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EN
The nutritional status and socio-demographic profile of tribal people is an important issue in India due to their marginalization from main stream population with respect to varied facilities. However, data on their nutritional status and socio-demographic profile are limited. This review aims to give an overview of the prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) using Body mass index (BMI) and various demographic profile of Indian tribes based on studies published hitherto. In total 76 studies were reviewed for mean BMI based on the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of the public health problem of low BMI, based on adult populations worldwide. The overall sex specific prevalence of CED showed that both the tribal females (52.0%) and males (49.3%) were passing through the critical situation with respect to nutritional status with females being more underprivileged. In conclusion, although there is a gradual increase in knowledge about the nutritional and socio-demographic status of tribes since last decades; there is still paucity of data and information on more than approximately 600 tribes regarding their bio-social profile. However previous studies clearly indicate the need to enhance the health and nutrition status of the tribes by providing job opportunity and food security. Since the prevalence of CED was higher (critical to serious situation) in tribal populations, concerted efforts should also be made to improve the health status and nutrition uptake among them.
PL
Odżywianie jest jedną z podstawowych funkcji organizmu. Brak pokarmu doprowadza do śmierci tak samo jak brak tlenu lub wody, lecz trwa znacznie wolniej. Przedłużające się głodzenie lub nadmierne nasilenie procesów metabolicznych może doprowadzić do stanu niedożywienia. Charakteryzuje się ono obniżeniem odporności oraz zwiększoną podatnością na choroby, powoduje także wzrost umieralności. Niedożywienie jest obecnie problemem zdrowia publicznego w krajach rozwiniętych i rozwijających się. Niedożywienie szpitalne jest zjawiskiem powszechnym, sprzyja występowaniu powikłań, wydłuża hospitalizację i zwiększa koszty leczenia. Następstwa niedożywienia dotyczą wszystkich narządów i układów, także sfery psychomotorycznej człowieka. Głównym celem przesiewowej oceny stanu odżywienia jest wczesna identyfikacja chorych niedożywionych lub tych, u których istnieje ryzyko wystąpienia niedożywienia. Jej zadaniem jest również identyfikacja pacjentów mających wskazania do leczenia żywieniowego.
EN
Nutrition is one of the basic functions of the human body. The shortage of food, as well as lack of oxygen or water, leads to death, however, it takes longer to cause death. Prolonged hunger or excessive intensity of metabolic processes may lead to the state known as malnutrition. It is characterized by the decrease of immunity and increased susceptibility to diseases which consequently may also cause the increase of mortality. Malnutrition is now a public health problem in both developed and developing countries. Hospital malnutrition is a widespread phenomenon which encourages the development of complications as well as results in prolonged hospitalization and the increase of the treatment costs. The consequences of malnutrition affect all the organs and systems, including human psychomotor abilities. The main purpose of screening the nutritional conditions is to assess the nutritional status of patients who appear to be at risk of malnutrition at the early stadium. It, secondarily, also aims at identifying patients with specific indications for nutritional therapy.
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EN
Introduction: Growing population of elderly requires effective medical diagnostics and help. Criteria developed by Fried et al. are most often used for the diagnosis of the frailty syndrome. An inherent element of frailty syndrome is malnu-trition. Malnutrition results from inadequate food supply, coexistence of acute and chronic diseases. Effective nutritional interventions conducted on frail older persons can prevent them from developing the frailty syndrome. Review: The prevalence of frailty in elders is 17% moreover 42.3% are prefrail. There are many scales designed to identify frailty syndrome, but the most common is the classification of Fried et al. Malnutrition is a common state in frail elderly. Basic questionnaire, which is used to diagnose malnutrition, is MNA (Mini-Nutritional Assessment). Mini-Nutritional Assessment Short-Form (MNA-SF) and Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) also can be used. Sarcopenia, which is defined as reduced muscle mass and strength and impaired muscle performance, significantly contribute to the development of frailty. Many studies have shown that an effective method in the preventing of sarcopenia is protein supplementation. Other beneficial lifestyle and diet changes, which can help prevent the development of frailty syndrome, are adherence to the Mediterranean diet, appro-priate intake of carotenoids, vitamin E, selenium and zinc. Another important protective factor is vitamin D levels. Low serum 25(OH)D is strongly associated with frailty. Conclusions: From a nutritional point of view adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet, sufficient intake of protein, micronutrients and vitamin D, as well as regular moderate physical activity, can be crucial in the preventing of the frailty syndrome.
