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EN
The aim of the article is to indicate the assumptions which are the basis for setting satire against grotesque by Boris Eichenbaum in his study Jak jest zrobiony „Płaszcz” Gogola. By analyzing Eichenbaum’s argumentation, the author claims that the formalistic conception of literariness, which stresses the autonomous character of an artistic work, was conducive to the tendency for a depreciation of satire and ennoblement of grotesque.
EN
The purpose of this article is to redefine the category of “contamination”, entrenched in the tradition of literary reportage. Due to the process of genre blurring, the original meaning of the term (the one connected with the presence of creational elements in the reporter’s writings) has now been replaced by a more complex definition. The author creates the hypothesis that the “contamination” of contemporary reportage is caused also by the increase of subjective and emotional factors in journalistic narration. To illustrate this assumption, the article provides an analysis of the book Zapiski na biletach. Written by the Polish reporter Michał Olszewski the book serves as an example of genetic changes of the reportage convention.
EN
Black American women writers were side-lined by the literary canon as recently as the 1980s. Today, as a result of their agency, a distinct literary tradition that bears witness to black women’s particular expressiveness is recognized. Bernard Bell observes that the defining features common to most literary works by black American women are a focus on racist oppression, black female protagonists, the pursuit of demarginalization, women’s bonding, women’s relationship with the community, the power of emotions, and black female language. Although these elements refer predominantly to novels, they are also present in Paule Marshall’s memoir Triangular Road (2009) and Gloria Naylor’s fictionalized memoir 1996 (2005). Moreover, the two works are fitting examples of racial art, the point of departure of which, according to Black Arts Movement advocates, should be the black experience. Actually, since through memoirs the authors offer significant insights into themselves, the genre seems closer to this objective of racial art than novels. At the same time, taking into consideration the intricate plot structures, vivid images, and emotional intensity, their memoirs evidence the quality of literariness i.e., in formalist terms, the set of features that distinguish texts from non-literary ones, for instance, reports, articles, text books, and encyclopaedic biographical entries. Moreover, Marshall and Naylor utilize creative imagination incorporating fabulation, stories within stories, and people or events they have never personally encountered, which dramatizes and intensifies the experiences they relate. In Marshall’s memoir, the fictitious elements are discernable when she imagines the historical past. Naylor demarks imagined narrative passages with separate sections that intertwine with those based upon her actual life experience.
EN
In some measure, in opposition to the contemporary studies on Chopin’s letters emphasising their non-literary character, the aim of this study is to point at the multifaceted literariness of the correspondence of the author of the Revolutionary Etude. One of its crucial aspects would be the intertextual one: Chopin’s letters constitute an intriguing community of style, including, above all, the schemes of Fredro-like comedy and Henryk Rzewuski’s gawęda szlachecka (nobility tale). The idea of writing in the spirit of disciplined lightness, rigour of formulating thoughts in a casual, colloquial and easy manner, as Wiktor Weintraub put it, affects Chopin’s planned skill of self-creation and autothematical procedures, always in similar styles that use humour for the purpose of making thing unusual, or even obscene. The arguments collected in the article force one to withdraw Ryszard Przybylski’s conviction about Chopin’s epistolography as representing the language “serving life” only outside of literature and literariness.
EN
The following paper will discuss selected literary forums and portals as environments in which users can attain, develop and perfect creative writing skills. They will also be examined as spaces enabling the introduction of innovative literary concepts that would be impossible or difficult to put into practice off-line or before the advent of computer networks. Due to these qualities, a description of such forums and portals could balance out the perception of the Internet as a medium promoting profanity and graphomania. The paper will describe the functioning of literary portals, which can be seen to initiate and promote creative writing on the Internet not merely by constituting hubs for on-line literary activity but mostly through various activities stimulating and encouraging literary production. Examples of such online activities will be provided, and demonstrated to encourage writing activity. They include relay writing, literary slam, and other practices providing non-material, non-financial gratification to writers. Finally, the paper will examine some problematic issues in the functioning of such literary environments.
