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EN
Interests allow young people to define themselves, encourage the formation of positive elements of their own identity, and give value and importance to their own activities. The issues related to the components of young people’s identities have been a subject of increasing research interest in recent years. As it has been determined, there is a lack of data in Poland regarding the role of educational environments in shaping a positive identity based on the development of young people’s interests. The purpose of the study is to identify the general level of interests among adolescents. Additionally, it is important to determine whether the level of interests is linked to sense of coherence and resilience. The study was carried out on a sample of 635 adolescents of both genders, aged 14-18 years old. The participants were students of lower secondary schools of the Podlaskie Voivodeship. The following research tools were used in the study: Life Orientation Questionnaire (SOC-29), Resilience Scale (SPP-18), and author’s own measurement tool: Level of Interests Measurement Scale. In the sample of adolescents, general sense of coherence and sense of comprehensibility proved to be positively correlated with general level of interests. Regression analysis demonstrated the significance of psychological resilience components and sense of coherence factors that support the development of interests. Preventive and educational work should aim to support the shaping of a positive and creative identity by stimulating the potentials, resources and talents of young people. Young people’s passions and interests should be stimulated and encouraged towards creating a positive identity.
EN
The article deals with the unequal treatment of company shareholders. The analysis is conducted from the perspective of minority shareholders and their interests. The author uses a research method that presents the position of minority shareholders in companies on the basis of the agency theory. Szewc-Rogalska shows the influence of dominant shareholders and top managers on the market value of companies (in light of both Polish and foreign empirical studies), along with a review of ways to limit inequality among shareholders. The analysis reveals that the position of minority shareholders can be threatened by agency conflicts that occur in companies. In companies with concentrated ownership, these conflicts are different than in companies with scattered ownership. After a dominant shareholder exceeds a certain level of ownership, the company is likely to face problems resulting from the shareholder’s desire to pursue their own interests at the expense of other shareholders. Inequalities among shareholders cannot be eradicated completely, and there is no single fully efficient mechanism to protect minority shareholder rights. A diverse range of activities is needed, including improved information transparency of companies and better corporate supervision, in addition to increased activity of minority shareholders and the creation of legal mechanisms to protect their interests.
Ethics in Progress
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2018
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vol. 9
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issue 1
128-139
EN
The article is focused on the issues relating to a legal situation of an animal as a victim of a criminal offense. Currently, according to the rules of criminal procedure, an animal, as an entity, cannot be legally recognised a victim, which significantly lowers efficiency with which its interests can be protected. There are strong moral and pragmatic reasons to grant animals the status of a non-personal carrier of legal rights. Legal personality of animals as victims during a criminal trial should be of only passive nature, allowing recognition of legally-protected interests of the animal.
EN
The aim of the article is to show how positive discrimination works on the example of national minorities and corroborate the thesis that national minorities form their political expressions, both on the central and local political scene, through non-party forms. The article focuses on the local and national political activity of four national minorities: German, Belarusian, Lithuanian, and Ukrainian. The first two manifest the greatest activity on the central, regional and local level. They also have a relatively firm, though evolving electorate. Nevertheless, the results of their activity, especially on the local level, are considerably different.
EN
The concept of passion is not without reason at the center of interest of theoreticians of contemporary psychology. The lifestyle imposed on the human by world economies, aiming at increasing industrialization and uniformization , contributes to the marginalization of citizens and, consequently, to the development of stress factors significantly affecting human health and life. Therefore, it becomes necessary to awaken in the society the awareness of an urgent need to find a balance between the many aspects of personality and other aspects of self-development , among which an important role is played by the process of forming one`s own personality by discovering individual interests , which are defined in the article by the term passion. The responsibility for arousing curiosity about the world, which is the foundation of the development of passion, rests primarily on the shoulders of educators. The effect of the sustainable development of the human personality completed in the education process, should be the compliance of the undertaken professional a work with the individual`s predispositions and interests, which is finalized in the successful functioning of the entire society, in the hands of experts - enthusiasts. Whether young people find their own path, despite the difficulties they face during their turbulent adolescence, largely depends on the quality of their relationship with educators. The foundation of arousing deep interest in young people is the understanding of the importance of the processes taking place in human minds and an ability of teachers to think creatively and innovatively. It is also important to emphasize that the identity formed during the difficult years of adolescence, an inseparable element of which is creation the human interests, has a significant impact on the further stages of an individual`s development. A favorable conclusion of the process of forming an adolescent`s identity, determines the harmony of his further development. Having the ability to admire the world becomes one of the guarantors of the harmonious development of the personality from the first years until the fall of life.
