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EN
The aim of this paper is to reflect on the concept of the linguistic picture of the world (LPoW) and methods of its reconstruction. The Author presents the historical overview and complex genesis of this concept, also in the context of the ethnolinguistic research tradition in Lublin. He defines the linguistic picture of the world as the interpretation of reality contained in language, which can be seen as a set of judgments about the world, people, things and events, originating from the subjective perception and conceptualisation of reality by those who speak the language. When reflecting on linguistic facts which can provide input for a description of the LPoW, the Author argues that such analysis should include three types of linguistic data: vocabulary (systemic linguistic data), texts (textual linguistic data) and surveys (elicited data).
PL
Celem artykułu jest refleksja nad pojęciem językowego obrazu świata (JOS) oraz jego metody jego rekonstrukcji. Autor przedstawia wieloletnią historię i złożony rodowód tego pojęcia, również w kontekście badań etnolingwistyki lubelskiej. Językowy obraz świata definiuję jako zawartą w języku interpretacją rzeczywistości dającą się ująć w postaci zespołu sądów o świecie, o ludziach, rzeczach, zdarzeniach, powstającą w wyniku subiektywnej percepcji i konceptualizacji rzeczywistości przez mówiących danym językiem. Na pytanie, jakie fakty językowe mogą stanowić podstawę opisu JOS, autor odpowiada, że do analizy JOS włączyć należy trzy typy danych językowych: słownictwo (dane językowo-systemowe), teksty (dane językowo-tekstowe) oraz badania ankietowe (dane wywoływane).
EN
The objective of the present paper is to compare the conceptualization of friendship in Danish and Polish. The results of the comparison indicate that the lexemes przyjaciel and ven differ with regards to the exclusiveness of the relation that they denote. The differences are also reflected in the respective lexico-semantical fields where the Danish lexemes (kammerat, kollega and bekendt) are only partially equivalent to their Polish counterparts (kolega, znajomy). On the other hand, in the light of the gathered material, the traditional ideal of FRIENDSHIP seems to be very similar in both languages.
Jazykovedný Casopis
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2013
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vol. 64
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issue 2
109-132
EN
The main aim of the study is to introduce a new method which has not been applied in the Slovak study of child language so far, and to answer 4 main research questions: (1) What is the development of understanding and production of verbs in early lexical development of Slovak-speaking children? (2) Are there any differences in verbs understanding and production between Slovak-speaking girls and boys? (3) What is the linguistic picture of the world given by incipient verbal lexicon of Slovak-speaking children? (4) Is there any difference between the linguistic picture of the world of Slovak-speaking girls and boys? The method is based on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the lexical part of the Slovak version of CDI 1 Test of communicative abilities TEKOS 1: Words and gestures with 44 verbs in the part “actions and states”. Parents were asked to fill in the checklist and choose from three options: i) child understands and speaks, ii) understands, iii) does not understand The research sample consists of 323 girls and 330 boys in their age from 8 to 16 months. The results show the unanimous developmental trajectory in verbs acquisition in both, girls and boys. The differences shown in production in favor of girls in last two months are not statistically significant. The linguistic picture of the world is cognitively and semantically gender-universal, concentrated on corporeal concepts connected with social concept. The prototypical verbs in first 16 months of the age of the children are jesť (to eat) and dať (to give)
EN
The designations of systemic doctrines are labels and landmarks in the public debate: in relation to them, its participants and observers define their political identity, at the same time projecting ideas about the identity of their opponents. Therefore, their semantic content differs depending on who and for what purpose calls these designations in the public space. This is the main reason why such names have become the subject of attention from researchers interested in language as an element of social life. One of such designations is capitalism – one of the key concepts of the Polish political transformation. However, this designation and the concept behind it were the subject of linguists’ attention to a lesser extent than it might seem. I would like to fill this gap. My aim was to present the shaping of the concept of capitalism in Polish in various historical periods. I analyzed the linguistic material taken from Polish encyclopedias and dictionaries. Being aware that the selection of sources is not representative of the entire Polish language, I treat the results of the analysis as an introduction to further research. I referred to the concept of the linguistic image of the world. Capitalism appears for the first time in Polish encyclopedias and dictionaries at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. From that moment on, the scope of definitions and the number of their semantic components constantly increased, and their final number, type and hierarchy differed depending on the historical period in question. The two great turning points in the profiling of the concept of capitalism are the years 1945 and 1989. This allows us to formulate a thesis about the important role of encyclopedias and dictionaries in petrifying a specific resource of knowledge and legitimizing the political regime.
