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Central European Papers
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2020
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vol. 8
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issue 2
45-64
EN
The following text is centered on theory and methodology of memory studies in international perspective. The text explains the differences between focus and scope of various approaches to memory studies, those relying mostly on collective experience, those discovering cultural memory and the approach centered on the social dimension of the latter. The aim of the paper is to give a short introduction to key research accomplishments in the area of memory studies and to present short account on the critically disputed important international cases of high importance of memory in world politics. The paper presents various methodological paths to study memory as a part of social, cultural and collective experience, focusing on current international discussions regarding how past may impact present global relations. The presented methodological orientations are both contributing to better understanding of the construction of the past in public/ social area and to the knowledge on conscious efforts of controlling the selected chapters of history to serve the national (or ideological) purpose.
PL
In the presented text, the author compares the cultural contexts of producing discourses of memory in Poland and Russia. Accepting the assumptions of cognitive linguistics, he looks at cultural events in Russia, which he treats as metonymies that reflect wider cultural processes. On this basis, he builds a critical apparatus, which is then applied to the Polish context. An analysis of the Polish debate about the Museum of the Second World War shows the analogy of the discursive mechanisms of memory in both countries, where the apotheosis of militarism is beginning to dominate.
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EN
For more than one hundred years, Czech ethnology has been working on and analysing diverse kinds of commemorative records, chronicles, and ego-documents. Alongside the research field´s extension beyond traditional themes, friendship books from the time of military service can be considered to be a new source for the study of personal experiencing the military service. Surviving exemplars substantiate the popularity of this form of a commemorative document. Friendship books usually consist of a section intended for photographs, and a section for texts or drawings. These can be made by the friendship book´s owner, or by his friends from a garrison where he served. On the example of several available exemplars, the text tries to apply two theses by Aleida Assmann: memory as remembering, and memory as repository. The author exemplifies to which extent the friendship book bear witness to personal experiencing one stage in the life of the man. While analysing particular records, the author points out diverse functions of the written and drawn records, and he indicates possible directions of further research.
Studia Slavica
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2014
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vol. 18
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issue 2
127-134
EN
Article aims to reflect on the main trends and problems with the reception of memory studies in Polish contemporary literary studies. A relatively new phenomenon (though representative for the literary studies on memory) labelled with the name of post-dependency may serve as the starting point for the analysis of the ontology of memory events within the frame of performative memory and performative dimension of humanistic considerations above it.
EN
The paper addresses selected issues of the recent growth in Eastern European memory studies: It identifies the unconscious Western imperialism within the recently institutionalized interdisciplinary field of memory studies; Then, it offers arguments for historical sociology in memory studies, and proceeds to critically analyze the recent growth of transnational historical inquiries into European memory and the place within these studies of the research on Eastern Europe. Finally, it raises the theoretical issue of a region as one possible framework of memory and a terrain for legitimate sociological inquiry fuelled by historical data. As such, it serves as an introduction to the current PSR volume on theoretical traditions and propositions for Eastern European memory studies.
EN
In 2003, Martin Rees referred to the present as “mankind’s final century.” A few years later, Slavoj Žižek wrote that humankind is heading towards “apocalyptic zero-point,” when the ecological crisis will most probably lead to our complete destruction. In his 2017 collection, Diary of the Last Man, Welsh poet Robert Minhinnick offers readers a meditation upon Earth at a liminal moment-on the brink of becoming completely unpopulated. Imagining a solitary human being, living in the midst of environmental collapse, Minhinnick yet entwines different voices-human and non-human-operating across vast spans of time. The speaker of the poems moves freely through different geographies and cultural contexts, but the voice that starts and ends the journey, seems to be the voice of the poet himself: he is the last man on earth, a survivor of ecological disaster. The paper discusses Minhinnick’s collection as a projection of the world we now inhabit into a future where it will exist only in the form of nostalgic memories. The analysis focuses on the role of objects in the construction of the world-within-the poem, where the fragments of human civilization are being claimed by forces of the environment-engulfing sand, progressive erosion-forming a retrospective vision of our “now” which will inevitably become our “past.”
