Search results

1

Podstawy społeczne i ekonomiczne powstania fenomenu złotnictwa wielbarskiego

100%

Gralak T.

Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim

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2022

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issue 63

7-40

EN

In the early first century AC, in the north of Poland (predominantly in Pomerania), the Wielbark culture developed with its group of specific features. Among them were numerous items of jewellery. It seems that their use was related to an extended social hierarchy and distant inter-regional trade contacts. The raw material used by the jewellers was most probably obtained from melted Roman coins. Amber exports were at the economic basis of obtaining the coins. The most frequent forms of trinkets:snake- and adder-inspired bracelets, reverse pear pendants, S-shaped buckles and others, are of entirely foreign origin. Their prototypes can be traced back to the pre-Roman areas along the Danube occupied by the Thracians and the Dacians or the La Tène culture population.

2

Biada zwyciężonym – gospodarka i relacje społeczne w kulturze lateńskiej

100%

Gralak T.

Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia

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2021

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vol. 26

59-87

EN

The economy of any community depends on the values which are considered to be the most important. Social organization and technologies are subordinated to their implementation. In traditional societies, including people of the La Tène culture, the most significant issues concerned the status of individuals and the resulting interpersonal relations. The position in rank was manifested and gained through participation in military expeditions. The economy was subordinated to military action. Nonetheless, new technologies and financial solutions created opportunities for military success. This, however, has its price in enormous social inequalities and almost permanent war.

3

Understanding the Concept of Gift in Economics: Contributions from Other Social Sciences

100%

Sindzingre A. N.

Eidos. A Journal for Philosophy of Culture

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2017

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vol. 1

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issue 2

4-20

EN

In putting forth a view of economic agents as autonomous individuals driven by self-interest, mainstream economics precludes the possibility of gift. Gift could be found in non-market, “collectivist”, societies, where “informal” norms would include gift-giving. In this context, the paper argues that mainstream views regarding the impossibility of the concept of gift are inaccurate, via an analysis of conceptual and empirical contributions of other social sciences, notably sciences of mankind “par excellence” such as anthropology and philosophy. In particular, the paper shows that critiques of mainstream views that are based on simple contrasts and qualifications do not provide conceptual instruments for a rigorous critique (such as “collectivism”, “informality”, “altruism”). This is also the case with the more “heterodox” views that underscore the unrealistic character of mainstream models of social interactions and norms. The mainstream arguments of self-interest and exchanges, based on expectations of future returns as universal traits of human beings, are indeed not easy to refute, including with the conceptual tools of other social sciences. This paper instead argues that a deeper analysis of concepts such as selfishness, interest, exchange, or the individual yields a more relevant critique of mainstream conceptions of gift—“the interest of whom?” and “exchange shaped by what?” being the pertinent questions. Other social sciences show that these concepts actually always presuppose the pre-existence of societies before that of individuals, and this is expressed by the many facets of the conceptualisations of the act of giving, whether societies are market or non-market ones.

4

Teoria systemów-światów Immanuela Wallersteina i jej recepcja w archeologii: część III – okres wpływów rzymskich

99%

Ciesielska A.

Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia

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2018

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vol. 23

23-48

EN

Immanuel Wallerstein’s centre-periphery model lies at the root of many archaeological studies, particularly studies of romanisation. One of them has been an article written by Peter S. Wells, but we have also studies done by Richard Higley concerning Roman Britain, Susan Frankenstein and Michael Rowland concerning the social hierarchy in Roman Germany. Actually several archaeologists tried to study these topic according to the Wallerstein’s world-systems theory. We can observe that the application of the theory into archaeology has always very important heuristic value.

5

Mycenaean Greece and Europe. Interconnections and exchanges in the light of recent research

86%

Harding A.