EN
The article compares three linguistic zoomorphic pictures of the world – Chinese, Japanese and Indian. It deals with zoometaphors, which are inconsistent with the principle of ascending from the abstract to the concrete, but realize the prototypical effect, presenting some characteristics by concrete notions. These metaphors are of great importance in the process of human thinking as they perform the evaluative-expressive and aesthetic functions of language. They express some social types and standards of human behavior, evaluate both extrinsic characteristics and intrinsic features of the person. The more distant the cultural areas are, the more differences are present in linguistic zoomorphic pictures of the world.
PL
The analysis of 694 proverbs selected from widely accessible collections allows their classification into semantic fields ranging from names of foods, ways of eating, the necessity and urge to eat as well as the effects of eating, to the rules of eating and conduct during meals. Most of the proverbs analysed refer to actual situations (ca. 84%); the remaining (ca. 16%) include metaphors that illustrate or codify social behaviours and their consequences. Proverbs registered in the 19th century written Polish language constitute over a half (52,4%) of the data, while those from the 20th century amount to over one fourth (26,3%). The rest (26,3%) is dated as coming from the 15th–18th century. Over 72% of the proverbs analysed are syntactically complex with regular sound instrumentation and about 28% are syntactically simple. The analysis brings out a very important need to regulate the rules of the eating process and of conduct while eating, as well as the significance of healthy nutrition.
EN
This article is an analysis of the grammar, word formation and syntactic linguistic means of expression occurring in Russian advertisements targeted at men and women. Many differences were noted following a comparative analysis. At the grammatical level in “feminine” advertisements the frequent use of comparative form of adjectives was noticed, which may correlate with women’s desire to constantly improve (e.g. improve the appearance). Men, as the ones fond of competition, in advertisements are likely to use the superlative form of adjective. In “masculine” ads the use of personal and possessive pronouns in first person is typical, which practically does not occur in the examples of female ads. An example of differences in word-formation is the use of diminutives and prefixes loaned from English which are unusual for Russian, such as: ультра-, -экстра-, - мега- in advertisements aimed at women, which affects the idealization of the advertised message. Significant differences were noticed during the analysis of syntactic means of expression. Lexeme “новый” and its derivatives occur more frequently in the “feminine” advertisements. Interestingly, they do not determine the advertised product directly, but refer to the abstract nouns appearing in the ad. The opposite situation occurs in advertisements directed towards men. Based on the analyzed examples it was found that in the “masculine” advertising colloquial speech is often used, while the “feminine” makes use of a rather literary language. Construction of the advertising message also varies in the examples of both genders. A characteristic of “masculine” ads is the enumeration of elements of the advertised product, whereas in “feminine” ads the product qualities are described. In the examples considered a much more frequent use of imperatives is observed in advertisements aimed at women. Perhaps this is connected with the stereotypical vulnerability of women to public opinion and stereotypical individualism of men who cannot tolerate being told directly what to do. The quantative analysis of certain punctuation marks used also shows the differences between “feminine” and “masculine” language. The analysis showed that the exclamation mark is used more frequently in “feminine” than “masculine” advertising, perhaps because it makes the transmission more emotional and facilitates the realization of a persuasive function. In “masculine” ads an increased use of ellipses and question marks is noted. They enrich a rather stiff message used in advertisements directed at men.
