Search results

1

Les traces du traducteur dans le discours de presse

100%

Lajus D.

Studia Romanica Posnaniensia

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2018

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vol. 45

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issue 4

109-124

EN

The interlocutory dialogicality of press discourse manifests itself, among other things, in the use of common expressions that give the impression that “it is the language that speaks, not its users” (Bonhomme, 2012, p. 77). Euphemisms, for example, are used to raise difficult or polemic inducing issues, such as poverty, exclusion, war, politics, etc. Meanwhile, expressions that have become common in the source language, and are consistent with generally accepted norms, do not always remain transparent during the translation process. Depending on the translator’s choices, the phrases used in the target text can have various effects, ranging from the erasure of sensitive topics, to their hyperbolization. The subject of the paper is the comparison of articles published in the French monthly Le Monde diplomatique and their translations, which appeared on the pages of the Polish edition of this periodical. Its aim is to reveal the traces of the translator’s presence, visible through his or her ways of interpreting euphemistic phrases, or toning down harsh expressions.

2

Метафорические эвфемизмы деликатной темы в русском, польском и английском языках

92%

Кудлиньска (Kudlińska) Х. H., Никитина (Nikitina) И. I., Иванян (Ivanyan) Е. Е., Поволжская гос. социально-гуманитарная академия (Самара) Кафедра русского языка к. р. и. м. и. п., Лодзинский университет Kафедра языкознания Института русистики (Польша), Самарский институт (филиал) Российского гос. торгово-экономического университета К. и. я.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Linguistica Rossica

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2012

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vol. 08

EN

Metaphors as a type of euphemism formation in thematic group of Russian Polish and English toilet euphemisms are considered. Different types of metaphorical euphemisms are investigated. The analysis demonstrates common devices in euphemism formation and common conceptual and linguistic aspects of euphemisation in Russian, Polish and English. Common devices and large number of interlingual euphemisms in the languages may justify the universal character of the cognitive basis of the nominative language area.

3

La crisi, la política i la llengua Estratègies de com conceptualitzar la difícil situació econòmica catalana: el cas dels discursos oficials d’Artur Mas dels anys 2010‑2011

81%

Pawłowska M.

Studia Iberystyczne

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2015

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vol. 14: Crisis, momentos decisivos

109-135

EN

The aim of this paper is to analyse the official speeches delivered between 2010 and 2011 by the President of Catalan Government, Artur Mas, according to the strategies adopted to talk about the financial crisis and its consequences in the Catalan context. The goal is to capture the perception of these phenomena, which emerge from the linguistic mechanisms that have been used (especially, metaphors).

4

Über Arschkriecher, Arschaffen, dupki und głupie dupy – Zum sprachlichen Tabu(brechen) um den Arsch im Deutschen und dupa im Polnischen (am lexikographischen Material)

81%

Szczęk J.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Germanica

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2017

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issue 13

21-32

EN

This article presents a lexical analysis of the German lexeme Arsch and the Polish lexeme dupa. The departure point is the thesis that linguistic taboos connected with this vulgarism are more and more often broken. This can be observed in the numerous examples given in the text and the formative and collocational potential of the analyzed lexemes.

DE

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5

The Euphemistic Value of Some Romanian Neological Phraseologisms

81%

Coca M. G.

Concordia Discors vs Discordia Concors: Researches into Comparative Literature, Contrastive Linguistics, Cross-Cultural and Translation Strategies

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2020

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vol. 13

77-96

EN

This paper investigates Romanian neological phraseologisms used euphemistically, which are analysed from the viewpoint of the sources and fields of use in Romanian.Our approach started from a few theoretical observations regarding the semantic possibilities of neologisms, with special reference to the expressivity of the phraseological neologisms with euphemistic value. The first part of the paper deals with the stylistic markers of phraseological euphemisms, as well as with the internal and external strategies through which phraseological neologisms were borrowed into Romanian. Occasional phraseological neologisms pertaining to the journalistic discourse have then been made the major focus through the analysis of the combinatorial techniques within the euphemization process.The second part of the paper analyses the phraseological representation of inherently euphemistic neologisms, generated by the taboos referring to character flaws, reprehensible behaviour, social condition, as well as the stylistic markers of some phraseological neologisms with euphemistic value pertaining to scientific terminologies like economy, medicine, and the military.

