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EN
This article describes the main problem of knowledge in the contemporary Polish school system through a contrast with the theory of knowledge course in the IB education model. It starts with Socrato’s philosophy, which expresses the transition from myth to logos, and emphasises the need of individual searching for certain knowledge – gained from particular experience, rather than from authority. Is Socrato’s advice to search only for knowledge that is based on everyone’s reason and make independent decisions still applicable? Does the school offer appropriate conditions to create the cognitive habits mentioned above? Can the omnipresent rush in information society be useful with regard to the process of gaining knowledge? Is so called „easy to gain knowledge” able to satisfy the appetite of modern human cognition? The question on this form of philosophy as a subject of tutoring is also addressed – is this of greatest importance when we recognise a low level of philosophical culture in the Polish education system, or, in contemporary Polish society in general? In summary, the above reflections are an attempt to answer the following question: is contemporary education able to respect the conditions of a globalised society? Or does it continue to replay those cognitive habits which are based on scholastic, dogmatic knowledge? Does the contemporary education policy recognise problems of knowledge in a social reality which is perceived to be changing dynamically?
PL
A certain trend in political philosophy has associated Plato with a totalitarian tradition, which is disputed in this paper. The author argues that Plato could be included in the political philosophy of a democratic type, referring to the interpretation of the theory of ideas, presented in the text. This interpretation involves a certain understanding of the idea of the Good and the two principal methods of defining it, as well as ‘Plato’s dilemma’ (the Good above the Demiurge versus the Demiurge above the Good), and a peculiar Platonic way to resolve this dilemma. Additionally, the author confronts Plato’s dilemma with the axiological duality of the cultural message conveyed by the Old Testament. The author develops a hypothesis that especially (albeit not exclusively) as the author of The Republic, Plato laid the foundations for the political philosophy in general, but also, despite the disapproval of the Athenian democracy he manifested, for the philosophy of democracy, perceived as a kind of order, based on defining the Good by means of dialogue and the prevalence of so-defined Good over any kind of ‘Demiurge’, including a political Demiurge.
EN
This article deals with M. Jastrun’s and Z. Herbert’s essays in which mythological figures (Minotaur, Iphigenia) appear. Demythologisation strategies of both authors are presented, which consist in either direct or indirect (most often ironic) questioning of sacrificial rites. Mythological murders are deprived of their primary, ritual justification, becoming an expression of unjustified and collective aggression.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą zarysowania głównych problemów przestrzeni poznawczej, jakie napotykamy we współczesnym polskim szkolnictwie, skontrastowaną przykładem kursu teorii wiedzy w systemie nauczania IB. Punktem wyjścia rozważań jest filozofia Sokratesa, wyrażająca przejście od mitu do logosu, kładąca nacisk na konieczność samodzielnych poszukiwań wiedzy pewnej, a odczarowująca mit wiedzy obiektywnej, danej z góry. Postawione zostają pytania o aktualność Sokratejskiego zalecenia, by kierować się swoim rozumem, dokonywać niezawisłych wyborów: Czy szkoła stwarza przestrzeń, by kształtować powyższe nawyki poznawcze? Czy wszechobecny w społeczeństwie informacyjnym pęd do pozyskiwania wiedzy użytecznej i „lekkostrawnej” jest w stanie zaspokoić apetyt poznawczy współczesnego człowieka? Czy tak podana wiedza wystarczy, by móc określić ją jako pewną. Pojawia się także pytanie o zasadność i kondycję filozofii w szkole, istotne zwłaszcza w kontekście dość niskiej kultury filozoficznej we współczesnym społeczeństwie polskim.Rozważania kończy próba zachęcenia do refleksji, czy mimo wymogów edukacyjnych społeczeństwa globalizacyjnego, szkoła nie jest obszarem przekazywania nawyków poznawczych, które utrwalają i odtwarzają scholastyczną tradycję wiedzy traktowanej dogmatycznie, mającej problem z uwzględnieniem dynamicznie zmieniającej się rzeczywistości społecznej.
