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EN
The article discusses the essence of English loan words in German with particular emphasis on the present situation, but also contains a reference to the past and literature. It is also a slightly modified version of my speech on the occasion of Professor Ryszard Lipczuk’s 65th anniversary.
EN
The influx of a huge number of foreign words to the Russian language – at the text, speech and system levels – that began in the late XX century, observed today, has created serious problems faced by ordinary native speakers as well as linguists. Genetic typology; thematic typology; classification based on the degree of development of foreign language words; typology, which is based on the principle of the nomination – a sign of the presence / absence of an equivalent in the language of the recipient are the best known in the native linguistics. Due to significant changes observed in the nature of borrowing and the new foreign words’ development in the Russian language, there is a question of the facts borrowing traditional theory’s adequacy to language interaction. The numerous examples’ analysis of the foreign words usage shows that quite often their different ranks are deprived of their individuality. This is reflected in the fact that the properties that were considered typical for one category of words we find in the other, and vice versa. This is confirmed by a number of facts: the active use of Latin at foreign words’ registration, word-formation activity of not only borrowed, but also other ranks of foreign words, their functional convergence in modern texts.
RU
Приток огромного числа иноязычных слов в русский язык – на уровне текста, речи, системы, – начавшийся в конце XX века и наблюдаемый сегодня, породил серьезные проблемы, с которыми сталкиваются как рядовые носители языка, так и ученые. В отечественном языкознании наиболее известны генетическая типология; тематическая типология; классификация, основанная на степени освоенности иноязычного слова; типология, в основе которой лежит принцип номинации – признак наличия/отсутствия эквивалента в системе языка-реципиента. В связи с существенными изменениями, наблюдаемыми в характере заимствования и освоения русским языком новых иноязычных слов, возникает вопрос о степени адекватности традиционной теории заимствования фактам языкового взаимодействия. Анализ многочисленных примеров употребления иноязычных слов показывает, что достаточно часто разные их разряды оказываются лишёнными своей индивидуальности. Это выражается в том, что свойства, считавшиеся типичными для одной категории слов, мы находим в другой, и наоборот. Это подтверждается рядом фактов: активным использованием латиницы при оформлении иноязычных слов, словообразовательной активностью не только заимствованных, но и других разрядов иноязычных слов, их функциональным сближением в современных текстах.
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EN
The “reversed perspective” of the title refers to a different outlook on the category of foreignness. Normally it appears in the context of the target text, while in the present paper it has been considered from the source text position. The material inviting such an approach are books by Mariusz Wilk, describing the reality of Northern Russia. On the one hand, the writer’s idiosyncratic language is pointed to, the reasons for inlaying the text with Russian or obsolete words explained, issue of readability tackled. On the other hand, the problems of translation into Russian are examined. What is foreign from the perspective of the primary (Polish) reader, becomes familiar and understandable for the secondary (Russian) reader. This raises the question of the translation dominant – should it be the re‑creation of the linguistic hybrid, or rather the fluency and reliability of message transmission?
EN
The article deals with the earliest history and etymology of the noun chojrak. The author points out the fact that this word occurred in the Varsovian dialect already in the first decade of the 20th century in three variants, i.e. chojrak (since 1910), hojrak (since 1906), and ojrak (since 1903). As regards the etymology, the author tries to prove that the word was borrowed from the Russian language. According to his hypothesis, Polish chojrak comes from the word хоряк 'господин' ('lord') attested in the Russian jargon of stall-keppers, craftsmen and beggars of the territory of Vladimir Governorate in the 19th century.
EN
This article presents the results of Mickiewicz’s works’ analysis from the years 1818-1828. The study was carried out in order to answer the following questions: did the writer use words borrowed from other languages in his works? If so, from which languages and how often did he do that? What was his attitude towards loanwords and language purism? The paper shows popular foreign words in the Polish language in the 19th century and those used by the writer for the sake of artistic stylization, quite often conferring new meanings onto them. The article also presents words which were being adapted in the times of Mickiewicz.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia wyniki analizy dzieł Adama Mickiewicza z lat 1818-1828. Celem badania było uzyskanie odpowiedzi na następujące pytania: Czy pisarz stosował w swojej twórczości wyrazy zaczerpnięte z innych języków? Jeśli tak, to z jakich i jak często? Jaki był jego stosunek do zjawiska zapożyczania i puryzmu językowego? W artykule omówiono wyrazy obce popularne w polszczyźnie ogólnej w XIX wieku oraz takie, które twórca zastosował na potrzeby stylizacji artystycznej, nadając im niejednokrotnie nowe znaczenie. W pracy przedstawiono również słowa, które w czasach pisarza podlegały procesowi adaptacji.
