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EN
In the article the author analyses three kinds of descriptions created during Polish language classes in forms 4–6 — description of an object, of a human figure and of a landscape. She explores the structure of the pupils’ texts, taking into account, first of all, the order of description elements and the level of detail. Her analysis demonstrates that achieving the right level of detail is difficult for pupils and depends to a large extent on how instructions are formulated and whether the pupils can see they object they are describing. When it comes to the order of description elements, the most frequently used arrangement is hierarchical, complemented by an arrangement best suited to the ob­ject being described, e.g. vertical for a description of a human figure or horizontal for a description of a landscape. The author’s research confirms that the ability to create such texts require practice and in-depth analysis of one’s surroundings.
EN
In the present study the author undertakes an exemplification of Angelika Corbineau-Hoffman’s theses concerning the parallelism between certain object descriptions and the evolution of the process of involuntary memory in Marcel Proust’s work. The author reminds of Corbineau-Hoffman’s commentaries regarding the state of fugit irreparabile tempus triggered by Proust’s description of the church of St. Hilaire and develops a parallel analysis of Thomas Mann’s description of the Buddenbrooks house towards the end of his novel. The conclusion underlines the analogy between the manners in which Proust and Thomas Mann use description as a temporal device.
Logopedia
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2018
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vol. 47 EN
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issue 1
99-114
EN
The paper presents difficulties in linguistic communication in Alzheimer’s patients (in the moderate stage dementia) on the basis of empirical studies concerning description as a form of spoken utterance, conducted in a 60-person group as part of the research project ‘Narrative and Its Disorders in the Course of Alzheimer’s Disease. The Scale of Narrative Skills as a Diagnostic Technique in Alzheimer’s Dementia’ (project manager: Dr Aneta Domagała; the 39th Competition of Ministry of Science and Higher Education for research projects NN104 155339). In relation to the findings presented in the comprehensive monograph on the problems of narrative (Domagała, 2015), the present paper compares the abilities of patients with regard to different kinds of description (of persons, interiors, situations) from the angle of the macro- and superstructure of text. From the superstructural perspective the greatest difficulties were shown in the case of describing a place. At the same time, when describing a place, the subjects had lesser difficulties with indicating the theme of an utterance and making generalizations than in the case of descriptions of persons and descriptions of situations.
Studia Slavica
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2014
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vol. 18
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issue 2
137-150
EN
The following article is a linguistic analysis of the nominalization of the second person of the Holy Trinity. It shows the linguistic metamorphoses of addressing Christ by the means of description. In the Carmelites’ manuscripts there are multitude of descriptions, both singular and multicomponent, metaphorical. Therefore, to reveal their variety and multicipity at least partially, they have been divided into five categories: single-word nouns, two-word defined descriptions in three patterns: noun + pronoun, noun + noun, noun + adjective, and multicomponent metaphorical descriptions. The article shows the changeability of addressing Christ in individual texts from the 17th-century Carmelites’ manuscripts, with the emphasis on the subject-matter they deal with (from Christmas texts to Lent ones).
EN
The analyses deal with the descriptions extracted from Nad Niemnem [On the Niemen] by Eliza Orzeszkowa and Listy z podróży do Ameryki [Letters from a Journey to America] by Henryk Sienkiewicz. The studies focus on the chosen features of the descriptions of nature by referring to the textological and stylistic research methodology. Indices of parametric features (such as size, height, length, width, depth, thickness and shape) and indices of sensory feedback have been juxtaposed with one another. The analyses show that the repertoire of linguistic and stylistic devices used by E. Orzeszkowa is by and large the same as the one used by H. Sienkiewicz due to their reference to the Romantic tradition. The descriptions differ in the intensity of the mentioned indices and in their function. Sienkiewicz’s descriptions of nature are more concrete and definite, while Orzeszkowa’s are more creative, with a tendency to poeticise nature.