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UNBALANCED DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD

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Society Register
|
2017
|
vol. 1
|
issue 1
199-208
EN
While people starve every day, food is being wasted. Simultaneously a food shortage does not exist on our planet. There is no lack of food. Production and distribution are the two primary causes of this problem. Unbalanced nutrition is the cause of obesity, overweight and hunger. Insufficient food intake causes nutritional problems such as vitamin and Iodine deficiency, Anaemia, Underweight and Stunting, Low birth weight, Protein-Energy Malnutrition, excess intake of food causes. However, nutritional health problems are not only caused by the absense of food but also from excessive food intake causing diabetes, hypertension, heart diseases etc. These all health problems effect societies worldwide. Bringing the global burden of diet-related noncomunicable diseases under control and enhancing public nutrition and health requires a muti-diciplinary approach.
EN
Healthy eating is very important for human life. It has an impact on health improvement by decreasing the risk of numerous diseases. Malnutrition, on the other hand, has far-reaching consequences both in the medical and psychological sphere, especially for children. Schools play an important role in shaping good dietary habits and satisfying nutrition needs of children and young people. To this end, schoolchildren should have access to food and drinks that meet the nutrition standards, and they should have appropriate conditions provided for consumption of such products. To effectively realise the tasks related to healthy eating, schools should undertake preventive and educational activities. These should be addressed not only to children, but to their parents and teachers as well. Such issues were subject to NIK’s audit conducted at primary schools in five Polish regions: Lubelskie, Małopolskie, Mazowieckie, Podlaskie and Kujawsko-Pomorskie.
PL
Purpose: This study was conducted on nurses from The Sheba Medical Center. The purpose of the study was to investigate nurses’ evaluation of the importance of a nutrition assessment, (b) nurses’ knowledge of nutrition care and (c) nurses’ evaluation of the quality of nutrition care in their department. Design: The study was a quantitative correlational study performed in a university-affiliated, teaching hospital. Methods: Data were collected via a digital questionnaire through head nurses, from 203 nurses and analyzed by frequencies, means and Pearson correlations, independent t-tests, oneway ANOVA and stepwise such as the ability of patients to feed themselves, chew and swallow, multiple linear regression were performed to determine predictors observing whether a patient finishes a meal and offering assistance of nurses’ responses where needed. Findings: Importance of nutritional assessment is positively and significantly correlated to knowledge of nutritional care and quality of nutritional treatment. Female nurses’ knowledge is significantly higher than male. Senior nurses’ knowledge is higher than less senior nurses. Nurses who participated in emergency care training have a significantly higher level of knowledge than nurses who did not participate in this course. Knowledge of nutritional care is not significantly correlated to quality of nutritional treatment. It is important to introduce the role of nurses regarding nutritional care within their departments to doctors and dietitians, as well as involving them in building the intervention course. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of checking the quality of nurses’ educational knowledge and improving it through an intervention with specified training surrounding knowledge regarding nutrition, including learning and training.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie społecznych, ekonomicznych i środowiskowych uwarunkowań utraty i marnowania żywności. Według Urzędu ds. Badań Żywności i Rolnictwa ONZ każdego roku na całym świecie marnuje się 1,3 miliarda ton żywności, a około 1 miliarda ludzi cierpi z powodu niedożywienia. Aby przeciwdziałać tym negatywnym tendencjom, Komisja Europejska stworzyła nową europejską platformę internetową, której celem jest przeciwdziałanie utracie i marnowaniu żywności. Platforma ma wspierać wszystkich, którzy chcą angażować się w działania na rzecz eliminacji marnowania żywności na wszystkich etapach produkcji, promować najlepsze praktyki rynkowe w działalności rolniczej i produkcji, monitorować postępy w zwalczaniu strat i marnotrawienia żywności oraz zachęcać do współpracy międzysektorowej. Zdaniem autorki, choć działania podjęte w tym zakresie przez Unię Europejską zasługują na pochwałę, to są one niewystarczające. Marnowanie żywności jest spowodowane przez wiele czynników, które wpływają na ostateczną i rzeczywistą wartość produktu. Należą do nich koszty społeczne i środowiskowe generowane przy produkcji i transporcie żywności, a także koszty związane z procesem przygotowania żywności do spożycia. Aby temu przeciwdziałać, należy podjąć działania mające na celu wprowadzenie istotnych zmian w sposobie produkcji, przetwarzania, dystrybucji i konsumpcji żywności, które przyczyniłyby się do powstania bardziej zrównoważonego środowiskowo i odpowiedzialnego społecznie procesu produkcji.