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EN
The article concerns the interests of socially maladjusted youth. Among others the social and demographic features of the pupils of the social rehabilitation facility were presented. Research was carried out to determine the differences between socially maladjusted youth and young people who do not conflict with the law in terms of the number of interests held, their type and commitment to implementation. It was established that among the surveyed boys from the Youth Educational Centre there is a great interest in craft professions such as: car mechanic, electrician, baker, construction worker, carpenter. In addition, the results of the research revealed the preferences of boys not socially adapted to perform in the future, among other things, the profession of teacher, social worker or educator.
EN
Motivation accompanies various human activities from an early age. The basic ones include fun, education and work. These activities are combined in different proportions and depend on the living environment and the interests of the individual. Care, upbringing, family environment and family atmosphere shape the child’s perceptions of the world. These factors also affect the individual in terms of making important decisions, which include undertaking education in a university. The human environment, objects, and the same places also imply various motives in creating human behaviour that translates into aspirations to achieve different life goals. The article is an attempt to present the impact of humans’ predispositions in their fields of interest, their self-assessment of intellectual possibilities, prospects for high -level earnings, employment opportunities in the country and abroad, as well as the curriculum covering subjects that were not difficult in high school and in which the pupil was good on the motives for choosing a major study of students of humanities at the University of Rzeszów and students of exact sciences from Rzeszów University of Technology.
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Modele przedstawicielstwa w izbie drugiej parlamentu

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EN
The question of existence or non-existence of a second chamber comes down to the problem of representativeness. The dispute about the sense of keeping the upper chamber is in fact a dispute about whom it has ultimately to represent. If we assume that the second chamber should be, to the extent as the first chamber, a nationwide representation forum, the question arises: what for we have to duplicate the mirror-image of representation, and create the same representation in the first and in the second chamber? However, an assumption of a different model of representation also undermines the sense of the existence of the second chamber, if it is to be different from the first chamber regarded as a model for parliamentary chambers. Nevertheless, it is recognized that the second chamber must provide a different profile of representation, if it is to exist at all. But the question is: What should it be? Here, the doctrine and practice may offer some solutions. The first is the federal representation model in which the second chamber is a platform for the expression of the interests of the non-unitary state entities. The second is a model of regional chambers, i.e. those functioning on a unitary state, where individual territories are given a considerable degree of autonomy. The third model is the chamber or local self-government, designed as a representative of interests of municipalities and local communities. Another model is that of the chamber of corporations, based on the representation of socio-occupational interests. Regardless of which model is adopted, it should be noted that the sense of the existence of the second chamber is determined by a different form of representation. The second chamber must always be the second one, which also means that it must be different in terms of representation as compared to the first chamber.
EN
The conception of science postulated by the Edinburg School is analysed from the philosophical perspective. It is shown that the conception has significant philosophical dimensions, and that its important aspects are in close correspondence to relevant aspects of the rationalistic philosophical theories of science.
PL
Analizuję z filozoficznej perspektyw koncepcję nauki postulowaną przez szkołę edynburską. Pokazuję, że koncepcja ta ma istotny wymiar filozoficzny, a niektóre ważne jej aspekty są w bliskiej korespondencji do odpowiednich aspektów racjonalistycznych filozoficznych teorii nauki.
EN
Global warming causes that climate changes poses significant socio – economic challenges and climate policy become a part of countries’ economic policy. With increase of the international community awareness about need to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, importance of renewable energy sources in power generation is growing. Twenty first century will be a time of the energy sector transformation towards low-carbon energy sources. This raises the new outlook for the industry, because climate policy can be a driving force for new sector of a “green economy”. “Green technologies” and “green economy” will generate new jobs, so that renewable energy sources are becoming not only an alternative to traditional energy source due to lack of GHG emissions, but also bring new economic opportunities.
EN
Despite the brief euphoria caused by the demise of the Communist Bloc in the Cold War, the West was finally able to comprehend new threats and challenges to the world order after the end of the Cold War. However, the West was not able to offer effective responses to the specific manifestations of these threats. The main reason for this is the situation, which can be defined ‘the West’s confusion’. First of all, that is misunderstanding of the importance of West’s leadership as a prerequisite for a stable post-cold war world order. The West’s leadership has historically been the result of a long process and the interaction of many factors, it is based on a successful model of social development, the core of which is a triad of individualism, the market economy and liberal democracy. Two visions of the West – both as the cultural community and the community of highly developed countries – are interconnected, but in the context of the problems of the contemporary world politics the West is foremost a community of developed democratic countries that has acquired a multifaceted institutionalisation, including in the form of security complexes. Overcoming of the West’s confusion implies the harmonisation of values and interests as factors of West’s behaviour on the international arena. Regular confusion demonstrated by the West and its unwillingness to take over the leadership and responsibility encourages two major destructive players: China and Russia. The world without the West (as the organising system power) is a world of chaos and disarray, even more dangerous than the world of balance of powers, which led to the two world wars.