PL
The analyses deal with the descriptions extracted from Nad Niemnem [On the Niemen] by Eliza Orzeszkowa and Listy z podróży do Ameryki [Letters from a Journey to America] by Henryk Sienkiewicz. The studies focus on the chosen features of the descriptions of nature by referring to the textological and stylistic research methodology. Indices of parametric features (such as size, height, length, width, depth, thickness and shape) and indices of sensory feedback have been juxtaposed with one another. The analyses show that the repertoire of linguistic and stylistic devices used by E. Orzeszkowa is by and large the same as the one used by H. Sienkiewicz due to their reference to the Romantic tradition. The descriptions differ in the intensity of the mentioned indices and in their function. Sienkiewicz’s descriptions of nature are more concrete and definite, while Orzeszkowa’s are more creative, with a tendency to poeticise nature.  
EN
The article tries to show the relationship between the stages of the speech therapy procedure (Grabias, 2012) and the stages of the total quality management. To illustrate such a correlation, the article contains an original research which describes the ortophonic competence of Polish students in primary education (7–13 year-olds) and lower secondary education (13–16 year-olds). The research made use of the Pareto analysis with the Lorenz curve, which is considered the basic instrument in the quality management process. It included 277 students and three main study categories: speech disorders, articulatory errors, and speech emission and accent errors. The results of the research indicated that the use of the quality management methods within the standard speech therapy procedure is indeed helpful for its proper planning, execution, and evaluation.
7
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Case study (studium przypadku)

89%
EN
The article discusses case study with a focus on the history of the term and its transdisciplinary application, from medicine and sociology, through law, psychiatry, psychology, sexology, and literary studies. The author discusses the differences between case study as a genre (Brigit Lang, Joy Damousi, Alison Lewis, Yiannis Gabriel) and case study as a research strategy (Bent Flyvbjerg, Gerring John, Ryszard Nycz), which has been recently also employed in literary studies. Determining the scope and features of case study is accompanied by an analysis of description as a key tool in formulating “the story of the case.”
PL
Artykuł stanowi opracowanie hasła case study (studium przypadku) ze zwróceniem uwagi na historię terminu i jego transdyscyplinarne zastosowanie: wychodząc od medycyny i socjologii, przez prawo, psychiatrię, psychologię i seksuologię, kończąc na literaturoznawstwie. Autorka stara się zarysować rozróżnienie między studium przypadku jako formą gatunkową (Brigit Lang, Joy Damousi, Alison Lewis, Yiannis Gabriel) a studium przypadku jako strategią badawczą (Bent Flyvbjerg, Gerring John, Ryszard Nycz) – stosowaną od niedawna także w literaturoznawstwie. Wyznaczaniu zakresu oraz cech case study towarzyszy analiza opisu jako kluczowego narzędzia wspierającego przebieg „opowieści o przypadku”.
PL
The article focuses on the issue of describing a work of art in an essay. The paper presents ekphrasis and underlines the efficiency of an inter-artistic analysis in studying the phenomenon of ekphrasis. An interpretation offragments of Zagajewski’s and Pollakówna’s essays starts with presenting two works of art, The Music Lesson and Girl Interrupted at Her Music by Vermeer, from the perspective of art history. It is followed by a discussion of the verbal accounts of the paintings by Zagajewski and Pollakówna. Their contents and poetics are examined with special emphasis placed on the nature of the suggested description as it may focus on either the subject or the viewer, the representation itself or its connotations. Accordingly, it is suggested that the corresponding modes of ekphrasis should be labelled ‘denotational’ and ‘connotational’. In his description, Zagajewski resorts to an example of connotational ekphrasis whereas Pollakówna’s textual relation is a fine example of mixing the denotational and connotational facets of ekphrasis. The article presents specifi realizations of ekphrasis and the characteristic modes of perceiving works of art and describing them. It also shows how the observer’s subjective perspective and idiomatic style of expression manifest themselves.