EN
The article aims at presenting part of the research that has been done on the stereotypes of a ‘girlfriend’ (Polish: ‘dziewczyna’). The research is based on letters published in Polish magazines for teenagers at the end of the communist regime and in the first decades of the 21st century. Partner profiling is an important element of the reconstructed stereotype. The description follows analysis of the traditional image of a female partner, which is based on an analysis of Polish proverbs. The research reveals many elements typical of the traditional model, especially the culturally accepted passive attitude of girls (especially in the Polish People’s Republic period). Modification of the model appears in a later period: freedom of customs, sexual awareness, and behaviour that is more liberated (based on letters written from the beginning of the 21st century).
EN
The aim of the article is to show the relationship between the homo and animal spheres. The research material consists of Polish and Russian phraseological units in a broad sense (idioms, comparisons and proverbs) with zoonyms being the names of farm animals. The main emphasis was placed on the inherent – in faunal phraseology – and the closely related features of anthropocentrism and didacticism. Tracing the relationship between humans and animals clearly indicates the pejorativization of the linguistic image of fauna by a man. People like to use animal portraits to speak of the dark sides of their own world. Ascribing disabilities to representatives of fauna at the same time exposes the value of everything that is human. Parallel however, there is a phenomenon of hyperbolization of the negative portrait of a man who tries to subjugate living creatures from outside his species, guided by heartlessness, greed and selfishness. The lack of morality or culture cannot be considered animal traits, since higher feelings are characteristic of homo sapiens and constitute the foundation that distinguishes humans from the fauna world. Animals only fight for food, domination, and take care of the young. Their behavior is not due to ill will, lack of morals or culture. In the behavior of animals, their nature prevails and their innate instincts ensure their survival. Animals are not uncultivated and immoral, it is only a man who thinks of them in this way, involuntarily projecting his own world onto the animal world. There is a human interpretation of the world in animalistic phraseological units.
EN
The aim of this study is to reconstruct and compare the linguistic picture of two concepts: Spanish TRABAJO and Polish PRACA (work). The analysis refers to the theory of the linguistic picture of the world by Jerzy Bartmiński. The material for investigation was selected from two legal documents: Fuero del Trabajo (1938) and the Constitution of the Polish People’s Republic (1952). The study was based on the overview of the collocations of lexemes praca and trabajo. The quotes containing mentioned lexemes were assigned to four categories (called aspects): political/institutional, social, ideological and economic. Then, to find the similarities and differences between the two concepts, the cognitive definitions of both of them were developed. The results affirm the thesis that TRABAJO and PRACA have many semantic features in common, however, we find the different connotations because of cultural and ideological differences.
EN
This article discusses 487 private letters of a sultan’s painter, Stanisław Chlebowski (1835-1884) to Józef Ignacy Kraszewski and to his family settled in Cracow. The aim of the text is to analyze the linguistic aspect of the correspondence, including particularly the lexis and phraseology, which indicate the characteristics of the work, everyday life and social contacts of the author and the major Polish artists: Juliusz Kossak, Wojciech Kossak, Jan Matejko, Henryk Siemiradzki and Jacek Malczewski.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the image of the body in relation to nature appearing in statements of the supporters of alternative health theories, as well as the processes of mythization of nature. The research material consists of statements by members of discussion groups on Facebook, and the research methodology-tools of anthropological and cognitive linguistics. The first part of the article discusses the changes in the dominant paradigm of perception of the relationship between the body and nature, the second part contains a brief description of the research methods, and the third part is the analysis of the material.