EN
The three reviewed books constitute part of a representative turn that attempts to restore the value of representation to democracy in changed circumstances under which representative democracy operates, such as the rise of new actors (non-governmental organizations, social movements), non-electoral forms of representation or the existence of representatives beyond boundaries of the nation-state. I argue that the authors of representative turn manage to respond to current challenges by conceptualizing representation as a dynamic process of making and receiving representative claims that include new forms of representation while still keeping a significant role of traditional formal representative institutions.
EN
The Professional developmenmt of a teacher in the XXI century should be a standard. Especially among young teachers who just begins to follow his professional way. Interest of a man determines his choice of professional carrier. Furthermore while doing his job interests may pointing the direction of completion or achieving new professional competences, which might be useful during a carrier. In this article the review of apropriate literature is made in order to define competences and interests. Also characteristic of classifications of professional competences of teachers was made. By means of descritption and analyse of own researches the author tries to revill the impact of interests on taken professional development by young teachers. She describes also different forms of professional development taken by teachers and their actual interests.
EN
Background. The aim of the study was to identify the interests in physical activity of students attending senior high schools and the organization of physical education in the new core curri­culum. The research material consists of the results of students’ physical activity from nine randomly selected senior high schools in Wrocław. Material and methods. In addition, in those randomly selected schools, the professional qualifications of 32 physical education teachers, sports infrastructure and the method of physical education implementation were diagnosed. Results. The study revealed significant differences in the interest of senior high school stu­dents. The differences in physical activity forms among students involved gender, age and school they attended and the seasons in which the survey was held. Students showed the greatest interests in swimming, team sports and downhill skiing. The most popular among the girls were swimming, dancing, skating and roller skating, whereas among the boys were team sports, swimming, martial arts and downhill skiing. The study which diagnosed the professional qualifications of PE teachers showed that all of them graduated from a University School of Physical Education, and most of them have been working for over 21 years. Half of the diagnosed qualified teachers have a professional degree. Half of the teachers have more than trainer’s or instructor’s qualifications in one discipline Among the teachers, most people have a trainer’s or instructor’s license to conduct classes in basketball, volleyball, swimming, soccer and downhill skiing. Conclusions. The study on the diagnosis of the ways of imple­menting PE classes showed that five senior high schools implemented a traditional class­room-lesson system, and in four schools – a mixed system (classes in the classroom-lesson system, and activities to be chosen by a student).The study has shown that in more than half of the diagnosed senior high schools in Wroclaw some new oppor­tunities for the organization of physical education are introduced.
EN
The article tackles the problem of values and interests in the German security policy particularly during the administration of the CDU/CSU and FDP coalition headed by Angela Merkel. From the statements on security policy formulated by members of subsequent cabinets after 1990 it follows that Germany is in the course of redefining its role in international relations. This role is now defined by a tradition of multilateralism and the conception of a civil state adapted to new challenges that a contender to the position of a world power must confront. A policy of values and interests is the hallmark of Merkel’s present government.
EN
Purpose: theoretical analysis of the level of physical health of schoolchildren and their motivation for physical training. Methods: Analysis of literature. Results: in 2013 from 9% to 45% schoolchildren were recognized healthy by the specialists. High and middle level of health have approximately 30% of individuals. They are able to fulfill the established standards of physical culture. The most common diseases of schoolchildren are: diseases of the respiratory system, diseases of the digestive system, and diseases of the eye, diseases of skin and subcutaneous tissue, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, diseases of the endocrine system. The greatest number of days missed due to illness was among the pupils of 6–7 forms. An important means of prevention of pupils’ diseases, strengthening their health, improving their physical fitness is physical activity. The level of physical activity of teenagers in the cities of central and northern regions of Ukraine is low and makes about 30 % of hygienic standards. Seasonal and climatic changes can affect physical activity. Forming a complete motivation to employment by physical exercises is by increasing physical activity. The needs, motives and interests in the field of physical education depend upon age, mental and physical development, temperament, personality. The leading motives of physical education in school are health promotion and the need for movement. In today’s schoolchildren the most interest among the types of physical activity cause sports games. We found conflicting data regarding popularity of different sports games of schoolchildren. Studies on motivation for the study of physical training in winter, we have not identified. The practical significance of the results: obtained data require the efficient use of physical culture. Conclusions: for the improvement of physical health of schoolchildren it is necessary to improve the content of Physical Culture according to the age needs, motives and interests of teenagers. Prospects of further research: to study the level of teenagers’ health and the influence of different types of physical activity to their physical condition.
Diametros
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2019
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vol. 16
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issue 61
34-50
EN
Richard Rorty suggests that we should stop looking for something common to us all, for universal justifi cations and truth. Rorty argues that focusing on a single truth sooner or later serves those who claim that there is a proper, true model of living. In the end, they use violence and cause pain, as they are driven by the idea that everyone should accept their truth. In this article I shall argue that such reasoning is not justifi ed and whether we are universalists or constructivists, our actions may be the same and cause pain. At the same time, having the same beliefs will not stop us from acting differently. What matters is how we use a particular concept in accordance with our interests and not the concept itself. I shall also argue that dialog can help to prevent violence and that while Rorty is right, there are also a number of problems with that proposition.