EN
The subject of the description are meanings of the lexeme earth and phrases with this lexeme, noted by dictionaries. The reconstruction of the language picture of earth, based on linguistic facts, shows how people imagine the world surrounding them. The concept of earth takes an important part in Russian cognitive zone. The variety of language means, verbalized the concept of earth, shows how important it is to Russian mentality.
10
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Poetyka zaniku. Projekt lektury

88%
EN
This article is a proposal for introducing into the theoretical reflection on literature the category of “poetics of vanishing” and a reflection on potential possibilities of its application in reading the 20th century literature. The promoted term is connected, on the one hand, with the hermeneutics of trace (in post-Derridian understanding) and, on the other hand, with the geography of senses, as it concerns the ways of textual descriptions of vanishing processes of sensual sensations, receding images, obliterating signs, softening sounds etc. The article analyzes the points of narrative observation and the figure of vanishing being components of melancholic poetics of description, whereas the material read in this way were texts of Andrzej Kuśniewicz, Andrzej Stasiuk and Wisława Szymborska.
EN
In this paper the author demonstrates the limits of audio description in the transfer of the humorous effects of a film comedy which constitute the “semantic dominant” of this kind of production. The analysis is illustrated by examples from Philippe de Chauveron’s film, À bras ouverts (2017). In this form of intersemiotic translation, the lack of certain visual data can block the possibility of understanding the comic by blind or visually impaired people. The author tries to propose some solutions to this problem in the form of creative audio description.
EN
The aim of the article is the attempt to read anewZbigniew Herbert’s poems. The commonly accepted interpretations in Polish literary discourse place them in the context of realistic paradigm. Meanwhile the model of cognition in the poet’s works is not so clear. It is possible to understand it in the constructivist way, taking into consideration Herberts own view that cognition has always active, dynamic, sensual and linguistic character. Ttherefore, it may be perceived as the correlate of languaging/linguistic behaviour of H. Maturana and E. von Glasersfeld.
EN
The linguistic image of God in the poetry of Zbigniew Jankowski is not homogenous. God is presented differently and it is combined with changes of the lyrical speaker’s attitude towards Absolute in different writing periods. The linguistic image of God is complex, be­cause the poet rejects the Judeo-Christian tradition and also recalls it. God in the analyzed texts is omnipresent, unknowable and shapeless existence, then transforms into perceptible area, then God transforms into area that is natural element and at least he becomes a sea. In the all mentioned images God is Nameless. When the Creator becomes human like, a man searching for the God starts closer relationship with him. There are several individual descrip­tions which not only name the God, but also indirectly characterize him and his attitude to­wards creation. These descriptions evoke the tradition of naming of the God that takes its ori­gin in the Bible. The evolution of the ways of naming and addressing the God in different writing periods of Zbigniew Jankowski’s poetry is an important element of the linguistic im­age of God and it also presents the system of the poet’s values.
EN
By referencing Italian auteurs Ermanno Olmi and Federico Fellini, this paper offers a re-reading of Krzysztof Kieślowski’s reflections on cinema that places the practice of describing reality and uttering “a statement of fact” about people’s lives and the world as a long-lasting, structuring foundation of his episteme and workshop.
EN
This paper presents the assumptions of linguistic poetics, a direction that combines – in a curricular manner – the research on poetry and interpretation of poetic works with an analysis of language uses in a statement. It presents the role played by M.R. Mayenowa in shaping this stream in the Polish literary studies seeking support in linguistics and enumerates the most significant curricular studies and linguistic concepts employed in analyses of the represented world of poetry as “the world behind words”. The enclosed analysis of the lyric by Urszula Kozioł Jest mi miałko… (I’m feeling bland...) is an illustration of the methodology presented here. It shows the sense-creative capabilities of language activated in a description of an unusual state of the lyrical I of the poem–confession, who is experiencing elusive feelings that are hard to express. The whole complex organisation of the poetic statement serves the purpose of outlining these unique experiences and the evoked senses can be reached only through an in-depth analysis of the language uses in the text.