EN
This article discusses the writing of Ziemowit Szczerek in the context of its genre credentials as travel reportage. Because Szczerek’s work can be read as literary reportage, this article addresses the controversy over the genre’s referentiality and literary status. It also discusses gonzo journalism, which was a source of inspiration for Szczerek, as well as creative devices that problematize issues of fictionality in reportage in reference to themes of imagined geography (E. W. Said), cultural self-stereotypes and hetero-stereotypes, and intertextual relations. The argument leads to the claim that Szczerek’s literary reportage is deeply embedded in creative fiction, perhaps in the vein of Andrzej Stasiuk’s work, and that this only enhances the value of his work.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia pisarstwo Ziemowita Szczerka w kontekście gatunkowych kwalifikacji jako reportaż podróżniczy. Twórczość tę można odczytać jako przykłady reportażu literackiego, w związku z czym zaprezentowano kwestie sporu o referencyjność i literackość gatunku, inspiracje dzieł Szczerka nurtem gonzo journalism oraz zabiegi twórcze problematyzujące kwestię fikcjonalności w reportażu poprzez odniesienie do problematyki geografii wyobrażonej (E.W. Said), kulturowych auto- i heterostereotypów oraz relacji intertekstualnych. Prowadzi to do stwierdzenia, że reportaże literackie Szczerka, podobnie jak pisarstwo podróżnicze Andrzeja Stasiuka, zanurzone są w fikcjotwórstwie, co tylko podnosi wartość literacką tej twórczości.
EN
The article concerns electronic literature and its place at the interface of traditional literature, technology and visual arts. This new genre of literature, associated with the development of digital media, shows that the boundaries of classical arts and disciplines in scientific research are blurring. This new phenomena require a new, transdisciplinary approach, combining literary and humanist competences with programming knowledge. The author presents a new literary phenomenon and indicates that literariness is a category which is more functional than literature in the case of studying e-literary. Literariness applies not only to literary works but also to other arts and phenomena in which it is the dominant feature of the work. This is exactly what happens in the case of electronic literature. It remains in the field of creativity in which the role of the word is the most important. At the same time, programming skills are required from the artist and the researcher, which do not fall within the scope of classical humanities. The author indicates that e-literary creativity is an area that opens up new perspectives for literary studies. It also sets new requirements for literary researchers.
EN
The paper addresses the problem of mutual relation between form and function as exemplified by haiku. Focusing upon the structure of haiku conducive to epiphany, it discusses some general aspects, independent of the differences between Eastern and Western varieties of the form. The “literariness” of the genre is demonstrated with reference to dimensions of imagery (as defined in Langacker’s model of cognitive grammar), and to the strongly metonymic character of haiku. Finally, some shortcomings of “Polish haiku” are shown as a function of its culture-bound untranslatability.
EN
The paper is devoted to the works of Pablopavo, a song artist for whom mise en abyme is an important means of expression. Although the term has been recognized in literature studies for decades, it has rarely been considered an important element of song lyrics. The paper discusses numerous examples which illustrate different ways in which Pablopavo uses mise en abyme, creating attractive paraliterary constructions, breaking the genre limitations of songs, directing the message towards literariness. Mise en abyme becomes a device which allows him to construct an understanding with the addressee which goes beyond entertainment. Distance from the form, irony, comicality help make the message authentic, situating the very process of communication, based mostly on language, at the center.