6

Gwara policyjna w powieściach kryminalnych Katarzyny Bondy - na podstawie serii z profilerem Hubertem Meyerem

81%

Bawej I.

Heteroglossia- studia kulturoznawczo-filologiczne

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2023

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issue 14

121-135

EN

The aim of this article is to draw attention to the characteristics of the vocabulary of police officers in criminal departments. Because questions of their dialect may be multilateral, this paper presents the most typical features of the language of the police officers from a formal point of view, including the way of perceiving and valuing selected elements of the surrounding reality. As an illustration I will use lexicon material extracted from the crime novels by Katarzyna Bonda, author of the crime series with the profiler Hubert Meyer. The nature of the work Hubert Meyer does determines the characteristic of the language that he and his colleagues use in their investigative activities when they talk about reality and its elements. The police language in Bonda’s novels is also a language that police officers use e.g. in their free time. Attached to the work is a glossary of the police language where the individual lexemes, phrases and expressions of the police officers are explained, as well as the novels from which they come.

7

„O czym nie można mówić, o tym trzeba milczeć”? – obszary językowo tabuizowane w tekstach prasowych z okresu żałoby narodowej po śmierci Józefa Piłsudskiego

81%

Rogalska M.

Adeptus

|

2014

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issue 3

51-65

EN

This article discusses issues concerning press text taboo during the national days of mourning after Józef Piłsudski’s death. The source of the material are texts printed in the daily press dated 13.05-19.05.1935. The article discusses both taboo on the formal plane (euphemisms of death and its various aspects), and taboo on a semantic plane (taboo subjects), as well as relationship between taboo and censorship (individual and institutional/public). Its aim is to collect and to analyse euphemisms connected with mourning in the press discourse in the 1930s, especially euphemisms of lexemes: corpse and death. The article discusses also the rhetorical function of taboo subjects defined in connection with Marshal Piłsudski’s death.

PL

Artykuł omawia zagadnienie tabu w czasie żałoby narodowej po śmierci Józefa Piłsudskiego. Materiał stanowią teksty prasowe drukowane na łamach dzienników (zróżnicowanych światopoglądowo) w dniach 13.05.1935-19.05.1935 r. Omówione zostaje zarówno tabu w planie wyrażania (eufemizmy śmierci i obszarów z nią związanych), jak i tabu w planie treści (tematy tabu), a także relacje między tabu i cenzurą (wewnętrzną i zewnętrzną). Celem artykułu jest zebranie i analiza eufemizmów związanych z żałobą, szczególnie eufemizmów leksemów trup i śmierć, w dyskursie publicystycznym lat 30. XX w. oraz omówienie retorycznych funkcji tematów tabu wyznaczanych w związku ze śmiercią marszałka Piłsudskiego.

8

„O czym nie można mówić, o tym trzeba milczeć”? – obszary językowo tabuizowane w tekstach prasowych z okresu żałoby narodowej po śmierci Józefa Piłsudskiego

81%

Rogalska M.

Adeptus

|

2014

|

issue 3

EN

“Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent” – areas tabooed linguistically in press texts during the national days of mourning after Józef Piłsudski’s deathThis article discusses issues concerning press text taboo during the national days of mourning after Józef Piłsudski’s death. The source of the material are texts printed in the daily press dated 13.05-19.05.1935. The article discusses both taboo on the formal plane (euphemisms of death and its various aspects), and taboo on a semantic plane (taboo subjects), as well as relationship between taboo and censorship (individual and institutional/public). Its aim is to collect and to analyse euphemisms connected with mourning in the press discourse in the 1930s, especially euphemisms of lexemes: corpse and death. The article discusses also the rhetorical function of taboo subjects defined in connection with Marshal Piłsudski’s death. „O czym nie można mówić, o tym trzeba milczeć”? – obszary językowo tabuizowane w tekstach prasowych z okresu żałoby narodowej po śmierci Józefa PiłsudskiegoArtykuł omawia zagadnienie tabu w czasie żałoby narodowej po śmierci Józefa Piłsudskiego. Materiał stanowią teksty prasowe drukowane na łamach dzienników (zróżnicowanych światopoglądowo) w dniach 13.05.1935-19.05.1935 r. Omówione zostaje zarówno tabu w planie wyrażania (eufemizmy śmierci i obszarów z nią związanych), jak i tabu w planie treści (tematy tabu), a także relacje między tabu i cenzurą (wewnętrzną i zewnętrzną). Celem artykułu jest zebranie i analiza eufemizmów związanych z żałobą, szczególnie eufemizmów leksemów trup i śmierć, w dyskursie publicystycznym lat 30. XX w. oraz omówienie retorycznych funkcji tematów tabu wyznaczanych w związku ze śmiercią marszałka Piłsudskiego.

