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EN
The article highlights the author’s definition of “moral values” based upon the analysis of terms “morality”, “values”, in research literature. The author interprets moral values as semantic formations that are fixed in the consciousness of the individual. Moral values are based on unconditional acceptance of human beings, justice, mercy, understanding of one’s responsibility for someone’s well-being; moral values are shown through deeds that help harmonize the relationship between the individual and the society. Philosophical ideas that contain theoretical base of the development of moral values of the individual are analyzed. The essence and dynamics of the development of views on the process of moral values’ upbringing in foreign and native pedagogics are characterized. The article touches upon the subject of pedagogical conditions, methods and means of working with children that help to optimize the process of moral values upbringing in childhood. It is said, that with the development of pedagogy the attitude towards the child had been changing: up to the 18th century the child was the object of parenting, later the ideas of addressing the child as the subject of the educational process and teaching process should be carried out based on cooperation of the adult and children. Among the pedagogical conditions of moral values upbringing the main ones are the following: the basis of education is the approval of the value of the human, social environment should be an example of virtuous activity and stimulate the child, moral education is carried out in integrity with intellectual and aesthetic education, in the educational process, it is important to shape not only the moral consciousness and behavior but also moral sentiments and motives for deeds. The article deals with methods of moral upbringing: the method of example, the method of admonition, the method of explanation, the method of exercise in good deeds, the method of demand, the method of prohibition of physical punishment. Among the means of education in the history of pedagogy much attention is paid to moderate discipline, the authority of adults, the unconditional love to the child, fairy tale, beauty and the incorporation in different activities, especially in the game.
PL
Przedmiotem opracowania jest status zabawy swobodnej we współczesnych tendencjach rodzicielskich i w zjawisku projektowania dzieciństwa. Celem autorki jest omówienie problemu marginalizowania roli zabawy swobodnej w wychowaniu. Klasyczne teorie zabawy definiują ją przez pryzmat swobodnej, spontanicznej aktywności, która stanowi nieodłączny element dzieciństwa. Współcześnie, w wychowaniu instytucjonalnym, zabawa swobodna ustępuje miejsca nauczaniu przez zabawę, o czym świadczą programy edukacji żłobkowej i przedszkolnej oraz bogata oferta zajęć dodatkowych. Autorka przyjmuje zatem, że środowiskiem, w którym należy rozpatrywać kwestię zabawy swobodnej, jest rodzina. W związku z powyższym w artykule podjęto refleksję nad współczesnymi tendencjami rodzicielskimi oraz nad zjawiskiem projektowania dzieciństwa. Z ich teoretycznej analizy wyłania się obraz zabawy swobodnej jako kategorii nieobecnej we współczesnym dzieciństwie. Autorka dostrzega problem zawłaszczania dziecięcej autonomii i stawia pytanie o prawo dziecka do zabawy w XXI wieku.
EN
The subject of the study is the status of free play in contemporary parenting trends and in the phenomenon of childhood design. The author’s objective is to discuss the problem of marginalized role of free play in children’s upbringing. Classic theories of play define it through the prism of free, spontaneous activity, which is an inseparable element of childhood. Nowadays, in institutional education, free play gives way to teaching through play, as evidenced by nursery and pre-school education curricula and a wide range of extra classes. The author therefore assumes that the issue of free play should be considered in the family environment. In view of the above, the article reflects upon contemporary parenting trends and the phenomenon of childhood design. The picture that emerges from their theoretical analysis is the picture of free play as a category which is missing in contemporary childhood. The author recognizes the problem of appropriating child’s autonomy and raises the question of the child’s right to play in the 21st century.
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