Język Polski
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2014
|
vol. 94
|
issue 3
219-227
PL
Artykuł dotyczy etymologii ludowych (inaczej: asocjacyjnych, naiwnych, nienaukowych, potocznych, synchronicznych, pseudoetymologii, reinterpretacji etymologicznych) polskich toponimów, w których wtórnym etymonem jest wyraz obcojęzyczny. Autorka prezentuje na wybranych przykładach kilka podtypów takich pseudoetymologii: etymologie powstałe na obszarach mieszanych etnicznie (np. Bytów, Chojnice), etymologie odwołujące się do prestiżu łaciny (np. Kościerzyna, Donaborów), etymologie odwołujące się do wiedzy miłośników regionu o lokalnej historii (np. Strabla), etymologie erudycyjne powstałe w wyniku poszukiwań słownikowych (np. Łomża), zniekształcenia etymologii naukowych (np. Warszawa), reinterpretacje obcojęzycznych wersji polskich toponimów (np. Warsaw).
EN
The article is concerned with folk etymologies (in other words: associative, unscientific, colloquial, synchronized, pseudoetymologies, etymological reinterpretations) of Polish toponyms, in which a foreign word is the secondary etymon. The author presents, on the basis of selected examples, a few subtypes of such pseudoetymologies as: etymologies created in areas varied ethnically (e.g. Bytów, Chojnice), etymologies referring to the prestige of Latin (e.g. Kościerzyna, Donabrów), etymologies referring to the knowledge of local history enthusiasts (e.g. Strabla), erudite etymologies created as a result of dictionary search (e.g. Łomża), the distortion of scientific etymologies (e.g. Warszawa), foreign reinterpretations of Polish toponyms (e.g. Warsaw).
EN
In this paper, selected foreign words are presented and analysed in historical quotations from business articles from 1885-1886 (19th century) and 1995-1996 (20th century) to show how business language has changed over a period of 100 years. The end of the 19th century and the end of the 20th century were thus chosen because there has been a great technical progress during this period, which resulted in an expansion and change of vocabulary. The study aims to show how business communication had developed, especially in the field of trade and industry, which words remained unaffected by the upheavals, and which came out of use. The focus here is on frequently occurring foreign words as well as expressions with foreign words; interest is also directed at hybrid compounds of both native and a non-native words. The article is part of a longer analysis of economic vocabulary from the 19th and 20th centuries, covering economic areas such as trade, industry, the labour market. The article is based on a longer analysis of economic vocabulary from the late 19th and 20th centuries, covering economic areas such as trade, industry, the labour market and finance. The vocabulary examples are drawn exclusively from the business press. These studies also want to join the contributions dedicated to LSP (languages for specific purposes).
EN
The article presents historical features of German compoundsand their development from Old High German to the present day. Particular attention should be paid to compositional tendencies, which were of importance in certain epochs. In addition, examples of special cases of determinative compounds with short etymological comments are discussed, including hybrid formations, hyphenated compounds, and compounds consisting of a proper name as their first part.
DE
Im Beitrag werden historische Grundzüge von deutschen Komposita und deren Entwicklung vom Althochdeutschen bis zu den heutigen Zeiten präsentiert. Eine besondere Beachtung verdienen dabei Kompositionstendenzen, die in bestimmten Epochen von Belang waren. Zudem werden Beispiele der Sonderfälle von Determinativkomposita mit kurzen etymologischen Kommentaren besprochen, darunter Hybride Bildungen, Komposita mit dem Bindestrich sowie Komposita mit Eigennamen als Erstglied.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje w historycznym zarysie rozwój niemieckich złożeń od czasów starowysokoniemieckich do współczesności. Na uwagę zasługują tutaj przede wszystkim tendencje dominujące w poszczególnych epokach, znajdujące swoje odzwierciedlenie w różnych formach złożeń. Ponadto w artykule omówiono przykłady złożeń nietypowych i hybrydycznych, jak np. złożenia tworzone za pomocą myślnika, czy też takie, gdzie jako pierwszy człon pojawia się nazwa własna. Dodatkowo przykłady opatrzono krótkimi informacjami etymologicznymi.
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