Studia Hercynia

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2022

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vol. 26

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issue 1

21-43

EN

The debate over possible connections between Bronze Age Greece and the rest of the European continent, to which Jan Bouzek made major contributions throughout his career, is reviewed in the light of new con tributions and finds. Particularly important is recent work on the north Italian site of Frattesina. Other categories of evidence are considered in turn. In the light of these advances, it is possible to imagine a much more interconnected Bronze Age world than was possible 40 years ago.

6

Bank loans denominated and indexed to foreign currency ‒ a Polish, Ukrainian or Europe-Wide problem?

86%

Koźmiński K.

Studia Iuridica

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2017

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vol. 71

117-135

EN

The institution of a bank mortgage denominated/indexed to foreign currency (referred to generally and not very precisely as “foreign currency loan” or “loan adjusted to foreign currency”) is an instrument commonly used by a broad group of citizens of European states for acquiring capital with a view to purchasing a housing unit. Until recently, such loans were popular not only in Poland and other countries belonging to the so-called “New Union” (those whose accession took place within the last decade or so: Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Hungary and Croatia), Austria, Spain, Italy, Portugal, but also outside of the borders of the Union: in Russia, Serbia and Ukraine (however, one difference was the currency in which obligations were evaluated – whilst loans in EU countries were dominated by the Swiss Franc, Ukrainian lendees more frequently relied upon loans “adjusted” to the U.S. dollar). Regardless of differences persisting in legislative regimes, peculiarities of national legal systems and local economic and social conditions, in all those countries doubts have arisen whether a drastic change in currency rate (which results in an obligation to pay off a loan on conditions much less attractive than beforehand) constitutes a legally relevant circumstance that could permit one to release oneself from having to perform one’s contractual duties or, at least, facilitate granting some relief in fulfilling increasingly more onerous obligations towards banks. To discuss the permissibility and legal aspects of foreign currency loan contracts is complicated not only from the juridical point of view, but is also of interest to society, politics and economics. Still, the problem attracts strong emotions, particularly among lendees who took out a foreign currency loan and now feel deceived due to a change of the currency rate. The lendees and their organizations often expect involvement, particularly from EU bodies, where, in their estimation, domestic authorities have failed or “succumbed to the banking lobby”. Unfortunately, having observed the course of events over the last several years, one may surmise that the low number of judgments in cases concerning denominated bank loans, and especially the sceptical approach of the Court of Justice, have generated a lot of disappointment.

7

K Adornově konceptualizaci sociální podstaty moderny

86%

Nový M.

Historická sociologie (Historical Sociology)

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2016

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vol. 1

53-70

EN

This study explores the fundamental traits of Adorno’s conceptual understanding of modernity. In Czech sociology, there has not been a serious discussion of Adorno’s seminal oeuvre, this article aims to fill that gap. The aim is to reconstruct the very basis of Adorno’s sociological method: firstly, the essay turns its attention to the historically specific mode of subsumption of human action to the conceptual totality of class domination. In this process, an individual adopts a positive identity within which its suppressed, ontologically negative complement – its dynamic non-identity, persists. Secondly, the study deals with Adorno’s derivation of the concept of social essence. In this respect, he draws on Marx’s Capital, but Adorno’s critical reading introduces an important conceptual innovation: under the conditions of Keynesianism, Adorno challenges the validity of Marx’s theorization of law-like objectivity of value and replaces it with the concept of exchange as the universal model of social activity. However, the study argues that Adorno’s reconstruction of Marx’s critique of political economy has reified Keynesian management of the capitalist economy.

8

Exchange of goods while investing into production and safety

86%

HAUSKEN K.

Operations Research and Decisions

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2013

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vol. 23

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issue 1

29-35

EN

The tradeoff between production and safety investment is scrutinized for two agents who convert resources into production and safety investment while simultaneously exchanging goods voluntarily. We quantify how two Cobb–Douglas parameters, one scaling production versus safety, and the other scaling the relative importance of two goods, impact two agents’ production, safety effort, incomes, export, import, price, and utilities. An agent’s income from producing a good reaches a maximum for an intermediate value of the Cobb–Douglas parameter that scales the importance of productive effort relative to safety effort. The price of good 2 in terms of good 1, and the agents’ utilities depend on both the Cobb–Douglas parameters, the productivity parameter, and both agents’ resources and unit costs of production and safety effort.