EN
The article deals with the changes of Ukrainians’ linguistic picture of the world in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic. The peculiarities of the linguistic picture of the world and the national linguistic picture of the world are determined. Neologisms, phraseological modifications and some samples of modern folklore are analyzed. It was found that the peculiarity of COVID neologisms is the adaptation of foreign borrowings and the use of typical Ukrainian means of word formation. COVID phraseologisms are modifications of phrases already existing in the mind of the Ukrainian speaker. As for folklore, modern Christmas and New Year folklore under conditions ofCOVID-19 is a kind of transformation of traditional carols and congratulations. Anecdotes about the pandemic stand apart from previous folklore samples and reflect not only Ukrainian modern realities but also its past. Memes also serve as a source of traditions, history, culture of Ukrainian people. Understanding the verbalized picture of the COVID world is impossible without knowledge of these aspects of the nonverbal world, as well as previous experience of verbalization.
EN
Can the presently created Kashubian literary language and the currently formed new Breton language be objects of consideration for researchers of the linguistic picture of the world?The influence of the Polish language in conjunction with education and the mass media have brought about in the second half of the 20th century a growth of Polish-Kashubian bilingualism and a decline of Kashubian dialects. Simultaneously, work on the creation and promotion of the literary Kashubian language has begun. The standard Kashubian language is new to all users as is the new Breton language standardized in the last decades of the 20th century. Intergenerational transmission of the Breton language was severed after WWII. The ethnic revival of the 1970s led to the revalorization of the Breton culture and language, taught since then in a number of schools and at adult courses. Normalized Kashubian and Breton languages are full of neologisms. But at the same time they have also been considerably purified of those traits which make them similar to the respective dominant language (Polish and French). Furthermore, the range of use to which these minority languages are put is very different from one user to another. All these specifics result in the near impossibility of researching the linguistic picture of the world of contemporary normalized minority languages. Czy współcześnie powstający kaszubski język literacki oraz obecnie tworzony język neobretoński mogą stanowić przedmiot dociekań badaczy językowego obrazu świata?Wpływ polszczyzny związany ze szkołą i mediami masowymi spowodował wzrost w drugiej połowie XX wieku dwujęzyczności kaszubsko-polskiej i zanikanie dialektów kaszubskich. Jednocześnie rozpoczęły się prace nad stworzeniem i upowszechnieniem kaszubskiego języka literackiego. Standardowy język kaszubski jest nowy dla wszystkich użytkowników, podobnie jak standaryzowany w drugiej połowie XX wieku język bretoński. Międzypokoleniowa transmisja bretońskiego została przerwana w połowie XX wieku. Odrodzenie etniczne lat 70. XX wieku doprowadziło do rewaloryzacji kultury i języka bretońskiego, którego dzieci zaczęły się uczyć w szkołach, a dorośli – na kursach. Znormalizowane języki kaszubski i bretoński pełne są neologizmów, podlegają również procesom puryfikacji mającym oczyścić je z cech upodobniających do języka dominującego (polskiego i francuskiego). Zakres posługiwania się nimi u poszczególnych ich użytkowników jest silnie zróżnicowany. Wszystkie te fakty sprawiają, że badanie językowego obrazu świata normalizowanych obecnie języków mniejszościowych nie wydaje się możliwe.
EN
Perception of the world by Poles and Russians as demonstrated by indications of the core of language consciousness (on the material of associative dictionaries)The paper addresses from a psycholinguistic perspective the issue of the linguistic picture of the world of Poles and Russians. The author performs an analysis of the reversed Polish and Russian associative dictionaries that form the so-called cores of language consciousness. Postrzeganie świata wśród Polaków i Rosjan w świetle wskazań jądra świadomości językowej (na materiale słowników asocjacyjnych)W artykule badana jest z perspektywy psycholingwistycznej kwestia językowego obrazu świata Polaków i Rosjan. Autorka dokonuje analizy odwróconych słowników asocjacyjnych języków polskiego i rosyjskiego, stanowiących tak zwane jądra świadomości językowej. 