IT
Lo scopo dell’articolo è di presentare le condizioni sociali, economiche e ambientali della perdita e dello spreco di cibo. Secondo l’Organizzazione delle Nazioni unite per l’alimentazione e l’agricoltura, 1,3 miliardi di tonnellate di cibo sono sprecate in tutto il mondo e circa 1 miliardo di persone soffrono di malnutrizione. Per contrastare queste tendenze negative,la Commissione europea ha preparato una nuova piattaforma Internet europea dedicata alle questioni relative alla lotta contro la perdita e lo spreco alimentare. È una forma di sostegno per tutti i soggetti che operano per eliminare lo spreco alimentare in ogni fase di produzione, un luogo per divulgare le migliori pratiche di mercato nel campo della produzione agricola, uno strumento per monitorare i progressi nella lotta contro la perdita e lo spreco alimentare e una forma di incoraggiamento per avviare le cooperazioni intersettoriali. Secondo l’autrice, le azioni intraprese dall’Unione europea nell’ambito discusso meritano l’approvazione, tuttavia non sono sufficienti. Il fenomeno dello spreco alimentare è condizionato da molti fattori che influenzano la finale e reale qualità del prodotto. In particolare si tratta dei costi sociali e ambientali generati dalla produzione e dal trasporto, nonché in relazione al processo di preparazione degli alimenti per il consumo. Al fine di contrastare la situazione, andrebbero intraprese azioni volte a introdurre cambiamenti significativi nel modo in cui il cibo è prodotto, trasformato, distribuito e consumato, il che contribuirebbe a creare un processo produttivo più sostenibile dal punto di vista ambientale e socialmente responsabile.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the social, economic and environmental conditions underlying food loss and waste. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Research Authority, every year 1.3 billion tonnes of food are wasted worldwide, while around 1 billion people suffer from malnutrition. In order to counteract these negative tendencies, the European Commission has developed a new European internet platform dedicated to counteracting food loss and food waste. The platform is intended to support all those who wish to engage in the efforts to eliminate food waste at all stages of production, to promote best market practices in agricultural activity and production, to monitor progress in combating food loss and food waste, and to encourage cross-sectoral cooperation. According to the author, although the measures taken by the European Union in this areadeserve to be welcomed, they are nevertheless inadequate. Food waste is a consequence of many factors that affect the final and actual value of a product. These include, in particular, the social and environmental costs generated by the production and transport of food, as well as costs associated with the process of preparing food for consumption. In order to counteract this situation, measures should be taken to introduce substantive changes in the way food is produced, processed, distributed and consumed, which would contribute to the creation of a more environmentally sustainable and socially responsible production process.