9

Rynek owoców w Polsce w okresie przedakcesyjnym i po akcesji do Unii Europejskiej

86%

Kapusta F.

Ekonomia XXI Wieku

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2014

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issue 3(3)

9-22

EN

Fruit market in Poland is covered by the regulations of the Common Market Organization for Fruit and Vegetables, which was established in 1996 in the European Union. The regulation covers fruit quality issues and the protection of the internal market by defining the rules of international trade. The support for fruit growers was emphasized on the internal market. The aim of the study was to show: the importance of fruit in human nutrition, changes in the level of consumption and production and development of directions of usage. The paper covers the period 1995-2012 in terms of acreage, crops and fruit, and 2001-2012 in terms of the production of processed fruit. In turn, the trade turnover with fresh fruit and milk are presented for the years 2009-2012. By 2003, it was a pre-accession period, and later − post-accession to the European Union. Such periods of study have been sanctioned by the availability of statistical data. The chemical composition of fresh fruit and berries varies greatly; water predominates (80-85%), while in the dry matter (15-20%) there are sugars, organic acids, pectins, tannins and aromatic substances that impart characteristic taste to them. In addition, fruit are a valuable source of vitamins C, B, provitamin AP , E, K and folic acid. The consumption of apples is particularly recommended, because they are rich in biologically active compounds reducing the risk of asthma, diabetes, obesity and other diseases. In addition their daily intake of at least 110 g reduces by 49% the probability of myocardial infarction in men. So far, the consumption of fruit and their products (in terms of fresh fruit) is in the range of 50-60 kg per person per year and this level is too low. Growing fruit in Poland in 2012 accounted for 2.3% of agricultural land and provided 5.2% of global production and 6.0% of the production of agricultural goods. The area is changing as well as yields. The process of concentration of production and the modernization of specific fruit trees and a change in production technology takes place. As a result, a smaller number of manufacturers provide higher and higher quality fruit. The area of growing apples, apricots, peaches and walnuts grows, while of pears, plums and cherries decreases. In the scope of shrubs and berry plantations there is an increasing area of planted raspberries, currants, chokeberry, high-bush blueberry, hazelnut and vines, and the decreasing area of strawberries and gooseberries. Fruit production is seasonal while consumer needs are constant. Hence, the role of storage, processing and trading of foreign fruit is important. From year to year there is an increasing trade turnover of fresh fruit and their processed products. Often, the same products are imported and exported. There are variations in the trade balance of fresh fruit and processed fruit. In total, in the years 2009, 2011 and 2012, Poland had a positive balance of foreign trade, while in 2010 negative.

10

Niekupowanie – stare zjawisko w nowej odsłonie

81%

Majdecka E.

Nauka i Szkolnictwo Wyższe

|

2013

|

issue 1(41)

143-152

EN

Not-to-buy trend - the idea of an exchange, borrowing things, reconstructing or remaking objects is not a discovery of the present time. Only currently a tool of Internet has made us able to increase the speed of communication and has connected people we would not have been able to get in to before. This tool has given us a chance to reinforce the popularity of a ‘Not-to-buy trend’. This article is describing elements of the ‘Not-to-buy trend’ by pointing out sets of characteristic actions, groups of participants and their motivation that take part in (what is be named by people surveyed) a Life Style. The thesis describes and also comments some of the principals that rule the behavior of some specific consumer groups, gathering around different virtual spaces on the Internet. I also point out a different understanding of ‘consumerism’ used among the anthropologists, sociologists, people surveyed. The definitions constructed by each of the groups seem to be contradictive. At the end I am wondering, if “Not-to-buy trend” is only a new way of old phenomenon or maybe something totally new

