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1
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Macroeconomic forecasting in Poland: The role of forecasting competitions

100%
Rybacki J.
Central European Economic Journal
|
2020
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vol. 7
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issue 54
EN
Macroeconomic forecasters are often believed to idealistically work on improving the accuracy of their estimates based on for example the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). Unfortunately, reality is far more complex. Forecasters are not awarded equally for each of their estimates. They have their targets of acquiring publicity or to earn prestige. This article aims to study the results of Parkiet's competitions of macroeconomic forecasting during 2015–2019. Based on a logit model, we analyse whether more accurate forecasting of some selected macroeconomic variables (e.g. inflation) increases the chances of winning the competition by a greater degree comparing to the others. Our research shows that among macroeconomic variables three groups have a significant impact on the final score: inflation (CPI and core inflation), the labour market (employment in the enterprise sector and unemployment rate) and financial market indicators (EUR/PLN and 10-year government bond yields). Each group is characterised by a low disagreement between forecasters. In the case of inflation, we found evidence that some forecasters put a greater effort to score the top place. There is no evidence that forecasters are trying to somehow exploit the contest.
2

Motivational effects of pay dispersion in pay for performance programs implemented in Romanian companies

88%
Urieşi S.
Management & Marketing
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2016
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vol. 11
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issue 2
431-448
EN
The present study investigates the motivational effects in a sample of Romanian employees in private companies that implement pay for performance programs of one of the characteristics of these programs, namely pay dispersion, and on the potential mediating role of organizational justice in these effects. To this aim, we examined the relationships between the amounts of pay dispersion introduced by the respective financial incentive system, employee perceptions of distributive and procedural justice, work motivation, and base salary, respectively. The results of the data analysis, performed through structural equation modeling, support our hypotheses concerning the positive effect of performance – related pay dispersion on motivation and the mediating role of the two dimensions of organizational justice in this effect. Larger financial rewards allocated by the financial incentive system for high performers increase employee perceptions of distributive and procedural justice, which, in turn, foster work motivation. Base salary was also found to influence pay dispersion, as well as perceived distributive justice.
3

Incentive System in Hungarian High Performance Sport

88%
Sterbenz T., Gulyás E., Kassay L.
Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research
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2014
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vol. 64
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issue 1
53-63
EN
This study will attempt to describe the role of existing incentives which have a significant effect on Hungarian sport's performance. The aim of the paper is to understand why a large gap has emerged between successful elite sports and the popular but underperforming spectacular sport. According to the concept of dual competition, in addition to sport results, the analyzed fields also concern competition for resources, particularly for the attention of supporters and sponsors. The methodology of the analysis is fundamentally economic in nature; however, qualitative methods are also given emphasis, as the analyzed topic has specific characteristics. Based on new institutional economics, the study presumes that the behavior of organizations is determined by the decisions of bounded rational individuals, and highlights the significance of the created mechanisms and institutions.
4
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Incentives and Inhibitors of Sustainable Consumption: A Qualitative Study among Urmia Informants

88%
Karimzadeh S., Abbaszadeh M., Kasparova E.
Polish Sociological Review
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2019
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vol. 208
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issue 4
477-492
EN
Sustainable consumption in Iran needs serious attention. The present study, using the qualitative approach, studies the status of sustainable consumption among Urmia citizens as well as the incentives and inhibitors affecting this behavior. The data was collected through semi-structured deep interviews. Data analysis showed that the simultaneous effect of incentives and inhibitors of consumer behavior has led to the emergenceof a “Paradoxical Sustainable Consumption” among the informants. It means that on one hand, individuals with health-oriented, economy-oriented, and nature-oriented incentives which are incentives of sustainable behavior show sustainable consumption behavior, but on the other hand due to informants’ dissatisfaction with institutional and social structures that have a deterrent role in the formation of the sustainable consumption behavior they show an unsustainable consumption pattern.
5
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Attracting FDI to the Region of Lodz by Its Local Government