ES
El objetivo del artículo es presentar las condiciones sociales, económicas y ambientales que subyacen a la pérdida y el desperdicio de alimentos. Según la Autoridad de Investigación Agrícola y Alimentaria de las Naciones Unidas, cada año se desperdician 1.300 millones de toneladas de alimentos en todo el mundo, mientras que alrededor de 1.000 millones de personas padecen desnutrición. Para contrarrestar estas tendencias negativas, la Comisión Europea ha desarrollado una nueva plataforma de Internet europea dedicada a contrarrestar la pérdida y el desperdicio de alimentos. La plataforma está destinada a apoyar a todos aquellos que deseen participar en los esfuerzos para eliminar el desperdicio de alimentos en todas las etapas de la producción, promover las mejores prácticas de mercado en la actividad y producción agrícola, monitorear el progreso en la lucha contra la pérdida y el desperdicio de alimentos, y fomentar cooperación intersectorial. Según el autor, aunque las medidas adoptadas por la Unión Europea en este ámbito merecen ser bien recibidas, no obstante son insuficientes. El desperdicio de alimentos es consecuencia de muchos factores que afectan el valor final y real de un producto. Estos incluyen, en particular, los costos sociales y ambientales generados por la producción y transporte de alimentos, así como los costos asociados con el proceso de preparación de alimentos para el consumo. Para contrarrestar esta situación, se deben tomar medidas para introducir cambios sustantivos en la forma en que se producen, procesan, distribuyen y consumen los alimentos, lo que contribuiría a la creación de un proceso de producción más ambientalmente sostenible y socialmente responsable.
PL
Marnotrawstwo żywności na dużą skalę oraz rosnący odsetek osób niedożywionych to zjawiska, które przyczyniły się do popularyzacji banków żywności. Banki żywności są niezależnymi organizacjami o charakterze instytucji pożytku publicznego przekazującymi żywność od darczyńców pośrednio lub bezpośrednio do osób potrzebujących. Swoimi działaniami uzupełniają, a ostatnio coraz częściej zastępują pomoc ze strony państwa. W artykule przedstawiono historię, procedury i efekty działalności banków na tle zjawisk, które spowodowały powstanie tych jednostek. W pracy zawarto także różne głosy dotyczące roli i funkcjonowania banków żywności, zwracając uwagę na pilną potrzebę zmiany polityki żywnościowej i wyżywieniowej, aby ta lepiej odpowiadała wyzwaniom związanym z marnotrawstwem żywności, dysproporcjami dochodowymi i idącymi za nimi zjawiskami głodu i niedożywienia w gorzej radzących sobie ekonomicznie grupach społecznych.
EN
Food waste on a large scale and the growing percentage of undernourished people are the phenomena that have contributed to the popularisation of food banks. Food banks are independent organisations of public benefit that transfer food from donors directly or indirectly to people in need. They complement activities of state aid and have recently been increasingly replacing it. The article presents the history and effects of banks’ activities against the background of phenomena that have caused the creation of these organisations. The work also includes opinions on the role and functioning of food banks, pointing out to the urgent need to change food policy to better suit the challenges of food waste, income disparities, and famine and malnutrition phenomena in economically worse situated social groups.
RU
Трата пищи в крупных масштабах и растущий процент недоедающих людей – явления, которые способствовали популяризации банков продовольствия. Банки продовольствия (пищевые банки) – независимые организации благотворительного характера, передающие продовольствие от доноров напрямую или опосредованным образом лицам, нуждающимся в нем. Своими действиями они дополняют, а в последнее время все чаще замещают помощь со стороны государства. В статье представили историю, процедуры и эффекты деятельности банков на фоне явлений, которые вызвали возникновение этих единиц. В работе содержатся также разные высказывания насчет роли и функционирования пищевых банков, обращая внимание на неотложную потребность в изменении продовольственной политики и политики пропитания, чтобы они лучше отвечали вызовам, связанным с тратой пищи, неравномер- ными доходами и сопутствующими им явлениями голода и недоедания в социальных группах, хуже справляющихся в экономическом отношении с этим.
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