PL

Niekupowanie, czyli wymiana, pożyczanie, odnawianie i przerabianie, nie są znane od dzisiaj. Internet umożliwił zupełnie nowe sposoby komunikacji, dzięki którym porozumiewamy się nie tylko szybciej, ale też mamy szansę nawiązać kontakt z obcymi sobie osobami. To właśnie szansa dla większej popularności nowej odsłony niekupowania. W artykule opisuję elementy niekupowania, wskazując na charakterystykę działań poszczególnych uczestników takich praktyk oraz motywacje, które popychają ich do takiego działania czy, jak wskazują niektórzy badani, stylu życia. Opisuję i komentuję zasady funkcjonowania grup osób niekupujących skupionych w różnych miejscach Internetu, które je porządkują i uprawomocniają Zwracam również uwagę na różnice definicyjne słowa konsumpcjonizm wśród badanych i socjologów oraz antropologów. Prowadzą one do pozornego wzajemnego wykluczenia się tych definicji, co szczegółowo opisuję. W końcowej części artykułu rozważam, czy niekupowanie jest starym zjawiskiem w nowej odsłonie, czy może czymś zupełnie nowym

11

Giełdowe obligo gazowe – próba oceny

72%

Wojcieszak Ł.

Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem

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2016

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vol. 8

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issue 4

137-152

EN

The article deals with the origin and purpose of the exchange obligation related to natural gas (an obligation to sell some of the natural gas on an exchange), it shows specifics of this regulation as well as related requirements. Further the paper presents what effects it had to implement exchange obligation and what was the reason to introduce it. According to the author the regulation is a right solution in the Polish law but its level should be less than 10%. The exchange obligation was introduced already in 2012 and this is considered as unpremeditated action with the main aim to weaken the dominant role of the gas company PGNiG. The regulation is a step in the right direction to liberalize gas market in Poland though this tool wasn’t appropriate for the market at the time it was introduced. However, notwithstanding the introduction of exchange obligation, diversification of routes and sources to supply natural gas will have the major impact on gas trading via exchange.

PL

W artykule ukazana została geneza oraz wprowadzenia cel giełdowego obliga gazowego, jak również jego specyfika i inne związane z nim regulacje. W dalszej części artykułu przedstawiono skutki giełdowego obliga gazowego, a także argumenty przemawiające za zasadnością jego wprowadzenia. Zdaniem autora giełdowe obligo gazowe jest właściwym rozwiązaniem w prawie polskim, jednak jego poziom powinien wynosić mniej niż 10%. Wprowadzenie obliga giełdowego już w 2012 r. należy jednak uznać za działanie sztuczne i nakierowane głównie na osłabienie dominującej roli PGNiG. W procesie urynkawiania sektora energetycznego w Polsce i liberalizacji rynku gazu wprowadzenie obliga stanowiło krok we właściwym kierunku, choć instrument ten nie odpowiadał uwarunkowaniom rynkowym istniejącym w okresie, w którym obligo zostało wprowadzone. Niezależnie jednak od wprowadzenia giełdowego obliga gazowego zasadniczy wpływ na wzrost znaczenia giełdowego obrotu gazem będzie mieć zaś przede wszystkim dywersyfikacja kierunków i źródeł dostaw tego surowca.

12

Transcarpathian contacts of the Late Glacial Societies of the Polish Lowlands

72%

Sobkowiak-Tabaka I., Kasztovszky Z., Kabaciński J., T. Biró K., Maróti B., Gméling K.