EN
In the paper, the author formulates the thesis that in our times the role of journalism has been lost as the medium of informing about events, the popularisation of knowledge and forming positive cultural patterns. This happened as a result of a departure from a culture that refers to values. At present, the mass media create a consumerist culture, focused on short-term interests and living an ordinary life. This allows them to manipulate society for the sake of the interests of different groups. In order to overcome this state of affairs, which is unfavourable for society, it is necessary to return to the ideals of the Enlightenment and a culture appealing to values.
PL
W tekście autorka formułuje tezę, że współcześnie została zatracona rola dziennikarstwa polegająca na przekazie informacji o wydarzeniach oraz popularyzacji wiedzy i formułowaniu pozytywnych wzorców kulturowych. Stało się to na skutek odejścia od kultury odwołującej się do wartości. Współczesne środki masowego przekazu kreują kulturę konsumpcyjną, nastawioną na doraźne interesy i życie potocznością. Umożliwia ona w imię interesów różnych grup manipulowanie społeczeństwem. Warunkiem przezwyciężenia tego niekorzystnego dla społeczeństwa stanu rzeczy jest powrót do ideałów Oświecenia i kultury odwołującej się do wartości.
PL
Polska kilka razy w swej historii aktywności integracyjnej przed i po przystąpieniu do UE podjęła próbę zademonstrowania pozostałym krajom UE i unijnym instytucjom, że chce być samodzielnym podmiotem wewnątrz-unijnej gry interesów. Tym bardziej, że nie zawsze interesy Polski są zgodne z interesami pozostałych aktorów integracji. Na przykład sprzeciwiamy się postulatowi szybszego rozwoju krajów należących do „twardego jądra” UE. Z drugiej strony Polsce nadal bliskie jest uniwersalistyczne przesłanie, które brzmi: naszym wspólnym życzeniem jest uczynienie Europy kontynentem demokracji, wolności, pokoju i postępu. Unia pozostaje dla Polski nadal gwarantem redukowania linii podziału w Europie i popierania stabilności i pomyślnego rozwoju. Z uwagi na powyższe, zdaniem autora nie ma innego wyjścia, Europa (UE) musi postawić na uniwersalistyczno-partykularną syntezę jedności w wielości oraz jedności w różnorodności, która wzbogaca i rozwija, ale nie rozbija. A przede wszystkim eksponuje dobro wspólne bez zaniku (zatracania) dobra indywidualnego.
EN
The history of Poland’s integration activities, undertaken both before and after joining the EU, has featured several attempts to demonstrate its desire to become an independent entity in the internal EU game of the interests of other EU countries and institutions. This has been the case, since Poland’s interests have not always been compatible with the interests of the other actors of integration. For instance, Poland has opposed the scenario of the faster development of countries forming the ‘hard core’ of the EU. On the other hand, Poland still supports the universal postulate of making Europe a continent of democracy, freedom, peace and progress. The European Union has remained the guarantee that the lines that divide Europe will be erased and stable and consistent development ensured. Therefore, the author believes that Europe (the European Union) has no alternative, and will have to opt for a universalist-and-particular synthesis of unity in multiplicity, and unity in diversity, which enriches and develops but does not divide countries. First and foremost, this synthesis emphasizes the common good while not losing sight of (abandoning) the individual good.
EN
Cytlak Izabela, Jarmużek Joanna, Mieć ciastko i zjeść ciastko, czyli o postawach przedsiębiorczych wśród humanistów na przykładzie studentów i studentek kierunków humanistycznych uczelni wyższych z Polski, Hiszpanii i Norwegii. Wstępny raport z badań [To Have a Cake and Eat a Cake, Paper about Entrepreneurial Attitudes Among Humanists on the Example of Humanistic Students at Universitiesfrom Poland, Spain, and Norway. A Preliminary Report]. Studia Edukacyjne nr 56, 2020, Poznań 2020, pp. 323-338. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 1233-6688. DOI: 10.14746/se.2020.56.18 The aim of the publication is to show the importance of academic entrepreneurship classes in the processof effective education of humanistic studies students and the role of entrepreneurship university centers in the process of maximizing and accelerating career opportunities. When designing the study, we decided to examine the entrepreneurship attitudes, knowledge and past experiences of students in Spain, Norway and Poland at the bachelor level of humanistic studies. Entrepreneurship classes are compulsory at this level of studies under the Bologna Strategy. 249 BA level students from the three countries filled out the questionnaire. We initially examined the dependence of chosen variables in order to point out the features which might help students to initiate their own business.
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