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EN
In the article the fifty lexical units were analysed and attributed to the word family of the noun – cud (miracle). The general scope of the analysis was created by the semasiological method. Stemming from the etymology, upon investigation by which methods the particular wordforms acquired new senses it was characterized by movements and objective, which these modifications served. As it turned out the researched lexical units concentrated around such semantic fields as: WONDER and STRANGENESS. The second category (field) developed not until the 18th century. Earlier the analyzed derivatives implied such words as: ‘beauty’, ‘perfectness’, ‘politeness’, ‘magic’, ‘wizardry’ and ‘fraud’. The life changing events and the developing knowledge caused the eradication of last written material and as it happened nobody correlates the jugglers with the miracle makers.
EN
Monographs of local rural communities played an important role in Polish sociology until the 1970s. They had been preceded by numerous sociographic descriptions and social surveys made already in the first half of the 19th century.Numerous critical remarks made about classical (descriptive, encyclopedic) monographs, which stressed that such accounts lacked a representative character and provided no material for formulating general conclusions, that they represented a synchronic and not a diachronic approach and contained redundant details, were justified. However, the best monographs in Polish sociology met all the strict methodological requirements and their most important value was a reliable description of social reality, which has been neglected since the moment of the popularization of research conducted with the help of questionnaires that concentrate mainly on the analysis of the respondents’ awareness. Traditional monographs seem to represent an interesting approach to scientific investigations, even from the point of view of present dilemmas in social sciences (the postulated restraint on the part of the author, incoherence of culture, the researcher’s ethos, science’s non-involvement in temporary matters). Therefore, it is worth examining this inconsiderately abandoned genre of sociological literature.
EN
The article discussed both extra- and intra-textual cultural contexts of translation. Very important extra-textual cultural context for Polish translations of V. Hugo’s Les Misérables has to do with the the way they have been published and whom for: initially in the press, then in a paper book as complete versions or truncated ones, as a paraphrase, finally, since 2000, as well as e-books and audio-books; for simple or rather intellectual readers. Recreating the chronology of series of published translations since the first one in 1862, we can observe the primary role of publishers and editors in relation to translators, the more they were among them well-known writers – J.I. Kraszewski (publisher) and J. Iwaszkiewicz (editor). The first translation was collective, because of the publishing cycle serialized in press and the length of the original .But the names of translators were given, including in the first book released. In the next editions often the names of translators were omitted and sometimes the published text was a compilation of several translations. So first the translation of E. Sulicki and F. Faleński, the one by W. Limanowska coexist in 2000th years with the new one of K. Byczewska, first time published in 1956 in the PIW. Then we try to perceive the cultural intra-textual contexts by analyzing how many culturally significant elements of the original have been translated in diachronico-synchronic series of Polish translations. This analysis seems to confirm that the type of publishers has a major impact on cohesion (integral or abridged version), semantic and linguistic quality of those translations. The sign of intersection of extra- and intra-textual factors is undoubtedly censorship interference in translations, at first with a predominance of the socio-political one, until, in the Iskry edition of 1954, in which there is a noticeable censorship of the author’s convictions including religious and moral ones.
Język Polski
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2017
|
vol. 97
|
issue 2
60-69
PL
W artykule analizie poddano zebrane z całej historii języka polskiego jednostki leksykalne należące do rodziny wyrazowej rzeczownika „cacko”. Główny kierunek analiz wyznaczano za pomocą metody semazjologicznej. Wychodząc od etymologii, badano, jakimi drogami poszczególne jednostki nabywały nowych sensów, określano charakter tych przesunięć oraz cel, któremu modyfikacje te służyły. Okazało się, że badane jednostki leksykalne sytuowały się w wielu, na pozór dalekich znaczeniowo kategoriach semantycznych, tj. „zabawa”, „ozdoby i dekoracje”, „dobra przemijające”, „uroda”, „praca”, „pieszczota”, „erotyzm”, „obietnica”. Zmiany, jakie na przestrzeni wieków zaszły w ich treściach, dokonywały się bardzo szybko, najczęściej pod wpływem analogii względem dominujących cech desygnatu lub na skutek personifikacji. Ich skutkiem był rozpad semantycznej jedności analizowanej rodziny leksykalnej oraz leksykalizacja wielu jej elementów.
EN
In the article lexical units collected from historical sources of Polish language attributed to the word-family of the noun “cacko” (‘kickshaw’) were investigated. The key element of analysis was determined by the sema-siological (semantic) method. Starting with etymology it was studied in which ways the particular units acquired new senses, also the character and the function of those shifts as well as the goal of those modifications were ascertained. The above-mentioned lexical units were found to be present in a few semantic categories, seemingly far in the meaning, for example: “play”, “trinkets and decoration”, “passing goods”, “good looks”, “work”, “caress”, “eroticism”, “promise”. The changes that occurred over the years in their core meanings were very fast, most often under the influence of the analogy with the dominating features of the desig¬nation or personification. As a consequence of those alterations the decay of semantic unity of the analyzed lexical family followed as well as lexicalization of its many elements.