9

On Extralinguistic Motivation in Semantic Change: Euphemisation of Taboo Areas

70%

Kleparski G. A.

Academic Journal of Modern Philology

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2023

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issue 19

149-161

EN

This article is meant to be a contribution to the study of the multifaceted nature of taboo and euphemism that represent those linguistic mechanisms that are created by the working of both overt and covert social and psychological factors. And so, the process of sense derogation goes hand in hand with euphemisation, the process of using a new word to refer to an item or concept that for various reasons language users hesitate to talk about straightforwardly. Once a euphemism is accepted, the original term that has been subject to replacement tends to become even less acceptable, undergoing the process of accelerated pejoration. Above the individual level, the use of a particular lexical item may be interdicted by the rules imposed by a given society or a certain sphere within a given society. The mechanisms of taboo and euphemism affect lexical items relatable to various levels of the Great Chain of Being, starting with the supra-human layer where there is the sphere of gods that has been universally subject to taboo, but also animal world where hunting taboos must ultimately be treated as a verbal tactic to obscure the hunter’s intentions; the usage rules are motivated by the fear that the hunted animals may understand the hunters’ speech and intentions.

10

Profanity in songs. Seeking the limits of freedom of speech, and the reproduction and sanctioning of contemporary linguistic tendencies

70%

Gajda K.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica

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2017

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vol. 45

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issue 7

245-282

EN

The article is showing the presence of vulgar expressions in song lyrics. This is a clear testimony to the changes in the customs and language of culture of recent decades. The paradox is that the development of negative phenomena can contribute to events naturally valued positively, such as expanding the sphere of freedom together with the birth of “Solidarity” or the abolition of the censorship institution with the transformation after 1989. Vulgarism today, after more than a quarter of a century since the release of language from the “care” of censorship, is intensively present in songs that many Poles find important. This stylistic device helps to express and shapes the expressed emotions, describe reality, and it is a manifestation of the generational fear of the sublime. The text discusses the songs of authors such as: Andrzej Garczarek, Jacek Kaczmarski, Kazik Staszewski, Krzysztof Grabowski (Grabaż), Marcin Świetlicki, Hubert Dobaczewski (Spięty), Paweł Sołtys (Pablopavo).

11

Euphemistic and Non-Euphemistic Verbs for ‘Die’ in Middle English Chronicles

70%

Kłos M.

Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies

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2014

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issue 23/2

77-90

EN

The paper examines verbs and verbal expressions for ‘die’ employed in Middle English chronicles. As one of the aims is to find out to what extent the distribution of euphemistic and non-euphemistic verbs and verbal expressions denoting this sense was determined stylistically, both prose and verse works are analyzed, i.e. The Peterborough chronicle 1070–1154, The Brut, or the chronicles of England, Layamon’s Brut, and The anonymous short English metrical chronicle. The textual distribution of the verbs is presented, including both numerical data and a synopsized contextual analysis of particular verbs and expressions

12

Loomade ja inimeste suhteid tähistavad loitsud – adresseerimine, eufemismid, düsfemismid

70%

Kõiva M.

Mäetagused

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2022

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vol. 83

219-252

EN

The use of euphemisms is a characteristic of everyday language use today. However, substitute names and euphemisms were widely used in incantations, where euphemisms were tightly interwoven with taboos. In incantations euphemisms are used in various situations: healing the sick, coping with animals and natural phenomena, creating social relationships; coping with core rituals of human life (primarily birth and death); retaliating for theft, murder, and infidelity; promoting one’s work. Euphemisms represent an important pole in the use of verbal magic, and they are different from references to dysphemisms, that is, using vituperation, cursing, profanity or hexing to cut off contact or to achieve one’s goal. This article discusses general principles for the use of euphemisms and examines which euphemisms are used in which functions, using examples of certain belief rituals and values (fishing), symbolic animals (the wolf and the raven) and cockroaches. The results demonstrate that there is no direct appeal in 11% of texts concerned with wolf words, in 10.9% of texts about ravens, and 58% of texts about cockroaches; and euphemisms are used in 66% of texts concerned with the wolf, in 19,5% of texts about the raven, and 32,2% of texts about cockroaches, whereas dysphemisms are used in 32% of texts about the raven and in 3% of texts about cockroaches.