Przegląd Archeologiczny

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2015

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vol. 63

5-28

XX

Identification of exotic raw-materials discovered within the context of Late Glacial societies of the North European Plain is a crucial factor in discussion about far-reaching exchange systems of goods and ideas. The present paper considers the occurrence of obsidian finds on the Polish Lowlands, hundreds of kilometers away from its sources located south of the Carpathians. The focus is on chemical recognition and identification of a large and unique assemblage of obsidian artefacts from two Polish localities based on non-invasive Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis (PGAA). As a result, a clear connection of northern Polish obsidians with its outcrops located on the northern (Slovakian) fringe of the Tokaj Mountains was established that is the first detailed identification of obsidian finds from the territory of Poland ever. A review of Polish and Slovakian obsidian assemblages from the Late Glacial times and the importance of obsidian exchange and mobility for Late Palaeolithic societies of Central Europe are discussed supported by analytical results of PGAA. Keywords: obsidian, Late Glacial, Central Europe, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, exchange, mobility, provenance, prompt gamma activation analysis

13

Dialogiczny charakter wymiany w ujęciu ekonomii personalistycznej

72%

Drobny P.

Prakseologia

|

2019

|

vol. 161

115-140

PL

Artykuł skoncentrowany jest na problemie dialogicznego wymiaru wymiany. Autor traktuje wymianę jako bardziej adekwatną dla nauki społecznej jednostkę analizy od decyzji, wokół której skoncentrowana jest ekonomia głównego nurtu. Artykuł ma dwa cele. Po pierwsze, jest próbą zwrócenia uwagi na negatywną funkcję współczesnej ekonomii, która koncentrując się na decyzji i na konstruowaniu zdepersonalizowanych, holistycznych struktur teoretycznych, traci z pola widzenia swój właściwy wymiar społeczny. Po drugie, jest próbą personalistycznego spojrzenia na wymianę jako rodzaj relacji międzyludzkich i ukazania jej dialogicznego charakteru poprzez odwołanie się do filozofii E. Lévinasa. Wychodząc od ekonomii personalistycznej jako teorii powinności działania ze względu na rozwój osoby, autor pokazuje wymianę jako formę dialogu, w której wyraża się wzajemna odpowiedzialność za siebie wymieniających się i która przez to ma wspólnototwórczy charakter. Wskazuje tym samym na wymianę jako na istotny warunek rozwoju osoby.

EN

The article focuses on the problem of the dialogical dimension of exchange. The author treats the exchange as a unit of analysis more relevant to social science than the decision around which mainstream economics is concentrated. The article has two goals. Firstly, it is an attempt to draw attention to the negative function of modern economics, which focuses on decisions and the construction of depersonalized, holistic theoretical structures and loses its proper social dimension from view. Secondly, it is an attempt to look at the exchange of personalities as a kind of interpersonal relations and to show its dialogical character, by referring to the philosophy of E. Lévinas. Starting from the personalist economics as a theory of the duty of action due to the development of the person, the author shows the exchange as a form of dialogue in which mutual responsibility for each other has its expression and which thus has a communityforming character. It indicates the exchange as an important condition for the development of the person.

14

Wymiana wartości miękkich w kreowaniu usług rekreacyjnych

72%

Panfil R.

Handel Wewnętrzny

|

2017

|

issue 4 (369) Tom I

145-155

PL

Usługi rekreacyjne, zarówno dla firm je świadczących, jak i dla klientów tych firm, czyli dla osób aktywnych rekreacyjnie, stanowią swoistą wartość, określaną jako wartość usługi. W publikacji teoretycznej, o charakterze koncepcyjno-pragmatycznym, wykorzystując wyniki badań własnych i innych autorów, przedstawione w pracach z zakresu teorii usług i teorii rekreacji, wykorzystując jednocześnie pragmatyczne przesłanki teorii aksjologicznych, dokonano interdyscyplinarnej refleksji nad treścią tych prac. Na ich podstawie przedstawiono spójną koncepcję, która pozwala na identyfikowanie i kreowanie usług rekreacyjnych jako hybryd wartości dla klienta i dla firmy świadczącej te usługi w ich miękkim wymiarze. Treści szczegółowe publikacji objęły więc analizę desygnatów teorii wartości, w aspekcie możliwości ich wykorzystania jako paradygmatu wartości usług, zdefiniowano wartości miękkie, wyznaczające usługi rekreacyjne, a następnie przedstawiono analizę procesu kreowania wartości usługi jako wypadkowej wymiany wartościowania miękkiego usług między klientem i firmą je świadczącą.