75%
Dorożyński T., Świerkocki J., Urbaniak W.
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe
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2014
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vol. 17
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issue 2
101-118
EN
This paper evaluates the financial and non-financial incentives used by local authorities in the Province of Lodz to promote the inflow of FDI. Conclusions are based on a questionnaire study conducted in the second half of 2010 among 188 companies with foreign capital (CFC) which invested in the region, and 87 local government units hosting the majority of the CFCs included in the study. The obtained results indicate that support offered by local authorities had only a minor impact on the location decision for the investment project, and this conclusion is consistent with results of studies which assessed the role of incentives in Poland at macro, regional and sectoral levels.
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest ocena wykorzystania finansowych i pozafinansowych zachęt dla inwestorów zagranicznych stosowanych przez władze lokalne w województwie łódzkim. Podstawę do wyciągania wniosków stanowią wyniki badania kwestionariuszowego przeprowadzonego w II połowie 2010 r. wśród 188 przedsiębiorstw z kapitałem zagranicznym (PKZ), które zainwestowały w regionie oraz wśród 87 jednostek samorządu terytorialnego, które gościły większość w nim obecnych PKZ. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że wsparcie oferowane przez władze lokalne w niewielkim stopniu wpłynęło na wybór miejsca do inwestowania, i są zgodne z wynikami badań, które oceniały rolę zachęt w Polsce na poziomie makro, regionalnym i sektorowym.
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Jak kształtować postawy moralne w polskim sektorze bankowym w kontekście Sektorowych Ram Kwalifikacji?

63%
Kucz M.
Prakseologia
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2019
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vol. 161
95-114
PL
W swoim tekście skupiam się na praktycznym zagadnieniu kształtowania postaw moralnych wśród przedstawicieli polskiego sektora bankowego w obliczu wymagań, jakie stawia przed nimi Sektorowa Rama Kwalifikacji dla Sektora Bankowego (SRKB). Wstępne rozważania dotyczą refleksji nad stanem dyskursu etycznego w polskim sektorze finansowym oraz wyjaśnieniu, czym jest SRKB. W drugiej części pracy zostaną poddane analizie kodeksy i zachęty, których aktualnie używa się, by kształtować postawy moralne w praktyce zawodowej, m.in. w sektorze bankowym. Po wykazaniu pewnych braków tych narzędzi w części trzeciej wskażę możliwe formy rozwiązania pojawiających się problemów adekwatne do wymagań stawianych przez SRKB. W tej części przedstawię podejście do budowania postaw moralnych oparte na arystotelesowskiej etyce cnoty, która w klasycznym rozumieniu często jest przeciwstawiana interesowym motywacjom ekonomicznym. Postaram się pokazać, że nie musi tak być i przy pewnych założeniach koncepcja Arystotelesa może być zgodna z działaniami rynkowymi. W szczególności jego koncepcja mądrości praktycznej – phronesis – może w istotny sposób poprawić i uzupełnić funkcjonujące mechanizmy i pomóc w budowaniu postaw moralnych opisanych w SRKB.
EN
In my text, I focus on the practical issue of shaping a moral character among representatives of the Polish banking sector in the face of the requirements that Sectoral Qualifications Framework for Banking (SQFB16) puts before the employees of this sector. Preliminary considerations are devoted to reflection on the ethical discourse within Polish financial sector and clarification what SQFB is? In the second part of the work I will analyze codes of ethics and incentives which are currently used to shape moral attitudes in professional practice, including in the banking sector will be analyzed. After demonstrating some shortcomings of these tools in the third part, it will indicate possible forms of solving emerging problems and tools appropriate to the requirements of SQFB. In this part, I will try to present an approach to building a moral character based on the Aristotelian virtue ethics. The virtue ethics in the classical sense is often contrasted with an interest, selfish economic motivation. I will try to show that it does not have to be that way and with certain assumptions, Aristotle’s concept may be consistent with market activities. In particular, his concept of practical wisdom – phronesis can significantly improve and complement existing mechanisms and help in building moral character in the finance sector introduced by SQFB.
7
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The impact of incentives on prosumers knowledge sharing – the dimension of their characteristics

