagogical process, also to correct and estimate results of his innovation activity are described. Five categories of the teachers are characterized, their attitude toward the realization of innovation technologies to the pedagogical process are described. The future teacher’s aspiration to self-recognizing, self-determination and grasping the idea of his spiritual world, own actions, a role and a place in his professional activity, creative attitude to himself in the process of active influence at outer and internal world, aspiring to the exposure and development of his personal possibilities is explained. The role of creative situation in the process of future teacher’s training, the claim of which is possible only in default of internal barriers to creative displays, the organizing of future teacher’s creative work of subconsciousness, searching of new relations, the development of imagination and fantasy, the development of professional sensitiveness, searching of sense in creative activity is described and characterized. The meaning of such directions of future teacher’s development qualities, such as emotional thinking, formulating new types of communication and communicative abilities, the development of internal abilities of a dialogue is generalized. The main conditions of the establishment of innovation technologies into the teacher’s work are characterized. The establishment of innovation technologies into the future teacher’s pedagogical activity, which gives him an opportunity to master the material better, reduces time on the decision of standard tasks, stimulates the positive attitude to the training disciplines, rises the level of informational culture and creates the conditions for the complete future teacher’s opening as a personality is determined.
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