13

W poszukiwaniu teorii konotacji z perspektywy tłumacza

58%

Szczerbowski T.

Slavica Wratislaviensia

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2020

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vol. 171

39-46

EN

The subject of the article are the means by which connotations are conveyed in translation. By applying the system of opposition as proposed by the Danish linguist Viggo Brøndal, one is able to differentiate three stances in translation criticism: “for” (+), “against” (−) and “for and against” (+/− ). A fourth option does not come into play because “indifferent” (0) translations, which are of no interest to researchers, are consequently not discussed by them. Those traces and features which have been left by the translator in the translation itself are considered negative; features which could have been avoided for they completely change the meaning of the original. The translator’s intention cannot dominate over the intentions of the author. Connotation understood as meaning that is culturally motivated requires interdisciplinary research combining various perspectives including the linguistic and cultural as well as investigation drawn from translation studies. This would require a number of monographic studies. The problems in creating a theory of connotation in general, and a theory of connotation from the translator’s perspective in particular, result from the complexity and diversity of the phenomenon itself.

RU

В статье исследуются способы передачи коннотаций в переводе. Со ссылкой на систему оппозиций, предложенную датским лингвистом Вигго Брёндалем, можно обозначить три позиции переводческой критики: „за” (+), „против” (–), и „за” и „против” (+/–). Четвертая позиция (0) выделяется лишь теоретически, так как переводы, не представляющие интереса для критиков, не становятся предметом анализа. Негативно воспринимаются критикой следы переиначивания смысла в переведенном тексте, которые можно было бы избежать, поскольку они в значительной степени искажают содержание источника. Интенции переводчика не могут доминировать над интенциями автора. Явление коннотаций, предопределенное наличием культурных факторов, безусловно, требует междисциплинарного изучения, сочленения разных подходов — как языковедческих, переводоведческих, так и культурологических, — и заслуживает всестороннего рассмотрения в монографических исследованиях. Трудности создания теории коннотаций, особенно под углом зрения переводоведческой науки, обусловлены сложностью и многомерностью данного явления.

14

Conceptualizations of death

58%

Mazur A.

Beyond Philology: An International Journal of Linguistics, Literary Studies and English Language Teaching

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2011

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issue 8

21-54

EN

The research presented in this paper aims to identify various ways in which the native speakers of English conceptualize the notion of death. This is achieved through the examination of numerous expressions, mainly euphemisms, which are used in everyday English to describe and discuss the event of dying. The research is based on the Conceptual Theory of Metaphor which claims that the general conceptual system, underlying both thought and action, is largely metaphorical in nature. In accordance with this claim, metaphor serves as a basis for understanding different concepts, which is reflected in the language used to talk about them.

15

Le figement lexical au service du discours politique en Algérie. Les « zones d’ombre » entre euphémisation et structure lexicalisée

58%

Sofiane M.

e-Scripta Romanica

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2021

|

vol. 9

63-75

EN

This article proposes to analyse the use of the fixed redundancy «مناطق الظل » (areas of shadow) in the Algerian political discourse. It highlights the relationship maintained between the tendency of lexicalization of this sequence and the political strategies of the discourse of authority. This sequence, which comes from political discourse, designates euphemistically emblematic areas of misery and social exclusion. After presenting the theoretical framework of the analysis, this study focuses on the use of this frozen sequence in Algerian political and media discourse.

FR

Cet article propose d’analyser l’emploi de la redondance figée « مناطق الظل » (les zones d’ombre) dans le discours politique algérien. Il met en évidence la relation entretenue entre la tendance de lexicalisation de cette séquence et les stratégies politiques du discours d’autorité. Cette séquence, qui provient du discours politique, désigne euphémiquement des zones emblématiques de la misère et de l’exclusion sociale. Après la présentation du cadre théorique de l’analyse, cette étude s’intéresse à l’emploi de cette séquence figée dans le discours politique et médiatique algérien.