63%
Eisenbardt M.
Informatyka Ekonomiczna
|
2019
|
issue 2 (52)
41-57
EN
One of the most important challenges for enterprises is to engage prosumers in knowledge sharing. This problem is addressed by incentives which can encourage prosumers to share knowledge. The aim of this paper is to examine prosumers need for incentives to share knowledge. The reported outcomes are the result of the questionnaire survey that yielded responses from 783 prosumers. The results show that prosumers need incentives to share knowledge. The statistical analyses indicated that there were significant differences between prosumers with different education level whilst there were no significant differences between females and males as to incentives needed by them to engage in knowledge sharing. The analysis of different generations shows that there were significant differences between age generations, especially between the youngest (Z generation) and the oldest ones (Builders and Baby-Boomers combined generations). What is more, the results show that prosumers do need incentives. Only less than 10% of prosumers indicated that they do not need incentives to engage in knowledge sharing. This suggests that prosumers, regardless their gender, education level, and age, pay attention to incentives and without them, they are not willing to share knowledge with businesses.
PL
Jednym z istotnych wyzwań dla współczesnych przedsiębiorstw jest zachęcenie prosumentów do angażowania się w projekty biznesowe i dzielenie się wiedzą. Aby skłonić prosumentów do dzielenia się wiedzą, przedsiębiorstwa oferują im różnego rodzaju zachęty. Celem artykułu jest analiza wpływu zachęt na dzielenie się wiedzą przez prosumentów przez pryzmat ich cech demograficznych. Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badania ankietowego, w którym udział wzięło 783 prosumentów. Wyniki pokazują, że prosumenci potrzebują zachęt, aby dzielić się wiedzą. Analizy statystyczne wykazały, że występowały istotne różnice między prosumentami o różnym poziomie wykształcenia, podczas gdy nie było istotnych różnic między kobietami i mężczyznami w zakresie zachęt skłaniających ich do dzielenia się wiedzą. Analiza różnych pokoleń pokazała, że występowały istotne różnice między pokoleniami, szczególnie między najmłodszym (pokolenie Z) i najstarszymi (builders i baby-boomers). Co więcej, wyniki pokazują, że zachęty wpływają na chęć prosumentów do dzielenia się wiedzą. Tylko mniej niż 10% prosumentów wskazało, że nie potrzebują zachęt do angażowania się w dzielenie się wiedzą. Sugeruje to, że prosumenci, niezależnie od płci, poziomu wykształcenia i wieku, zwracają uwagę na zachęty i bez nich nie chcą dzielić się wiedzą z przedsiębiorstwami.
8
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Incentives for Attracting FDI: The Case of the Lodz Region

63%
Dorożyński T., Świerkocki J., Urbaniak W.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2015
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vol. 275
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issue 1
147-169
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest ocena roli zachęt, jakie stosuje samorząd terytorialny aby przyciągnąć bezpośrednie inwestycje zagraniczne do województwa łódzkiego. Podstawę do wyciągania wniosków stanowią wyniki badania kwestionariuszowego przeprowadzonego wśród przedsiębiorstw z udziałem kapitału zagranicznego (PKZ), które zainwestowały w regionie oraz wśród jednostek samorządu terytorialnego, które gościły te podmioty. W celu rozpoznania prawidłowości wykorzystano metody i testy statystyczne. Do najważniejszych należał współczynnik eta. Posłużył on do oceny zależności pomiędzy napływem bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych do powiatów województwa łódzkiego a zachętami inwestycyjnymi stosowanymi przez jednostki samorządu terytorialnego. Metoda ta pozwoliła na weryfikację hipotezy dotyczącej istotności powiązań statystycznych pomiędzy badanymi zmiennymi. Z przeprowadzonego badania wynika, że większość samorządów zabiegała o inwestorów bez względu na to, czy pochodziły z kraju czy z zagranicy. Nieliczne gminy i powiaty posiadały ofertę wsparcia adresowaną wyłącznie do PKZ. Tylko 7% samorządów proponowało pomoc finansową, której najpopularniejszą formą były ulgi w podatkach i opłatach lokalnych. Znacznie więcej stosowało różne zabiegi promocyjne. Wyniki badania wskazują, że zachęty inwestycyjne miały drugorzędne znaczenie dla napływu BIZ do gmin i powiatów województwa łódzkiego. Zachęty nie były również czynnikiem przesądzającym o kontynuowaniu przez PKZ działalności w regionie.
EN
The paper studies the role of incentives provided by local government units (LGUs) in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) to Poland’s Lodz province. The authors draw conclusions based on the results of a direct study using two types of questionnaires, one for foreign investors in the province and the other for LGUs. To ensure the accuracy of the study, the authors conducted an array of statistical surveys and tests. The eta correlation coefficient was among the most important measures, the authors say. It was used to assess the relationship between the inflow of FDI to Lodz province and the investment incentives offered by local government. The method helped verify a hypothesis concerning the significance of statistical relationships between the analyzed variables. The obtained results demonstrate that most LGUs were interested in attracting investors, both Polish and foreign, the authors note. Incentives targeted exclusively at foreign investors were rare, according to the authors. Financial incentives were offered by only 7% of the districts and counties. Tax relief and allowances in property fees and local charges were the most popular types of financial incentives. Many LGUs resorted to various promotional methods. The results of the study show that investment incentives were of secondary importance to the inflow of FDI to Lodz province, the authors conclude. Nor was this kind of support a key factor behind the decisions of foreign investors to continue operating in the region.
9