EN

For both recreational service providers and their clients, i.e. recreationally active people, recreational services constitute a particular value, defined as a service value. This theoretical paper is of the conceptual and pragmatic nature whose aim is to present an interdisciplinary reflection on the findings and contents of various publications addressing the theory of service and the theory of recreation written by the author himself and other authors. The reflection is based on pragmatic premises of axiological theories. On the basis of these publications, it was possible to develop a coherent conception able to identify and create recreational services having hybrid soft values for clients and service providers. In particular, the paper analyses the possibility of making use of the referents of the theory of value as a paradigm of service value. Then the paper defines the soft values that determine recreational services and finally analyses the process of creating a service value as a resultant of an exchange of soft evaluation of services made by both clients and fitness service providers.

RU

Рекреационные услуги, как для фирм, предоставляющих их, так и для клиентов этих фирм, т.е. лиц, рекреационно активных, представляют своеобразную ценность, определяемую как ценность услуги. В теоретической статье концептуально-прагматического характера, используя результаты собственных исследований и исследований других авторов, представленные в работах в области теории услуг и теории рекреации, одновременно используя прагматические предпосылки аксиологических теорий, представили интердисциплинарную рефлексию над содержанием этих работ. На их основе представили последовательную концепцию, которая позволяет выявить и создавать рекреационные услуги в качестве гибридов ценностей для клиента и для фирмы, оказывающей эти услуги, в их мягком измерении. Таким образом, детальное содержание статьи охватило собой анализ десигнатов теории ценностей в аспекте возможностей их использования в качестве парадигмы ценностей услуг, определили мягкие ценности, выражающие рекреационные услуги, а затем представили анализ процесса создания ценности услуги как равнодействующей обмена мягкой оценки услуг между клиентом и фирмой, оказывающей их.

15

U źródeł leseferyzmu i subiektywizmu myśli Murraya Rothbarda. Arystoteles, Święty Tomasz, hiszpańscy scholastycy, John Locke i Fryderyk Bastiat jako źródła inspiracji

72%

Wojtyszyn R.

Ekonomia. Wrocław Economic Review

|

2016

|

vol. 22

|

issue 3

43-57

EN

The subject of this article are origins of the subjectivist view of the economic activity of man, and pre-classic themes of political economy, which are the inspirations for Murray Newton Rothbard and his thought of anarcho-capitalism. These issues, being so rarely subject to scientific interest, are crucial point of reference for classical and neoclassical economics, and laissez-faire in general. Specific influence of natural law on the sphere of economic activity and human condition also implies abroader view of the role of state institutions in the thought of Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, the scholastics of the Salamanca, John Locke and Frederic Bastiat, who combined the above-mentioned laws of nature and tradition of classical economics with subjectivity, so important in Austrian School of Economics and in anarcho-capitalist thought of Murray Newton Rothbard.

16

Determinanty rozwoju rynku emisji pierwotnych akcji na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie

72%

Ostrowska E., Deryło M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie

|

2015

|

issue 1(937)

101-114

PL

W artykule zdefiniowano termin emisje pierwotne akcji, dokonano identyfikacji i klasyfikacji determinant rozwoju rynku emisji pierwotnych akcji na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie. Determinanty podzielono na te związane z funkcjonowaniem spółki oraz na te związane z jej otoczeniem. Na podstawie wskazanych przez autorów kryteriów dokonano również analizy tendencji na rynku emisji pierwotnych akcji. Za kryteria te uznano rodowód spółek debiutujących na rynku, zależność od indeksu WIG, przyrost kapitalizacji, liczbę wycofań spółek z giełdy, przyrost liczby rachunków inwestycyjnych, a także PKB.

EN

The article defines the term “initial public offerings”, and identifies and classifies the determinants of the development of the initial public offerings market on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The determinants are divided into those associated with how companies function and those related to the environment. We analyse trends in the IPO market on the basis of these criteria: the origin of the companies debuting on the market, their dependence on the WIG index, the increase in capitalisation, the number of withdrawals of companies on the stock exchange, the increase in the number of investment accounts, and GDP.