16

Rodzaje motywacji metonimicznej eufemizmów polskich

58%

Kuczok M.

Język Polski

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2017

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vol. 97

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issue 1

107-117

PL

Artykuł stawia sobie za cel przedstawienie motywacji metonimicznej powstawania eufemizmów w języku polskim. W opracowaniu oparto się na pracach z zakresu językoznawstwa kognitywnego, w którym postrzega się metonimię jako ważny mechanizm poznawczy o charakterze pojęciowym. W analizowanych przykładach wyróżniono cztery grupy eufemizmów polskich motywowanych przez cztery rodzaje metonimii – metonimię formalną, referencyjną, zdaniową oraz illokucyjną.

EN

The article aims at presenting the metonymic motivation behind euphemisms in the Polish language. Euphemisms are used by speakers as tools for coping with the negatively charged sphere of taboo that is present in culture. They allow both the speaker and the hearer to save their faces, and to follow the principles of politeness in language. The study is based on works in the field of cognitive linguistics, in which metonymy is perceived as a cognitive mechanism that is conceptual in nature. Among the analyzed examples four groups of Polish euphemisms are distinguished, according to the four types of metonymy motivating their creation: formal metonymy, referential metonymy, propositional metonymy, and illocutionary metonymy.

17

Trochę niezbyt udany debiut czyli słów kilka o eufemizmach w języku prasy i polityki na przykładzie języka francuskiego i polskiego

58%

Izert M.

Półrocznik Językoznawczy Tertium

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2017

|

vol. 2

|

issue 2

EN

In this article we analyze the context meaning of four adverbs: trochę, nieco, mało, niezbyt and their French equivalents un peu, un (tout) petit peu, peu, pas trop in contemporary press and political language. According to basic dictionary definitions, they are used to express weak intensity of a feature. The journalists, trying to avoid offending somebody, and politicians trying to make better impression while talking about themselves, use them, to talk about a negative feature in an euphemistic manner (trochę, nieco / un peu), or to “almost deny” the existence of a positive feature (mało, niezbyt / peu, pas trop). However, while telling less, the journalists or politicians often intend to make an impression that they said more. Litotes, which inevitably can be accurately understood only in the full context of use, is a veiled way to criticize someone or something, to point out a serious shortcoming. It is used to express a strong degree or even an excess of a negative feature.

PL

W artykule tym analizowane jest znaczenie kontekstowe czterech przysłówków trochę, nieco, mało, niezbyt oraz ich francuskich odpowiedników un peu, un (tout) petit peu, peu, pas trop we współczesnym języku prasy i polityki. Według podstawowych definicji słownikowych służą one do wyrażania słabego natężenia cechy. Dziennikarze nie chcąc kogoś urazić,a politycy chcąc lepiej wypaść, mówiąc o sobie samych, używają tych przysłówków, aby w sposóbeufemistyczny powiedzieć o negatywnej cesze (trochę, nieco /unpeu) albo aby prawie zanegować istnienie cechy pozytywnej (mało, niezbyt /peu, pas trop). Często jednak mówiąc mniej, dziennikarze czy politycy dają odczuć, że powiedzieli więcej. Litota, którąmożna dokładnie odczytać tylko w kontekście użycia, jest zawoalowanym sposobem skrytykowania kogoś lub czegoś, wytknięcia poważnego niedociągnięcia. Używa się jej dla wyrażenia silnego stopnia natężenia lub nawet nadmiaru negatywnej cechy.

18

Stratégies médiatiques et communication citoyenne : un clivage dans l’expression de l’émotion

58%

Konowska A., de Łódź U., ages@wp.pl

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Romanica

|

2015

|

vol. 010

EN

The analyzing of various emotions expressed via the Internet allows the observer to see the profound divide between discursive strategies of media professionals, especially journalists, and the citizen communication practices.As far as verbalizing emotions is concerned, the journalist uses euphemisms while the opinions voiced by the Internet users are frequently accompanied by dysphemisms. In order to illustrate this situation, we will compare comments made by professional journalists with those of the Internet users regarding the conduct of the French football player Samir Nasri. Nasri, who twice insulted a journalist during the UEFA Euro 2012, aroused strong emotions which each of the two groups in question verbalized in its own way.