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LOVE in English and Polish

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EN
LOVE in English and PolishThe paper presents a sample contrastive analysis of the linguistic picture of love in English and Polish. The material used in the survey is drawn from lexicographic data, including the British National Corpus and Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego [National Corpus of Polish]. The paper focuses on the similarities and differences in conceptualizing the abstract concept of love in the English and Polish languages. An analytical method, developed by Bartmiński and associates, serves as the theoretical basis for the reconstruction of the linguistic picture of the world. MIŁOŚĆ w języku angielskim i polskimNiniejszy artykuł to próba kontrastywnego porównania językowego obrazu świata MIŁOŚCI w języku angielskim i polskim. Materiał badawczy pochodzi głównie ze źródeł leksykograficznych: słowników oraz korpusów (Narodowego Korpusu Języka Polskiego oraz z korpusu języka angielskiego British National Corpus). Celem badania było poszukiwanie podobieństw i różnic w konceptualizacji MIŁOŚCI w tych dwóch językach. Metoda badawcza została zaczerpnięta z prac J. Bartmińskiego i dotyczy rekonstrukcji językowego obrazu świata różnych pojęć.
EN
The image of the atheist and his place on the confessional map of the world in Cieszyn SilesiaThe aim of this article is to create an image of the atheist based on historical and contemporary sources. The history of the concept of the atheist is described on the basis of the regional press, the contemporary picture of the concept – on the basis of the results of a questionnaire and discussions on religious topics on regional websites. The analysis showed that the concept of the atheist is treated as a term equivalent to the terms of members of different churches. The research shows not only the image of the atheist, but also its place in the system of perception of religious differences. Wizerunek ateisty i jego miejsce na konfesyjnej mapie świata na Śląsku CieszyńskimCelem niniejszego artykułu jest stworzenie obrazu ateisty na podstawie źródeł historycznych i współczesnych. Historia pojęcia ateisty została opisana na podstawie prasy regionalnej, współczesny obraz – na podstawie wyników ankiet i dyskusji na tematy religijne na regionalnych stronach internetowych. Analiza wykazała, że pojęcie ateisty jest traktowane jako pojęcie równorzędne z określeniami członków różnych Kościołów. W wyniku badań przedstawiono nie tylko wizerunek ateisty, lecz także jego miejsce w systemie postrzegania różnic wyznaniowych.
EN
The aim of this paper is to present the linguistic image of love derived from the wedding sermons published in the Internet. The idea of love is rarely defined in the analyzed texts and it is rarely presented in different aspects. Love is presented in the positive way by repeating the same, mostly conventionalized metaphors. What is more, the idea of love in the analyzed texts is stereotyped and schematic, because the authors of sermons refer to the common texts such as St. Paul Hymn to Love or different examples from everyday life. On the on hand, language of the sermons resembles the science and theological language that is not understandable for recipients, and on the other hand it is colloquial with the huge amount of expressive words.
PL
Ludzie mieszkający na wsi mieli zawsze szczególny i bardzo bliski kontakt z przyrodą. Ich życie, podporządkowane siłom i prawom natury, przebiegało według określonego rytmu pór roku i wiążących się z nimi obowiązków, zwyczajów, obrzędów oraz wierzeń (zarówno chrześcijańskich, jak i pogańskich), co znajdywało odzwierciedlenie w języku. Artykuł jest próbą ukazania funkcjonowania gwarowych nazw roślin w świadomości mieszkańców wsi. Fitonimy gwarowe odzwierciedlają bowiem subiektywny stosunek nadawcy do rzeczywistości oraz ukazują utrwalone w świadomości zbiorowej struktury poznawcze i pojęciowe.
EN
Most countrymen and countrywomen have always lived particularly close to nature. They obey the laws of nature, their life has been subordinated to the sequence of seasons and related chores, customs, rituals, and beliefs (both Christian and pagan). All of these practices find their reflection in language. The author attempts to depict the ways in which dialectl plant names function and how dialect users comprehend them as dialect phytonyms which carry the user’s subjective attitude to reality and reflect the conceptual and cognitive structures fixed in the collective consciousness.
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