EN
The article presents the genesis of Holocaust education in the Russian Federation. Holocaust education in the world is currently monitored by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, which, however, does not take into account the state of Holocaust education in Russia, focusing instead on European countries. The text presents the selected themes of the study on socio-political dimensions of teaching about the Holocaust in the Russian system of formal and non-formal education and attempts to illustrate the “Russian story” of the Holocaust in the face of the dominant ideology.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia genezę edukacji o Holokauście w Federacji Rosyjskiej. Nauczanie o Holokauście na świecie jest współcześnie monitorowane przez International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, organizację która nie uwzględnia jednak stanu nauczania o Holokauście w Rosji, skupiając się na krajach europejskich. W tekście zostały ukazane wybrane wątki badania dotyczącego społeczno-politycznych wymiarów nauczania o Holokauście w rosyjskim systemie edukacji szkolnej i pozaszkolnej oraz próby zilustrowania „rosyjskiej opowieści” o  Holokauście w obliczu dominującej ideologii.
EN
A review article entitled “Memory and… Care” is an in-depth discussion of the book by Sławomir Jacek Żurek Odpamiętywanie polsko-żydowskie. Szkice – Studia – Interpretacje [The Polish-Jewish de-remembering: Essays – Studies – Interpretations] published in 2021 by The Learned Society of the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin. The said publicaton by the Lublin-based scholar contains a multi-layered reception of the most recent findings in the field of memory studies, which at the same time purports to utilise them in the process of reading particular literary texts dealing with Polish-Jewish relations. Żurek directs his interpretative endeavour among others at: the poetic dialogue between Franciszka Arnsztajnowa and Józef Czechowicz, the ouevre of Arnold Słucki, the particular vision of Poland sustained in texts by Jewish émigré poets, and at the contemporary literary narratives regarding the Shoah, which oftentimes enter into popocultural dialogue with traditional Jewish topoi. The author’s main claim seems to be that more than 30 years of working through memory within the framework of historical, cultural and literary analyses, has not only hepled to restore correct proportions of the Polish Jews’ contribution to the Polish culture, but most of all to verify the stereotypes pertaining to the Jews’ relationships with non-Jews. The publication has been commended by scholars focused on studies of Polish-Jewish relations and the memory of the Holocaust, while the present review article is a critical discussion of theses put forward by Żurek.
PL
Pamięć i… troska to artykuł recenzyjny poświęcony książce Sławomira Jacka Żurka Odpamiętywanie polsko-żydowskie. Szkice – Studia – Interpretacje, która ukazała się w roku 2021 nakładem Towarzystwa Naukowego Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II. Publikacja lubelskiego badacza stanowi wielopłaszczyznowe rozpoznanie najnowszych ustaleń w zakresie memory studies oraz próbę zastosowania narzędzi interpretacyjnych do lektury konkretnych tekstów literackich podejmujących problematykę relacji polsko-żydowskich. W kręgu zainteresowań Żurka pozostają więc m.in.: poetycki dialog między Franciszką Arnsztajnową a Józefem Czechowiczem, twórczość Arnolda Słuckiego, wizja Polski w tekstach żydowskich poetów działających na emigracji czy współczesne narracje literackie o Zagładzie wchodzące często w popkulturowy dialog z tradycyjnymi toposami judajskimi. Autor przekonuje, że od ponad 30 lat praca nad pamięcią w ramach analiz historycznych, kulturoznawczych i literaturoznawczych pomaga nie tylko przywrócić właściwe proporcje wkładowi polskich Żydów w rozwój polskiej kultury, ale przede wszystkim zweryfikować stereotypy dotyczące relacji między Żydami a nie-Żydami. Publikacja została wysoko oceniona przez literaturoznawców skupionych wokół badań nad relacjami polsko-żydowskimi oraz pamięcią o Holokauście, a niniejszy artykuł recenzyjny jest krytycznym omówieniem tez stawianych przez Żurka.
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PL
The author gives a concise review of the achievements of memory studies, especially Polish ones, focusing the attention on the new sub-discipline of knowledge, namely linguistic memory studies. After recalling the assumptions of his own concept of “linguified memory,” the author formulates five complex tasks which, in his opinion, are now faced by linguists dealing with memory studies. They are determined by the following: (1) the need for metamemory scientific arrangements; (2) the need for description and classification of linguistic memory exponents; (3) the need for a systemic approach to linguistic memory exponents, i.e. their analysis in clusters (constellations) allowing mapping of collective memories; (4) the need for linguistic research on collective oblivion; (5) the need to search for locations of collective memories/oblivions in order to answer the question of the possibility of transnational (Slavic, European, global) memory/oblivion.