FR

L’analyse de différents modes de médiatisation de l’émotion permet d’observer un clivage profond entre les stratégies discursives des professionnels des médias, surtout des journalistes, et les pratiques communicatives citoyennes. Quand il s’agit de verbaliser les émotions, le discours journalistique foisonne d’euphémismes tandis que la prise de parole par les internautes s’accompagne à tout bout de champ, ou presque, de dysphémismes. Pour illustrer cette situation, nous nous sommes proposé de comparer les commentaires de journalistes professionnels et d’internautes (« simples citoyens ») émis en réaction au comportement du footballeur français Samir Nasri lequel, en insultant par deux fois un journaliste lors des championnats Euro 2012, a suscité de vives émotions que chacun des deux groupes a verbalisées à sa façon.

19

Analiza lingwistyczna i prawna oszustwa a jego eufemizacja w przekazach internetowych

58%

Burska-Ratajczyk B., Burski R.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Linguistica

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2022

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vol. 56

321-337

EN

The article presents the question of a crime of fraud. This prohibited act has been analysed from the legal and linguistics point of view. Linguistics researches refers to examples taken from the Internet from 2018 to 2021. Those examples incorporates characteristic phrases used by an internauts to name a perpetrators, criminal activity, special forms of crimes and victims of frauds. Lexical, semantical, grammatical and graphical means of euphemisation allows to enrich a communication by values such as emotionality or expressiveness. Legal analysis concentrates on a terms of criminal liability and character of a punishment, established in a criminal Code.

PL

W artykule przedstawione zostało zagadnienie przestępstwa oszustwa. Wskazany czyn zabroniony przeanalizowano z punktu widzenia językoznawstwa oraz prawa. Badania językoznawcze odwołują się do przykładów zaczerpniętych z internetu z lat 2018–2021. Obejmują one wykorzystywane przez internautów nazwy sprawców, działalności przestępczej, charakterystycznych typów oszustw oraz osób nimi pokrzywdzonych. Leksykalne, semantyczne, gramatyczne bądź graficzne środki eufemizacji nadają komunikacji walor emocjonalności lub ekspresyjności. Analiza prawna wymienionego czynu zabronionego określa warunki, jakie spełnić musi dane zachowanie, aby stanowiło przedmiot odpowiedzialności karnej, oraz jakie konsekwencje grożą jego sprawcy.

20

Political correctness as an object of investigation

58%

Mishchenko D., Baranova S.

Pomiędzy. Polonistyczno-Ukrainoznawcze Studia Naukowe

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2023

|

issue 10(3)

25-31

EN

The terms political correctness or PC were not used until the late 1970s. According to James Wilson (1995), a judge in Georgia, in 1973 the US Supreme Court first mentioned the term “politically correct”. Thus, the doctrine of political correctness was based on the concept of “neutral language”. It is this language, free from expressions that offend the feelings and dignity of the person, violate his human rights, must oppose hate speech (Phumsiri N., 2018). The relevance of the work is due to the interest of studying the political correctness in the modern dimension, which is explained by the growing interest in society and spread in the media. Political correctness (PC) – a term that describes the style of behavior, speech, lifestyle, preferences, but at the same time does not violate the personal boundaries of people in religious, racial, political, cultural fields (Stephen Richer, Lorna Weir, 1995). Political correctness is a kind of voluntary social code of conduct, which provides for the inadmissibility of humiliating mentions of physical or mental disabilities of third parties, about their racial, religious or national affiliation, observance of gender equality in public and private life. The term “political correctness” began to be widely used only in the 80s of the 20th centuries. It was then that conservatives from American universities began to use it to denote social movements that advocated the establishment of codes of conduct that would exclude manifestations of racism, sexism, homophobia or other unacceptable forms of behavior. Politically correct terms are a special group of neologisms that are deliberately created by native speakers to replace lexical units that, for one or another political or social reason, begin to be perceived as derogatory. A number of researchers consider political correctness as one of the manifestations of euphemism, as an integral component of its linguistic aspect (Anna Monashnenko, Svitlana Amelina, Vasyl Shynkaruk, 2021). They consider euphemisms and politically correct units as identical concepts: euphemism is one of the most effective means of expressing politically correct vocabulary.

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