17

Internationalization As A Challenge For University Management Boards On The Example Of The University Of Economics And Humanities – A Case Study

72%

Jaszczurowska E.

MIND Journal

|

2017

|

issue 3

1-12

EN

Summing up, it should be emphasized that in the age of globalization it is impossible to omit the learning process internationalization, and there is no other way than to promote learning of foreign languages, especially English. Globalization does not give a choice, nor does it absolve anyone from the need to deepen knowledge and skills. Regardless of whether a given organization is a large university or a small non-public institution, each one must submit to this process in order to maintain the activities on the educational services market. Otherwise, such an institution will educate graduates doomed to unemployment which, in turn, will make it unpopular and sometimes worthless. Hence, university authorities should be open to inevitable changes and introduce innovative actions in this area.

18

Sprawa Securities and Exchange Commission v. Ripple Labs Inc. jako punkt zwrotny w historii rynków kryptowalutowych

72%

Zieliński J.

Roczniki Administracji i Prawa

|

2022

|

vol. 1(XXII)

231-241

EN

This article provides detailed depiction of arguments and statements presented by both parties to the proceedings in Securities and Exchange Commission v. Ripple Labs Inc. case, with author’s opinions and remarks on the aforesaid. Because of its precedential character, the aforementioned case could play a crucial role in the future of all cryptocurrencies. Never before, had Securities and Exchange Commission made a complaint against company, which is behind one of the most popular cryptocurrencies of all time – XRP. Plaintiff claims, that from at least 2013 through the present, Defendants sold over 14.6 billion units of a digital asset security called “XRP,” in return for cash or other consideration worth over $ 1.38 billion U.S. Dollars to fund Ripple’s operations and enrich Larsen and Garlinghouse. Plaintiff underlines, that XRP is digital asset security, namely investment contract, and as such, it should follow the rules set out in Securities Act (1933). In the article, author tackles the problem of evaluating arguments presented by both parties, and tries to predict the consequences of possible rulings.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł stanowi kompleksowe przedstawienie sprawy Securities and Exchange Commission v. Ripple Labs Inc, wraz ze wszelkimi argumentami i twierdzeniami przedstawianymi przez obie strony postępowania. Sprawa ta, w ocenie autora, stanowić może punkt zwrotny w historii rynków kryptowalutowych, gdyż nigdy wcześniej przedmiotem zainteresowania wskazanej Komisji nie była tak popularna kryptowaluta. Zdaniem Komisji, stworzona przez Ripple Labs kryptowaluta XRP, w rozumieniu prawa amerykańskiego, a konkretnie w rozumieniu przepisów Securities Act (1933), jest niczym innym jak papierem wartościowym – kontraktem inwestycyjnym, wobec czego wszelkie czynności związane z emisją oraz dalszym obrotem tokenami XRP winny być poddane wszelkim wymogom oraz ograniczeniom wynikającym z odpowiednich przepisów. W niniejszym artykule autor zmierzy się z zagadnieniem ewaluacji argumentacji prezentowanej przez strony postępowania oraz postara się przewidzieć, jakie skutki dla rynków kryptowalutowych mieć będzie zapadłe w sprawie rozstrzygnięcie

19

Ayahuasca ethno-tourism and its impact on the indigenous Shuar community (Ecuador) and western participants:

72%

Salibová D.