EN
The process of digitising archives, a universal trend in the last decade, also concerns music resources, thus offering new functionalities to their users. Its effects can facilitate researchers’ work since digital material is readily available and easy to locate. The questions that remain open concern the status of oral history contained in those audio-visual documents, its value and durability, the current results and possible consequences of making these materials accessible on a mass scale, as well as the effectiveness of multidimensional grassroots initiatives, such as cooperation on building virtual collections of materials. What possibilities open up for the musical folklore archives that are currently being discovered? Can digitisation suddenly make them more valuable in the eyes of the society? In this paper, I attempt to diagnose the problem of musical archive digitisation on the example of the ethnomusicological collection of Adolf Dygacz. I stress the importance of local history, which is a common subject in the humanities and has always been part of folklore studies but was not considered in the light of memory studies until very recently.
EN
The study examines how readers use history when reading novels about the past. It focuses on two contemporary Czech historical bestsellers Bílá Voda (2022) and Šikmý kostel (2020). The reception examples are from the online reading platform Databazeknih.cz. The author relates the research of the reception of historical bestsellers to the issues discussed in contemporary memory studies. He is primarily interested in how new ways of digital communication contribute to changing shared ideas about the past. A probe into the reception of two historical bestsellers confirms that traditional ways of historical thinking (cause and consequence, continuity and change) are receding and a presentist relationship to the past based on emotions is gaining ground. The case study confirms the thesis about presentism and the dynamics of contemporary cultural memory formulated by François Hartog, Astrid Erll and Andrew Hoskins.
PL
The aim of the study is to offer a slightly different view of Milan Kundera’s prose and to recall the issues of memory and human activities as the subjects of constant interpretation and reinterpretation. Last but not least, the article examines human identity and the freedom of human decision-making. In the study, the theory of cultural oblivion is used as a strategy for building our own identity and subjectivity. Notably, since the 1960s, Kundera has dealt with these issues, which later became the subject of memory studies. Kundera has overtaken the memory boom which was highly popular for some years. Another important issue analysed in the study is the question of responsibility for one’s own deeds, worlds, actions and the issue of the possibility of dialogue between people. All these issues are examined on the basis of Kundera’s novels.
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EN
The aim of this paper is a presentation of possible interpretations of the ritual of salutatio, as well as function and cultural connotations of ancestral funerary portraits (imagines) in ancient Rome. For this purpose, a number of research theories related to memory studies, hermeneutical analyses and performativity of things are discussed. In light of these theories it is possible to attempt an interpretation of salutatio and imagines as sources for constructing identity and memory of the Roman community
EN
The process of digitising archives, widespread in the previous decade, has not omitted musical resources, and offers their users new functionalities. These measures can improve researchers’ work, as digital material is easy to localise and access. However, a question still remains of the subject of oral history, which acts like audiovisual documents, of its value and durability, the present results and the consequences of the common access to the materials. It is also a question of the effectiveness of multidimensional grassroot initiatives, such as creating common virtual collections of materials. What possibilities have we got for the folklore musical archives currently being discovered? Will their digitisation make them suddenly valuable in the society? In this text, the author attempts to diagnose the problem of digitisation of musical archives as exemplified by the ethnomusicological collection of Adolf Dygacz. The author highlights the importance of local history that is typical for human studies, which has always been part of folklore studies, but has not been considered in the light of memory studies until recently.