PL
Alexander Prokhanov is one of the most significant figures in the patriotic-conservative circles in Russia. What makes him extraordinary is his versatility – he is a political activist, journalist, media personality and a writer. The idea of special historical destiny of Russia is a constant component of his political views which have a strong mystical background. The novel Star Man is a typical example of the literary expansion of his political concepts by referring to the poetics of myth.
EN
The article presents a sketch of Karl Popper’s philosophical opinions. Popper belongs to those philosophers who came to strictly philosophical questions from problems concerned with the natural sciences. This development of their thought has particular consequences for their philosophical style. On the one band – as one can note in Popper – their philosophy is one which is low on poetic turns of phrase and high on logical rigor. On the other hand, their thought is characterized by a greater dose of certainly, of an apodictic tendency even, than is that of those philosophers who, educated in the traditions of the humanities, are more burdened by the weight of tradition. Such an attitude has perhaps two consequences: it leads either to the trivial repetition of other people’s insights or to a certain unquestionable originality. The author maintains that, in the case of Popper, we are dealing with the second eventuality. In the article he presents chosen elements illustrative of the originality of Popper’s thought. In Popper philosophy the rational is always contradicted by the irrational. And the ‘despair of reason’, as he states, always leads to limitation of freedom and closed society. So the alternative is based on dramatic choice: ‘reason or violence’ or/and ‘reason or revolution’. The reason for Popper is - in fact - the same as humanities. Historicism, the way of thinking in historical categories, is exempt from thinking because it is based on firm rules and thus its result is totalitarianism. Here is the focal point of Popper’s thinking - his a priori established faith in reason implies a certain type of humanism; the one who believes in the unlimited possibilities of man whose chief weapon becomes reason. We believe in reason – that is a dogma. And reason enables criticism (critical rationalism), that is a falsification of (any) theory. That’s why the social science has an inevitable conjectural character. Popper’s methodological individualism that is based on belief in his own reason is a dogma as well. The only way out to deprive reason of its irrationality is to place it in the horizontal and not the vertical perspective, on the level of practical life, in between individual men. After the Holocaust there is nothing ‘above’ or ‘beyond’. Our decisions are rooted in already reason-guided life, and so are the political institutions – not in a meta-level rationalism.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje mit armii gen. Zygmunta Berlinga rozwijany w propagandzie i filmie PRL w latach sześćdziesiątych i siedemdziesiątych XX w. W tekście wskazano najważniejsze źródła omawianego mitu oraz formy jego artykulacji. Tekst prezentuje cztery główne elementy mitu: armię Berlinga jako armię narodową, obraz żołnierza, mit armii Berlinga jako mit zwycięstwa oraz mit armii Berlinga jako element mitu początku nowej państwowości. Artykuł prezentuje polityczno-historyczną oraz kulturową genezę mitu armii Berlinga. The myth of Gen. Berling in the war movies of the Polish People’s Republic after 1960The article discusses the myth of the army of General Zygmunt Berling developed in communist propaganda and in Polish movies of the 1960s and the 1970s. The text identifies the main source of this myth and the basic forms of its propagation. The four main elements of the myth are identified: Berling’s Army as a national army, the soldier’s image, the myth of Berling’s Army as a fictional victory and the myth of Berling’s Army as part of the fictional beginning of the new state.