Employee Reward Systems in Organizations

63%
Došenović D.
ECONOMICS
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2016
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vol. 4
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issue 1
107-118
EN
Employee rewarding is one of the activities of human resource management concerning the management of money, goods and services that employees receive from their employer in exchange for their work. Given that a properly designed reward system is one of the conditions for a stable business, successful performance of work activities and the achievement of set objectives in each organization, the basic theme of this paper is the employee reward system, with a special focus on different elements of it. The purpose of this paper is to describe the role and significance of the observed system and to draw attention to its role in employee’s motivation. Based on the given analysis many conclusions have been drawn. It has been proved that a properly designed employee reward system has many advantages for the organization, which emphasizes its importance.
10
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Upgrade in the MENA region: Cases of Algeria, Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia

63%
Souhila Malti G., Wafaa Berber B.
Perspectives of Innovations, Economics and Business
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2014
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vol. 14
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issue 2
61-68
EN
The concept of upgrading is new in the economic literature, very few theorists are focused on explaining this concept, but all agreed on the relationship of upgrading with the competitiveness of companies. In the context of increasingly competitive environment the countries of the MENA regions including Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco have established several programs to upgrade their businesses. Efforts to revitalize these programs have nevertheless been undertaken in recent years, raising hopes for a favorable impact on the competitiveness of companies. Moreover, we can say that the Tunisian upgrade program is called successful due to the involvement of his government and the importance given to vocational training. Conversely, Morocco seems to have adopted a more liberal approach, its government seeks to act on market imperfections. The Egyptian program is highly structured, with strong government control and intervention of two foreign bodies, the EU and UNIDO. The pre-selection of intervention areas is also an Egyptian specificity, as well as the payment of an incentive amount for each company.
11
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STYMULATORY I BARIERY POSIADANIA STATUSU UZDROWISKA W POLSCE I JEGO WPŁYW NA ROZWÓJ TURYSTYKI UZDROWISKOWEJ

63%
DRYGLAS D., GOLBA J.
Zeszyty Naukowe. Turystyka i Rekreacja
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2018
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vol. 1(21)
112-128
PL
Celem artykułu jest próba wyodrębnienia listy czynników, które z jednej strony stymulują samorządy lokalne do uzyskania lub utrzymania statusu uzdrowiska w Polsce, z drugiej zaś stanowią dla nich bariery, oraz wykazanie znaczenia posiadania statusu uzdrowiska dla rozwoju turystyki uzdrowiskowej. W artykule zastosowano krytyczną analizę literatury przedmiotu i dokonano przeglądu przepisów prawa uzdrowiskowego, stanowiących podstawę przeprowadzonego wnioskowania dedukcyjnego. Aby osiągnąć sformułowany wyżej cel pracy, omówiono warunki oraz przywileje i ograniczenia wynikające z uzyskania lub utrzymania statusu uzdrowiska w Polsce. Przedstawiono rolę statusu uzdrowiska w rozwoju turystyki uzdrowiskowej. Zaproponowana systematyzacja wskazanych czynników ma walor naukowy, ułatwiając zrozumienie problematyki funkcjonowania i rozwoju uzdrowisk statutowych w środowisku naukowców, oraz walor aplikacyjny dla podmiotów zarządzających uzdrowiskami, wypełniając lukę poznawczą w literaturze przedmiotu z tego zakresu.
EN
The primary aim of the present paper was, firstly, to specify factors which encourage local authorities to obtain or maintain the status of a spa resort in Poland, and factors which constitute potential obstacles. Secondly, the paper investigates the importance of having the status of a spa resort for the development of therapeutic tourism. The status of a spa resort brings a number of both financial and non-financial advantages to a given area. Their extent varies in every single case. The main financial advantages are: 1) possibility of earning direct income in the form of taxes and fees imposed on spa and tourist facilities, 2) higher total tax revenue on real estate tax (large number of hotels and health facilities), 3) the right to levy visitors’ tax, 4) obtaining the so-called spa grant which is equal to the revenue derived from visitors’ tax, 5) privileges related to guaranteed services in spa treatment under a contract with the National Health Fund for the area with the status of a spa resort, 6) the possibility of obtaining special EU subsidies for health and environmental infrastructure, 7) privileged status of spa resorts as regards obtaining EU funding for certain investments in natural environment, transport solutions and culture. Moreover, an area which has been granted the status of a spa resort is accorded non-financial privileges, such as: 1) protection of the spa resort under the Constitution 2) prestige of having the status of a spa resort 3) recognisable brand and relative ease of promotion, 4) legal possibility of protecting health and environmental values of the area, 5) higher quality of the natural environment reflected in ecological infrastructure, protection zones and standards for air, water and soil quality. An area with the status of a spa resort is also faced with the following challenges: 1) public and legal regime in the spa area, which involves excluding the area from general legal order (gradation of rules and bans in spa zones A, B and C), 2) the need to implement legal standards protecting natural medicinal resources (mining areas, spa protection zones), 3) the need to implement legal standards for environment protection (noise, air) specific only to spa resorts, 4) the need to implement legal standards with regard to law and order in the spa area or excluding it from these standards, 5) the need to implement specific legal standards with regard to spatial planning in the spa area, 6) the need to implement specific legal standards with regard to managing real estates in the spa area (public-law statutory and administrative easements) or excluding it from general legislation, 7) introduction of “police-like” rules in the spa area, 8) restrictions on economic freedom by introducing permissions for carrying out specific economic activities within the spa resort area, 9) the ban on carrying out specific economic activities in the spa area, 10) restrictions on investment in certain areas of the spa resort, 11) high costs of maintaining spa and tourism infrastructure (parks, green areas, promenades, boulevards, piers, graduation towers, drinking halls, water inlets, summerhouses, recreational areas, culture facilities etc.), 12) lack of possibility for quick readjustment to other types of business activity, such as industry. In conclusion, applying for or maintaining the status of a spa resort involves an equal number of incentives and deterrents for a given area. The status of a spa resort has gradually become a distinguishing feature of a location and as such – a valuable indicator of quality for potential visitors. It should also be emphasised that the status of a spa resort is a clear signal for the people visiting the area that it meets high standards regarding environment protection, green areas, maintenance and hygiene. Such an area is also guaranteed to offer visitors a wide range of health and recreational services as it needs to provide the above-standard tourism and environment infrastructure under rigorous standards of space and urban planning.
12
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Consumer Engagement in Business Process Innovation: Cases of the Firms Operating in the ICT Sector