PL
Tematem artykułu jest twórczość Pablopavo, artysty piosenki, dla którego jednym z ważnych środków wyrazu jest autotematyzm. Termin ten, od dziesięcioleci rozpoznawany w badaniach literaturoznawczych, rzadko (lub prawie wcale) był dotąd rozpatrywany jako ważny element tekstów piosenek. W artykule znajdziemy liczne przykłady, które pokazują, jak na różne sposoby warszawski songwriter wykorzystuje autotematyzm, tworząc atrakcyjne konstrukcje paraliterackie. Dzięki takim zabiegom udaje się przekraczać ograniczenia gatunkowe piosenki, kierując przekaz w stronę literackości. Autotematyzm staje się chwytem, który pomaga budować porozumienie z odbiorcą ponad poziomem rozrywkowym. Dystans wobec formy, ironia, komizm służą ocaleniu autentyzmu przekazu, stawiając w centrum zainteresowania sam proces komunikacji, oparty przede wszystkim na języku.
PL
Niniejszy fragment jest drugą i ostatnią częścią eseju Ricarda Piglii „Pisarz jako czytelnik”. Autor kontynuuje rozważania na temat odczytu „Przeciw poetom” Gom-browicza oraz jego konsekwencji dla definiowania literackości. Piglia ustanawia również analogie pomiędzy obiegiem poezji a obiegiem pieniądza.
EN
This is the second and final part of Ricardo Piglia’s essay, “Writer as Reader”. The author continues his reflections on Gombrowicz’s essay “Przeciw poetom” (“Against Poets”) and its implications for defining literariness. Piglia also outlines parallels between circulation of poetry and circulation of money.
EN
Notes of Załmen Gradowski, one of the leaders of the Sonderkommando revolt in Auschwitz-Birkenau, is one of the most important documents of the Holocaust produced by his victims during the crime and at its epicenter. Their fragments were published in Poland and Israel. Gradowski was a religious Jew from Grodno, he prayed daily in the camp and wrote down transport information. His family: mother, wife and children, immediately after arriving in Auschwitz, were murdered in gas chambers. The author analyzes the literary value of this extraordinary document, which consists of narrative diary entries and imaginative lyrical inscriptions, rooted in the Jewish tradition of conversation with God. So we read the records of the nature of the report and lament. This unique record – given its place of origin and literary values – a testimony of the crimes committed against and suffering of the victims of the Holocaust once again asks us about the inexpressibility of the Holocaust.
EN
The notes by Zalman Gradowski, one of the leaders of the rebellion of the Sonderkommando in Auschwitz-Birkenau, are one of the most important Holocaust documents created by its victims right from its epicentre as the crime progressed. Their fragments were published in Poland and Israel. Gradowski was a religious Jews from Grodno. At the camp, he prayed every day, and wrote down details of each transport. His family: mother, wife, and children, were murdered in the gas chambers immediately upon arriving at Auschwitz. The author of the article analysed the literary value of this exceptional document, which consists of diary notes of a narrative nature, and evocative lyrical passages being a discussion with God deeply rooted in Judaic traditions. Thus, one reads an account of the nature of a report and lament. That exceptional – given its place of origin and literary value – record of the crime, and the suffering of the victims of the Holocaust urges one to ask once more about the inexpressibility of Shoah.
RU
Sermons of Reverend Janusz Stanisław Pasierb have a distinct literary character. This may be due to the fact that the preacher was both a poet and essayist. The first part of the paper contains a methodological reflection on literariness, with particular emphasis on the location of the sermon as a specific genre of expression in relation to other forms of literary expression. In the further part of the text, the style and composition of sermons of Reverend Pasierb and their relationship with the poetry of this author are examined. Also, homilies from the funerals of art people are presented – in these works Pasierb contained a particularly large literary component. Reverend Pasierb is fully aware of what the art of word is, including the preacher’s word. He works towards a greater linguistic reflection, drawing artistic attention to the style of preaching. His preaching, with a metaphysical depth and clearly eschatological perspective, and at the same time adding value to worldliness, often tends to an essay and meditation. We are dealing with the individualization of a preacher’s message and a partial remodelling of a typical preacher’s formula. 