PL
W artykule podejmuję próbę zastosowania stworzonego przez Leszka Kołakowskiego pojęcia świadomości mitycznej do analiz rzeczywistego stanu świadomości pokolenia ‘68. Kategoria świadomości zmitologizowane wywiedziona pośrednio z rozprawy Obecność mitu posłuży do interpretacji kontrkulturowej rewolty jako odpowiedzi na rozpad sensotwórczych metanarracji, w tym przede wszystkim marksizmu. Rewizja, a później całkowita refutacja marksizmu, który dla pokolenia kontrkultury stanowił jeden z kluczowych punktów odniesienia, ujmowane są nie jako odrzucenie określonych przekonań politycznych, lecz jako załamanie się wiary w porządkującą moc tej ideologii oraz w jej zdolności do nadawania sensu działaniom ludzi. Uniwersalność mitu wynika u Kołakowskiego ze struktury świadomości mitycznej, a intencjonalna obecność korelatów tej świadomości stanowi odpowiedź na potrzeby wbudowane w rzeczywistość bytu ludzkiego. Kontrkultura jest tutaj ujmowana jako odpowiedź na fundamentalne potrzeby egzystencjalne, które wynikają ze sposobu organizacji ludzkiej świadomości, a nie jako reakcja na przełomowe wydarzenia polityczne. Analiza taka uwypukla kulturowy, a nie tylko polityczny charakter zmian społecznych, sugerując ponadto, że kontrkultura była fenomenem bardziej uniwersalnym, wykraczającym poza lokalne historyczne uwarunkowania.
EN
In this paper I make an attempt to apply mythical concept of consciousness, created by Leszek Kołakowski, to the analysis of actual state of consciousness of the generation ‘68. The category of mythologized consciousness derived indirectly from The Presence of Myth will serve to interpret the countercultural revolt as a response to the breakdown of meaningful metanarratives, including primarily Marxism. Attempts to revise and later a total refutation of Marxism, which has been the key reference point for the generation of counterculture are recognized not as a rejection of certain political beliefs, but as the collapse of faith in the organizing power of this ideology and its ability to give meaning to human activities. The universality of the myth stems from the structure of mythical consciousness and the presence of intentional correlates of this consciousness is a response to the fundamental human needs. Hence, counterculture is here presented as a response to the fundamental existential needs that arise from the organization of human consciousness, and not as a reaction to landmark in political history. This analysis puts the emphasis on the cultural dimension of social change rather than political, suggesting that the counterculture was more universal phenomenon, which goes beyond the local historical circumstances.
PL
The myth of lovely Italy and handsome Italian men in the contemporary Polish romance novels Abstract The article aims at explaining the phenomenon of mass interest in Italy as a setting forcontemporary Polish romance novels. In order to understand said phenomenon, the authoranalyzes three romance novels published within the last decade. The article is divided intothree parts corresponding to aspects of the analyzed phenomenon: representation of thespace of Italy, representations of the Italian men and descriptions of changes occurring infemale characters due to their stay in Italy. The analysis, conducted with the use of Barthes’concept of myth, results in detailed description of elements of Italian myth and conceptsrelated to it. Keywords: Italy, stereotype, myth, space, romance
EN
The article deals with the diverse images of Polishchuk in Polish writing in the interwar period. The author analyses selected texts of literary prose (A. F. Ossendowski), journalistic (J. Nowakowski) and ethnographical works (J. Obrębski). As we may see, Ossendowski in his popular novel In Polish jungle (1935) offered the mythical portrait of Polishchuk. The legend of so-called “forest people” was also very popular in Polish fictional literature (J. Weyssenhoff, M. Rodziewiczówna). Readers favored the artistic image of an inhabitant of Polesia. There were some polemics arguments about the literary image of Polishchuk in the Polish newspapers (for example J. Nowakowski’s article The letter from Polesia published in the periodical “Marchołt” in 1936). The more actual observations of Polesia and its culture were presented by B. Malinowski’s pupil – J. Obrębski in his ethnographical study (1934–1936). His field exploration provided more legitimate facts and image of living conditions and customs of Polishchuks and therefore did not affirm provide the myth of them.
EN
The aim of this article is to approach a way by which the author construes semantisation of the mother-woman in a mythological-biblical manner, taking into account a neosentimental context of poetics of the analysed text, including the basic motif of the text which is a child’s death. Apart from that, we are referring to an archetypical image of a woman present in Russian folkloristic tradition as well as in a classical 19th century one, especially the image of “a little man”. A basic idea of the short story is not only a description of a tragic calamity, but also, in connection with the text being situated in the aforementioned tradition and its traits of dialogue with it, adding new contents, a proposal of their new interpretation, mainly considering a mother’s image.
