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1

How Do People Resolve Conflict Between Implicit and Explicit Attitudes?

100%

Maliszewski N.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2011

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vol. 42

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issue 1

36-45

EN

How do implicit attitudes influence behavior when they are in conflict with explicit attitudes? In Study 1, smokers’ negative implicit attitudes and positive explicit attitudes towards smoking were activated. Then emotions were measured. The stronger the negative implicit attitudes that the smokers held, the stronger the conflict experienced. Study 2 showed that cognitive capacity allows for this conflict, as positive explicit and negative implicit attitudes may be applied simultaneously. The stronger the negative implicit attitudes the smokers held, the stronger the conflict experienced. Smokers resolved the conflict through the inhibition of implicit attitudes (by smoking cigarettes). Without cognitive capacity, only implicit attitudes were applied, and thus no conflict was aroused. Study 3 confirmed that smoking cigarettes inhibited negative implicit attitudes.

2

Competence over Communion: Implicit Evaluations of Personality Traits During Goal Pursuit

88%

Roczniewska M., Kolańczyk A.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2014

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vol. 45

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issue 4

418-425

EN

Research shows that goal-relevant objects are rated positively, which results from their functionality towards the aim. In previous studies these objects were always external to the agent. However, relevant knowledge of self is also potentially accessible during goal pursuit, as self-esteem is an indicator of aim’s feasibility. In two experimental studies we tested whether goal activation affects temporal changes in automatic evaluations of personality traits related to the dimensions of agency and communion. We administered affect misattribution procedure where participants rated neutral Chinese hexagrams proceeded by words describing traits (75 ms masked presentation). The list of words comprised agentic (e.g. agile) and communal (e.g. trustworthy) traits. The rating took place twice - before and after introducing a manual task. In the first study, goal activation led to slightly more positive implicit evaluations of agentic and more negative evaluation of communal traits, which is consistent with empirical data on self-perception depending on agentic knowledge rather than communal one. In the second study we showed that goal activation led to changes only for promotion-, but not prevention-oriented individuals, which is explained by motivation strength. The results indicate that valuation of traits changes temporarily along with goal pursuit.

3

Unconscious motivation. Part II: Implicit attitudes and L2 achievement

88%

Al-Hoorie A. H.

Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching

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2016

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vol. 6

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issue 4

619-649

EN

This paper investigates the attitudinal/motivational predictors of second language (L2) academic achievement. Young adult learners of English as a foreign language (N = 311) completed several self-report measures and the Single-Target Implicit Association Test. Examination of the motivational profiles of high and low achievers revealed that attachment to the L1 community and the ought-to L2 self were negatively associated with achievement, while explicit attitudes toward the L2 course and implicit attitudes toward L2 speakers were positively associated with it. The relationship between implicit attitudes and achievement could not be explained either by social desirability or by other cognitive confounds, and remained significant after controlling for explicit self-report measures. Explicit–implicit congruence also revealed a similar pattern, in that congruent learners were more open to the L2 community and obtained higher achievement. The results also showed that neither the ideal L2 self nor intended effort had any association with actual L2 achievement, and that intended effort was particularly prone to social desirability biases. Implications of these findings are discussed.

4

Unconscious motivation. Part II: Implicit attitudes and L2 achievement

88%

Al-Hoorie A. H.

Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching

|

2016

|

vol. 6

|

issue 4

619-649

EN

This paper investigates the attitudinal/motivational predictors of second language (L2) academic achievement. Young adult learners of English as a foreign language (N = 311) completed several self-report measures and the SingleTarget Implicit Association Test. Examination of the motivational profiles of high and low achievers revealed that attachment to the L1 community and the ought-to L2 self were negatively associated with achievement, while explicit attitudes toward the L2 course and implicit attitudes toward L2 speakers were positively associated with it. The relationship between implicit attitudes and achievement could not be explained either by social desirability or by other cognitive confounds, and remained significant after controlling for explicit self-report measures. Explicit–implicit congruence also revealed a similar pattern, in that congruent learners were more open to the L2 community and obtained higher achievement. The results also showed that neither the ideal L2 self nor intended effort had any association with actual L2 achievement, and that intended effort was particularly prone to social desirability biases. Implications of these findings are discussed.

5

Unconscious motivation. Part I: Implicit attitudes toward L2 speakers

88%

Al-Hoorie A. H.

Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching

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2016

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vol. 6

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issue 3

423-454

EN

This paper reports the first investigation in the second language acquisition field assessing learners’ implicit attitudes using the Implicit Association Test, a computerized reaction-time measure. Examination of the explicit and implicit attitudes of Arab learners of English (N = 365) showed that, particularly for males, implicit attitudes toward L2 speakers are associated with self-reported openness to the L2 group and with strength of correlations among attitudinal and motivational variables. Implicit attitudes also moderated important paths in the L2 Motivational Self System. The paper concludes that implicit attitudes seem to be a meaningful individual difference variable, adding a new dimension to our understanding of language motivation.

6

Unconscious motivation. Part I: Implicit attitudes toward L2 speakers

88%

Al-Hoorie A. H.

Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching

|

2016

|

vol. 6

|

issue 3

423-454

EN

This paper reports the first investigation in the second language acquisition field assessing learners’ implicit attitudes using the Implicit Association Test, a computerized reaction-time measure. Examination of the explicit and implicit attitudes of Arab learners of English (N = 365) showed that, particularly for males, implicit attitudes toward L2 speakers are associated with self-reported openness to the L2 group and with strength of correlations among attitudinal and motivational variables. Implicit attitudes also moderated important paths in the L2 Motivational Self System. The paper concludes that implicit attitudes seem to be a meaningful individual difference variable, adding a new dimension to our understanding of language motivation.

7

Stereotypy v kontextu

63%

Hnilica K., Bartoš Z.

E-psychologie (E-psychology)

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2017

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vol. 11

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issue 2

16-33

EN

In the study we tested some hypotheses concerning the influence of a context on stereotypes. Our first hypothesis concerns explicit stereotypes. According to it Czech respondents will ascribe to their own category more positive attributes if a list of categories will include only Czech and Roma people than when it will include also some categories which are more positively evaluated than Czechs. The next hypothesis concerns implicit stereotypes. According to it when using IAT (Implicit Association Test; Greenwald et al., 1998), where there are compared two categories, we will ascertain a more profound difference between attitudes to Czech and Roma people than when we use BFP (Bona Fide Pipeline; Fazio et al., 1995), in which there is no such a comparison. Our next two hypotheses concern consensual stereotypes. According to one of them the content of a consensual stereotype will overlap with content of a no personal stereotype. According to the other, the valences of consensual stereotypes will be more polarized than the mean valences of personal stereotypes. The context will have similar influences on consensual and personal stereotypes. In our two researches there took part two samples (N1 = 86, N2 = 201) of adult members. To ascertain the content of explicit stereotypes we used an open-form technique. The first sample adduced attributes of members of two categories, the second sample adduced attributes of members of twelve categories. We define the consensual stereotype as a set of ten most often cited attributes. To measure implicit stereotypes, we used IAT and BFP. Results show that responses of the respondents were influenced by context in the directions expected. The content of no personal stereotype overlapped with the content of any consensual stereotype. The context had influence on both explicit and implicit measures. At the same time it was found that context had on personal and consensual stereotypes similar, but not identical influences.

CS

Ve studii jsme testovali několik hypotéz týkajících se vlivu kontextu na stereotypy. První z nich se týká explicitních stereotypů. Podle ní budou respondenti uvádět u Čechů příznivější atributy, bude-li seznam obsahovat pouze kategorie Čechů a Romů, než budou-li v něm rovněž některé kategorie, které jsou hodnoceny příznivěji než Češi. Další hypotéza se týkala vlivu kontextu na implicitní stereotypy. Podle ní bude při použití Testu implicitních asociací (IAT; Greenwald et al., 1998), kdy dochází ke srovnávání dvou kategorií, zjištěn větší rozdíl mezi postoji k Čechům a k Romům než při použití techniky afektivního primingu BFP (Fazio et al., 1995), kdy ke srovnávání nedochází. Poslední dvě hypotézy se týkají konsenzuálních stereotypů. Podle první z nich se obsahy konsenzuálních stereotypů nebudou krýt s obsahem osobního stereotypu žádného respondenta, podle druhé budou valence konsenzuálních stereotypů více polarizované než průměrné valence osobních stereotypů. Kontext bude mít na konsenzuální stereotypy obdobné účinky jako na stereotypy osobní. Výzkumu se zúčastnily dva soubory (N1 = 86, N2 = 201) dospělých jedinců. K měření explicitních stereotypů jsme použili techniku otevřeného formátu. Jedna skupina uváděla atributy příslušníků dvou kategorií, druhá atributy příslušníků dvanácti kategorií. Konsenzuální stereotyp definujeme jako množinu deseti nejčastěji uvedených atributů. K měření implicitních postojů jsme použili Test implicitních asociací a techniku afektivního primingu BFP. Výsledky obou šetření v souladu hypotézami ukazují, že odpovědi respondentů jsou ovlivněny v očekávaném směru kontextem a že obsahu konsenzuálního stereotypu neodpovídal obsah osobního stereotypu žádného respondenta. Kontext se prosadil při použití explicitních i implicitních technik. Současně se ukázalo, že kontext má obdobné, ale ne identické účinky na osobní i na konsenzuální stereotypy.

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4 Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching

2 Polish Psychological Bulletin

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4 Al-Hoorie A. H.

1 Bartoš Z.

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1 Kolańczyk A.

1 Maliszewski N.

1 Roczniewska M.

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1 2011

How Do People Resolve Conflict Between Implicit and Explicit Attitudes?

Competence over Communion: Implicit Evaluations of Personality Traits During Goal Pursuit

Unconscious motivation. Part II: Implicit attitudes and L2 achievement

Unconscious motivation. Part II: Implicit attitudes and L2 achievement

Unconscious motivation. Part I: Implicit attitudes toward L2 speakers

Unconscious motivation. Part I: Implicit attitudes toward L2 speakers

Stereotypy v kontextu