63%
Ziemba E., Eisenbardt M.
Problemy Zarządzania
|
2019
|
issue 5/2019 (85)
24-39
PL
Firmy coraz częściej do kreowania innowacji biznesowych włączają konsumentów. Głównym celem artykułu jest identyfikacja zaangażowania konsumentów do tworzenia innowacji procesów biznesowych w firmach z sektora technologii informacyjno-komunikacyjnych (ICT). W badaniach wykorzystano krytyczną analizę literatury dotyczącej innowacji, innowacji konsumenckich i prosumpcji oraz studia przypadków trzech firm z sektora ICT, to jest Apple, Google i Microsoft. Analizie poddano procesy biznesowe, w które angażowani są konsumenci, aby kreować innowacje, sposoby angażowania konsumentów w tworzenie innowacji oraz zachęty wspierające to zaangażowanie. Wyniki badań pokazują, że analizowane firmy z sektora ICT podejmują różnorakie działania, aby angażować konsumentów w kreowanie innowacji. Najczęściej wykorzystują one konsumentów do oceny i projektowania produktów na potrzeby doskonalenia procesu BP 2.0: Rozwój produktów i usług oraz zarządzanie nimi, oferując w zamian wiele zachęt. Badanie dowodzi jednak, że najczęściej są to zachęty niematerialne związane z zaproszeniami w mediach społecznościowych. Uzyskane wyniki mogą być pomocne dla firm – nie tylko z sektora ICT, lecz także innych sektorów – w lepszym zrozumieniu jak włączyć konsumentów w tworzenie innowacji procesów biznesowych. JEL: D12, D83, M21, O31, O35
EN
Consumer involvement in the innovation process is a rising trend as companies are looking for new growth streams. This paper focuses on consumer engagement in business process innovation in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector. The main objective is to identify how ICT firms engage consumers in business process innovation. The research approach is built on the literature on consumers’ innovation and prosumption, whereas the empirical part is based on case studies of Apple, Google, and Microsoft. This paper demonstrates business processes in which consumers are engaged to create innovation, ways of consumers’ engaging in business process innovation, and incentives encouraging consumers to engage in such innovation. The results show that ICT firms are active players in the field of consumers’ innovations. The analyzed firms pay a lot of attention and make a lot of effort to obtain consumers’ innovations. The results show that they employ different ways of consumers’ engagement in innovation activities, especially in reviewing and designing products. They use consumers’ innovations for their business process development as well. Nonetheless, our results show that consumers’ innovations concern mainly BP 2.0 Develop and Manage Products and Services. ICT firms offer many incentives for consumers; however, our study proves that intangible incentives embracing social media services are most often offered to consumers. The results obtained can be helpful for both – the ICT and other sectors. They can show them how they can get the best out of consumers’ involvement for creating business process innovation. JEL: D12, D83, M21, O31, O35
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