EN
The article aims to demonstrate the naturalistic tendencies of Erich Fromm’s research that are apparent in his interpretations of the fragments of the Old Testament relating to the Sabbath and describing the fall of Adam and Eve. Erich Fromm finds a natural ally for his naturalistic tendencies in Zen Buddhism. In Fromm’s thought both naturalism and Zen Buddhism interpreted naturalistically join with Jacob Bachofen’s theory of matriarchate.
EN
Freud's psychoanalysis, classical Adlerian psychology, Jung’s psychology, van Genneps' rites of passage, the Tantra theory as well as the diffusion theory are the main inspirational sources of Joseph Campbell's myth theory. The most important of them being the Tantra theory that according to Campbell contains and transcends all partial descriptions of the human psyche contained in depth psychology. As such, it constitutes the best description of the human psychic condition, symbolically expressed in myths.
BG
.В настоящата статия са поставени два основни проблема. Първият е свързан със ситуирането на повествователната стратегия на представяне на османеца в романите "Случаят Джем" и "Последните Шишмановци" в рамките на българския исторически и литературен контекст от 60-те и 70-те години на ХХ век. Образите на мюсюлманите и турците в историческите романи на Вера Мутафчиева не могат да бъдат разглеждани без контекста на възрожденската и фолклорна традиция на представяне на османските турци. В така начертаните аналитични контекстови полета се очертават три важни конфликтогенни теми, чиeто пресъздаване може да послужи като критерий за оценка на полския превод на романа "Случаят Джем" — темата за Изтока и Запада, темата за многоетничността в Османската империя и темата за българските стереотипи за турците, исляма, за епохата на османско управление и за собствената национална идентичност. Вторият засяга полския прочит на горепосочените романи на Мутафчиева, изразен в превода. Анализът на някои значими детайли показва, че в полската езикова версия образът на османските турци не следва акцентите на оригинала и елиминира неговите локални начения, а следователно — нивелира заложените в него ключови за интерпретацията му конфликти и противоречия.
EN
This paper raises two main questions. The first one is how to situate the strategy of representation of Ottoman Turks in historical novels of Vera Mutafchieva "The Djem Affair" and "The Last Shishmans" in the frames of bulgarian historical and literary context of the ‘60s and ‘70s of the 20th century. It is not possibile to describe this strategy without reference to the impact of folklore and nineteenth century tradition of representing the Muslims and Turks. In this context fields three themes that causes conflicts are distinguished and their interpretation in the translation of the novel could be used as a criterium for the translation’s evaluation. These themes are the notion of East and West, the topic of multiethnicity in Ottoman Empire and bulgarian stereotypes of Turks, Islam and national identity. The second question is how the Polish translator interpreted above mentioned historical novels of Mutafchieva. The analysis of some important details shows that the polish translation of "The Djem Affair" do not follow original emphases and thus eliminate some local meanings of the novel, which means that it obliterates some of its key conflicts and contradictions.
PL
Perseveration of motifs in Jerzy Ficowski’s poetry Reading Ficowski’s poems requires researchers of his work to be erudites, thanks to which it is easier for them to move smoothly through the meanders of tradition and culture but also of everyday life presented in Ficowski’s image of the world. The image itself consists of the recurring (in every poetry volume) motifs and depictions. While reading Ficowski’s poems it is difficult not to notice this repetitiveness – sometimes exact and detailed, sometimes modified. An attempt to systematize a phenomenon such as perseveration of motifs in Ficowski’s poems led me to identifying the following thematic areas: memory and attitude towards the past, glorification of everyday life and elements belonging to it, proverbs and sayings as elements of folklore occurring in this poetry. In this article, through the analysis of Ficowski’s poems a phenomenon of perseveration of motifs used by a poet to create his own image of the world was shown. Key words: perseveration; past; memory; everyday life; proverbs; myth; folklore;
PL
The Lord of the Rings, like all J.R.R. Tolkien’s literary legacy, for years has been popular among faithful readers and is gaining new ones; moreover it is inspiring researchers to formulate theses and develop scientific analyses. These works offer various perspectives of interpretation, but you can list among them three dominant ones: biographical, mythological and religious one, which is a variant of the second perspective. All the research approaches are tied by two motifs, which both by Tolkien critics and by enthusiasts are regarded as key to understanding his artistic legacy: nonhuman inhabitants of Middle-earth and their languages. Reflection on the mutual relationship of these motifs can lead to the disclosure in Tolkien’s work the germ of anthropological imagination.