PL
Sermons of Reverend Janusz Stanisław Pasierb have a distinct literary character. This may be due to the fact that the preacher was both a poet and essayist. The first part of the paper contains a methodological reflection on literariness, with particular emphasis on the location of the sermon as a specific genre of expression in relation to other forms of literary expression. In the further part of the text, the style and composition of sermons of Reverend Pasierb and their relationship with the poetry of this author are examined. Also, homilies from the funerals of art people are presented – in these works Pasierb contained a particularly large literary component. Reverend Pasierb is fully aware of what the art of word is, including the preacher’s word. He works towards a greater linguistic reflection, drawing artistic attention to the style of preaching. His preaching, with a metaphysical depth and clearly eschatological perspective, and at the same time adding value to worldliness, often tends to an essay and meditation. We are dealing with the individualization of a preacher’s message and a partial remodelling of a typical preacher’s formula.
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EN
This essay deals with some of the secrets that have been studied and explored for centuries by the science of literature and the sciences of art. The author searches for the logical-philosophical origins of the phenomenon of ‘mystery’, and discovers them in the sphere of the autotelic properties and anthropocultural functions of literature and art.
Porównania
|
2020
|
vol. 26
|
issue 1
17-37
EN
The inspiration for the paper was the metaphor that Dougles Hofstadter applies to translation. He defines the task of the translator – with particular reference to translation of literary texts – as that of the builder of a bridge that spans the canyon, joining its two sides: the original and the translation. An initial rickety foot-bridge, it gradually turns into a sturdy construction with the translator’s repeated attempts at discovering ever-deepening layers of meaning. Inevitably subjective, the building process requires the translator’s concentration upon individual dimensions of the translated text. These dimensions, or aspects, come strikingly close to what is defined as dimensions of imagery in Ronald Langacker’s model of grammar and natural language. In a wider perspective, the convergence is an argument for transdisciplinarity as a valid approach to translation studies. The translator is led by his own competence, imagination and the feeling of empathy, but at the same time they are constrained by “a short leash”: restrictions imposed by languages, cultures and the peculiarities of individual context. To illustrate the point, the author discusses a text (taken from her own translator’s dossier) in which multiple, and sometimes conflicting, identities of the protagonist require particular attention to lexical and stylistic minutiae. It is such details that constitute the leash, at the same time enabling the translator to construct the bridge.
PL
Punktem wyjścia artykułu jest tytułowa metafora, której Douglas Hofstadter używa, mówiąc o przekładzie. Hofstadter opisuje zadanie stojące przed tłumaczem, zwłaszcza w przypadku tekstu literackiego, jako dzieło budowniczego mostu, spinającego dwa brzegi kanionu oddzielającego oryginał od przekładu. Konstrukcja, która jest z początku jedynie chwiejną kładką, stopniowo zmienia się w solidny most, w miarę jak tłumacz odkrywa coraz głębsze warstwy znaczeń. Ten proces, nieuchronnie subiektywny, wymaga skupienia uwagi na rozmaitych aspektach przekładanego tekstu. Są one uderzająco podobne do wymiarów obrazowania w modelu gramatyki i języka naturalnego stworzonym przez Ronalda Langackera. W szerszej perspektywie ta zbieżność stanowi argument przemawiający za transdyscyplinarnym podejściem do problematyki przekładu. Pracą tłumacza kierują jego kompetencja, wyobraźnia i empatia, ale jednocześnie podlegają one restrykcjom tytułowej „krótkiej smyczy”: ograniczeniom stwarzanym przez język, ale także przez wymogi określonego kontekstu. Jako ilustrację, autorka przytacza przykłady zaczerpnięte z własnego warsztatu tłumacza. Jest to tekst, w którym różne, a czasem wzajemnie sprzeczne, tożsamości bohaterki wymagają od tłumacza szczególnej uważności wobec leksykalnych i stylistycznych detali. To one tworzą smycz, jednocześnie umożliwiając tłumaczowi budowanie mostu.
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