Český lid: etnologický časopis (Český lid: Ethnological journal)

|

2020

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vol. 107

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issue 4

511-32

EN

An indigenous Shuar community in Ecuador have been hosting tourists seeking retreats that feature traditional medicinal plants such as ayahuasca and tobacco. The community has provided individual ceremonies with the plants, or more complex rites such as Natemamu. Natemamu is a rite that is comprised of repetitive ceremonies lasting ten to twelve days, which involves drinking large quantities of Ayahuasca. The author primarily focuses on: 1) the commodification of the Shuar Natemamu rite as a product that is offered on the global market; and 2) the impacts of this commercial trade on the hosts and visitors. This article is based on data collected by means of participant observation, interviews, and audio-visual documentations. The findings imply that the introduction of western tourists to the Shuar community and its rites has contributed to processual changes to the rite and to ideational and material changes on both sides. Furthermore, the find- ings suggest that while the tourists experienced more ideational changes, the impact on Shuars was more material. This seems to be in accordance with the respective expectations of the encounter of both groups.

20

Co jest źródłem satysfakcji gracza? O kluczowej roli wymiany autystycznej w grach komputerowych

58%

Winnicki Ł.

Homo Ludens

|

2019

|

issue 1(12)

227-251

PL

Artykuł omawia możliwość opisania i wytłumaczenia zjawiska gier komputerowych za pomocą bardziej pierwotnego fenomenu – wymiany. Autor, korzystając z myśli ekonomisty Ludwiga von Misesa, nazywa czynność grania wymianą autystyczną i za pomocą socjologicznej teorii wymiany George’a Homansa sprawdza, czy gry komputerowe są oparte na zjawisku wymiany, co skutkuje dostarczaniem graczom satysfakcji. W tym celu przytoczonych zostaje pięć najwyższych sił charakteru warunkujących szczęśliwe życie. W wyniku przeprowadzonego na 669 osobach badania kwestionariuszowego hipoteza badawcza zostaje zweryfikowana pozytywnie.

EN

Video games phenomena is something entirely new in mankind history. Yet it haven’t preceded our nature so it still should be readily explained by some basic terms. In this case the author suggests that the exchange is the fundament of players action and the source of their satisfaction. Using Mises (economist’s), Homans (sociologist’s) and positive psychologists’ (character strengths) legacy, deduction process takes place and an Internet questionnaire is being conducted. Results obtained from 669 players are analysed and used to verify the main hypothesis of the text and – at the end – to affirm it.

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Podstawy społeczne i ekonomiczne powstania fenomenu złotnictwa wielbarskiego

Biada zwyciężonym – gospodarka i relacje społeczne w kulturze lateńskiej

Understanding the Concept of Gift in Economics: Contributions from Other Social Sciences

Teoria systemów-światów Immanuela Wallersteina i jej recepcja w archeologii: część III – okres wpływów rzymskich

Mycenaean Greece and Europe. Interconnections and exchanges in the light of recent research

Bank loans denominated and indexed to foreign currency ‒ a Polish, Ukrainian or Europe-Wide problem?

K Adornově konceptualizaci sociální podstaty moderny

Exchange of goods while investing into production and safety

Rynek owoców w Polsce w okresie przedakcesyjnym i po akcesji do Unii Europejskiej

Niekupowanie – stare zjawisko w nowej odsłonie

Giełdowe obligo gazowe – próba oceny

Transcarpathian contacts of the Late Glacial Societies of the Polish Lowlands

Dialogiczny charakter wymiany w ujęciu ekonomii personalistycznej

Wymiana wartości miękkich w kreowaniu usług rekreacyjnych

U źródeł leseferyzmu i subiektywizmu myśli Murraya Rothbarda. Arystoteles, Święty Tomasz, hiszpańscy scholastycy, John Locke i Fryderyk Bastiat jako źródła inspiracji

Determinanty rozwoju rynku emisji pierwotnych akcji na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie

Internationalization As A Challenge For University Management Boards On The Example Of The University Of Economics And Humanities – A Case Study

Sprawa Securities and Exchange Commission v. Ripple Labs Inc. jako punkt zwrotny w historii rynków kryptowalutowych

Ayahuasca ethno-tourism and its impact on the indigenous Shuar community (Ecuador) and western participants:

Co jest źródłem satysfakcji gracza? O kluczowej roli wymiany autystycznej w grach komputerowych