Język Polski
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2017
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vol. 97
|
issue 3
114-128
PL
Artykuł ten jest trzecim z serii tekstów poświęconych śladom prawa Raska-Grimma w angielszczyźnie w ujęciu kontrastywnym uwzględniającym polskie wyrazy pokrewne i koncentruje się na zestawieniach kontrowersyjnych. W pierwszej części uwzględnione zostały sporne wyrazy pokrewne, które nie występują w słownikach etymologicznych języka polskiego. Podzielone one zostały na trzy grupy: etymologie prawdopodobne, nie(zupełnie) jasne oraz niepewne i zagadkowe. Każdemu zestawieniu towarzyszy analiza najważniejszych rozbieżności wynikających ze zmian dźwiękowych, rozwoju semantycznego i budowy słowotwórczej prowadząca czasem do nowych interpretacji. W drugiej części przedstawione zostały polsko-angielskie pary zawierające taką samą odpowiedniość (pol. p /ang. f), która nie jest wynikiem pokrewieństwa, lecz skutkiem kontaktów językowych, a wśród nich przypadki wczesnych zapożyczeń germańskich w prasłowiańszczyźnie.
EN
The present paper is the third in the series devoted to the traces of Grimm’s Law in Polish-English cognates and it concentrates on the change from PIE *p to PGmc *f, but this time the focus is on the controversial cases, which are omitted from Polish etymological dictionaries. Firstly, ten disputable etymologies are presented together with argumentation pertaining to phonological, morphological and semantic developments and leading to new interpretations. The comparisons have been divided into three groups: (1) likely etymologies, which could enter Polish etymological dictionaries, (2) unclear or not fully clear and (3) doubtful/mysterious etymologies, which, despite similarity, present serious formal problems. Secondly, loanwords are divided according to whether they demonstrate effects of Grimm’s Law or not, as cases of Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic display the same sound correspondence for different reasons.
PL
Czy dzieje prawa w Polsce wyróżniają się czymś szczególnym? Czy historia prawa w Polsce stwarza wyjątkowo korzystne warunki dla prowadzenia badań komparatystycznych? Podejmując się odpowiedzi na te pytania, skoncentrowałem się na prezentacji dwóch różnych ujęć prawno-porównawczych – na tzw. historycznym porównywaniu praw oraz porównawczej historii prawa. Artykuł został podzielony na dwie części. W pierwszej z nich zawarłem rozbudowane uwagi wstępne charakteryzujące oba podejścia i wyjaśniające, na czym polegają problemy związane z zastosowaniem porównawczej historii prawa w ujęciu temporalnie diachronicznym oraz dlaczego one nie występują w takim stopniu przy stosowaniu historycznego porównywania prawa. W tej części starałem się udokumentować twierdzenie, iż istnienie tzw. porównawczej platformy podobieństw stanowi warunek osiągnięcia pewniejszych i lepiej udokumentowanych wyników badań komparatystycznych. W drugiej części skupiłem się na trzech egzemplifikacjach obrazujących możliwości prowadzenia badań prawno-porównawczych nad dziejami prawa w Polsce. W odniesieniu do czasów przedrozbiorowych koncentruję się na możliwościach komparatystycznych związanych z analizą wpływu prawa rzymskiego na staropolską kulturę prawną. Pozostałe dwa przykłady dotyczą historii prawa na ziemiach polskich w czasach porozbiorowych. Najpierw skupiam swoją uwagę na potencjale, jaki dla badań komparatystycznych stworzyła sytuacja przeszczepienia na grunt polski obcych praw. Analizuję ten problem na przykładzie francuskiego prawa handlowego. Następnie staram się wskazać na potencjał, jaki drzemie w szczególnej sytuacji, w jakiej znalazły się ziemie polskie podzielone na różne obszary prawne i wykorzystania tego faktu w pracach nad stworzeniem własnej kodyfikacji.
EN
Is there anything outstanding about the history of law in Poland? Is it particularly conducive to comparative research? In my attempt to answer these questions, I focussed on presenting two distinct comparative law methods: historical legal comparison and comparative legal history. The paper is divided into two parts. The first part elaborates on the characteristics of the respective methods and on the challenges of comparative legal history in a temporally diachronic perspective and why they are not so pronounced in historical legal comparison. In this part, I tried to document the claim that the existence of a comparative platform of similarities is a condition to obtain more reliable and better-documented results of comparative research. In the second part, I focussed on three cases visualising the possibilities for comparative legal research on the history of law in Poland. Regarding the pre-partition times, I analysed the comparative possibilities related to an analysis of the impact of the Roman law on the Old Polish legal culture. The other two examples concerned the history of law in post-partition Poland. First, I explored the potential triggered by the adoption of foreign laws in Poland in terms of comparative research. I used French commercial law to exemplify the problem. Then, I undertook to show the dormant potential of the particular situation of Poland divided into different legal areas for the development of the country’s own codes of law.
Linguistica Pragensia
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2014
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vol. 24
|
issue 1
45-54
EN
The variety of Spanish spoken in Andalucía has always attracted the attention of both linguists and writers, who have used it to depict their “local characters”. The first studies of the dialect spoken in Andalucía followed the traditional methodology used in dialectology. This also holds true for the ALEA — Atlas lingüístico y etnográfico de Andalucía. It was this extraordinary work that first triggered the interest in this variety, and its data has served for many dialectological and sociolinguistic studies. Most of these studies pay attention to the phonological aspects, as these are the most frequent and the most suitable for quantitative research. Recently, however, other approaches have also appeared. One of them is represented by the diachronic study of archive materials, which enables linguists to study the evolution of pronunciation, grammatical phenomena and lexical units. Even though many studies have been carried out on the varieties spoken in Andalucía, there are still many topics to explore and many questions which will always attract linguists and motivate them to improve the methodology and the range of their studies.
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