EN
The general aim of the article is to describe a method of teaching textual competence to foreigners learning Polish, while the specific aim is to present a strategy of creating one of the forms of written expression, i.e., description, with the example of the literary text Paris of the 20th Century by Jules Verne. The study consists of three parts: the first one deals with the theory of the structure of description, the second one places this form of expression in the space of teaching Polish a foreign language, while the third, an annex with a proposal of exercises, presents concrete ways of shaping the ability to describe reality among students on a course in Polish as a foreign language. 
PL
Celem ogólnym artykułu jest opisanie sposobu na kształtowanie kompetencji tekstotwórczej u cudzoziemców uczących się języka polskiego, szczegółowym zaś przedstawienie strategii tworzenia jednej z form wypowiedzi pisemnej jaką jest opis (moją szczególną uwagę skupi przedmiot), na przykładzie tekstu literackiego Paryż XX wieku autorstwa Juliusza Verne’a. Studium zbudowano z trzech części: pierwsza zajmuje się teorią struktury opisu, druga umieszcza formę tę w przestrzeni glottodydaktyki polonistycznej, trecia zaś, w postaci aneksu z propozycją ćwiczeń, przestawia konkretne sposoby na kształtowanie umiejętności opisywania rzeczywistości u słuchaczy kursu języka polskiego jako obcego (poziom B2).  
EN
One of the characteristics that make Stanisław Przybyszewski’s novels stand out from other contemporary works is the deliberately limited description of the outside world up to the point of blurring the identity of the location where the plot of a given work takes place. In the case of Dzieci Szatana (Satan’s Children), (German Satans Kinder, 1897; Polish edition 1899), one may even talk about ‘a total destruction of the represented world’ (Gabriela Matuszek). At the same time, the author’s numerous comments apparently allow for translating this ‘destruction’ happening in the course of the creative process into a ‘reconstruction’ that corresponds to it in the process of reading. It is through reviewing in more detail and combining various pieces of information included in Dzieci Szatana that directly or indirectly refer to the place of action, as well as confronting them with the biographical, historical and geographic contexts that one may identify with surprising precision the exact place represented in the text and, as a result, to uncover an entirely new aspect of novel axiology.
19
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EN
Descriptions of nature are usually skipped by readers and treated as boring fragments. It is typ-ical of school children. Descriptions of nature were one of the types of descriptions, which were atypical literary technique of the 19th century. Descriptions of nature de facto contain numer-ous values: artistic, esthetic, cognitive and educational, which has been presented in the article and illustrated with various fragments taken from the books written by Stefan Żeromski, an outstanding Polish creator of images of nature.
PL
Opisy przyrody niesłusznie są pomijane w toku lektury i uznawane za nudne fragmenty utworów epickich. Jest to częste zjawisko zwłaszcza w środowisku uczniowskim. Opisy przyrody stanowiły jedną z realizacji opisu – typowej techniki literackiej XIX wieku. De facto odznaczają się wieloma walorami: artystycznymi, estetycznymi, poznawczymi i edukacyjnymi, co w tym artykule zostało omówione i zilustrowane różnorodnymi fragmentami prozy Stefana Żeromskiego, wybitnego polskiego twórcy obrazów natury.
EN
The article presents the analysis of cognitive-rhetoric, semantic (mainly presuppositional) and communicative-language peculiarities of the post-totalitarian discourse based on the material of radical right-wing and left-wing publications in Ukraine at the end of the 20th century — the beginning of the 21 century. Rhetoric specificity of such a discourse is its ritual monologicity; presuppositional model of the addressee is „our lot” and „enemy.” The most important communicative-language peculiar features are pseudo-equivalence, conrariety of antonymic ties, the presence of constant epithets, descriptions and expressives.
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