EN
This article presents an analysis of one of the short stories authored by Czech writer – Milada Součková: the short story Rok šestašedesátý included in the collection entitled Neznámý člověk (published in 1962, written in 1943). The introduction addresses the issues related to the clarification of the concept of a memory archive and the concept of the archive itself. Its characteristics, i.e. a certain arrangement of the collection, its permanent structure and three essential aspects of archiving are indicated: searching, saving and storing. These aspects are also typical of the structure of the analysed prose authored by Milada Součková. The next part of the article (Neznámý člověk as a private archive of memory) pertains to the entire above-metioned volume of the stories whose characteristic motif is the motif of memory linked with space, time and history. In the further parts of the article, the author goes on to the structural and interpretative analysis of the story she is interested in. She draws attention to such aspects as memory figures, i.e. time and space, thematic associations, memory carriers and memory traces and places. In conclusion, she draws attention to three components of the Milada Součková’s private memory archive: the memory of the language, the memory of the father and the memory of the historical events taking place in 1866.
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EN
The article is devoted to biographical writing, which by the methodologies of the 20th century was thrown out of the field of humanities research. It returns in the new century with cultural anthropology, gender studies and – above all – memory studies. However, it raises a lot of questions, including doubts about the representation (author of the biography) and witnesses of events. The author of the article compares the work of a biographer with the work of an archaeologist who verifies the sources and reconstructs the whole on the basis of the background and contexts of time and place. In the biographer’s work, however, he notices one more element: research subjectivity, which in a world filled with nostalgia, we are not able to negate or eliminate.
EN
This essay discusses two post-1989 adaptations of Shakespeare's The Tempest in the Polish theatre that use text distortion, fragmentation, and intertextuality as ways of addressing the difficult heritage of World War II. Applying the notion of migratory aesthetics in a theatrical context mobilises the interpretive potential of contemporary theatre as an act of recalling a traumatic past. Generational trauma is addressed and processed through the productions of Krzysztof Warlikowski's Burza (2003) and Paweł Miśkiewicz's more recent Burza Williama Szekpira (2018). These two productions are analysed according to strategies typical of traumatic recall, i.e., dissociation and repression, to reflect on the dystopian elements in The Tempest, aspects already addressed by Jan Kott in his pre-1989 interpretations of the play.
PL
Celem tego artykułu jest próba określenia czy, i w jakim stopniu, koncepcja pamięci kulturowej może być przydatnym narzędziem analizy literatury. Omówienie sposobów funkcjonowania kategorii pamięci kulturowej w literaturze (m.in. koncepcji Aleidy Assmann i Astrid Erll) jest punktem wyjścia dla prób określenia, jak można zdefiniować takie kategorie, jak pamięć literatury oraz poetyka pamięci. Perspektywa badań nad poetyką pamięci, mimo że stanowi nową dziedzinę nauki, daje szansę na wywikłanie się z opozycji podporządkowywania albo namysłu nad pamięcią kulturową literaturoznawstwu, albo literaturoznawstwa – koncepcjom memory studies. Spojrzenie na relacje między tekstem literackim a pamięcią kulturową z punktu widzenia poetyki pamięci może prowadzić do najbardziej interesujących poznawczo rezultatów, zdolnych do wzbogacenia zarówno dyskursu literaturoznawczego, jak i pamięciologicznego.
EN
The aim of the article is an attempt to assess whether, and to what extent, the concept of cultural memory can be a useful instrument in literature analysis. Discussion of the ways the category of cultural memory functions in literature (e.g. the concepts of Aleida Assmann and Astrid Erll) is a starting point to determine how such categories as memory of literature and poetics of memory can be described. The perspective of poetics of memory research, in spite of being a new field of study, offers a chance to disentangle from the opposition of subordination to either reflection about cultural memory in literature studies or to the literary studies concepts of memory studies. Scrutiny of the relationships between a literary text and cultural memory from the view point of poetics of memory may lead to cognitively most interesting results, capable of enriching both literary studies and memory studies discourses.
RU
  В статье называются главные проблемы, рассматриваемые в настоящее время в рамках так называемых memory studies, а также указываются те ведущие темы и публикации, которые активно используются в литературоведческих исследованиях, посвященных проблематике памяти.
EN
  The article is an attempt of synthetic look about the most important problems raised as part of the so-called memory studies, the author highlights those topics and presents  lectures that are used in literary studies that are present in the framework of memory turn.  
PL
Artykuł jest próbą syntetycznego spojrzenia na najważniejsze problemy podejmowane w ramach memory studies oraz określenia i wskazania tych tematów i publikacji, które wykorzystywane są przez wpisujące się w zakres mnemonic turn literaturoznawstwo.  
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