PL
Artykuł stanowi recenzję monografii „Души изменчивой приметы”… Избранные тексты украинской и русской классики в зеркале мифо-архетипического анализа Ireny Betko
EN
Contemporary literature and film more and more often take up the topic of motherhood as oppression. An emotionally engaging film or literary message can be an effective way for the recipient to tame his own fears and make important social comparisons, especially in a situation where he or she lacks social support. The subject of the analysis of this article is the story of Leda, the heroine of Elena Ferrante's book. A daughter and the main character of the film directed by Maggie Gyllenhaal. The figure of Leda is disturbing, it seems to be a contradiction of the myth of the 'good mother'. At the same time, it allows the reader/viewer to get to know the psychological and social side of motherhood, which is an enslaving and unwanted 'mask'. Leda's case study aims to answer the question: "What meanings does popular culture introduce to the discourse on unwanted motherhood?" A pop-culture message (book, film) addressed to a wide audience makes it possible to present the problem of difficult motherhood in terms of the intergenerational experience of many women. The book and the film affirmatively present the complex motivations of the protagonists. The picture of motherhood presented in this way does not confirm the myth of the 'ideal mother', but it does not negate it either. The myth of motherhood is indispensable and still important in the process of constructing the personal and social identity of women.
PL
Współczesna literatura oraz film coraz częściej podejmują temat macierzyństwa jako opresji. Angażujący emocjonalnie przekaz filmowy bądź literacki może być dla odbiorcy skutecznym sposobem oswajania własnych lęków, dokonywania ważnych społecznych porównań, szczególnie w sytuacji, gdy brakuje mu społecznego wsparcia. Przedmiotem analizy tego artykułu jest historia Ledy ̶ bohaterki książki Eleny Ferrante pt. Córka oraz jednocześnie głównej postaci filmu w reżyserii Maggie Gyllenhaal. Postać Ledy niepokoi, wydaje się zaprzeczeniem mitu ‘dobrej matki’. Jednocześnie pozwala czytelnikowi/ widzowi poznać psychologiczną i społeczną stronę macierzyństwa, które zniewala, jest niechcianą ‘maską’. Studium przypadku Ledy ma na celu odpowiedź na pytanie: „Jakie znaczenia wprowadza kultura popularna do dyskursu na temat niechcianego macierzyństwa?”. Przekaz popkulturowy (książka, film) adresowany do szerokiej publiczności umożliwia ukazanie problemu trudnego macierzyństwa w kategoriach międzypokoleniowego doświadczenia wielu kobiet. Książka i film prezentują w sposób afirmatywny złożone motywacje bohaterek. Przedstawiony w ten sposób obraz macierzyństwa nie jest potwierdzeniem mitu ‘idealnej matki’, ale również nie neguje go. Mit macierzyństwa jest niezbędny i wciąż pozostaje ważny w procesie konstruowania osobistej i społecznej tożsamości kobiet.
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PL
Dorota Siwor, bez zbędnego kluczenia czy retorycznych popisów, już w pierwszych zdaniach swojej monografii zatytułowanej Tropy mitu i rytuału. O polskiej prozie współczesnej nie tylko najnowszej pisze o zagadnieniach, które są dla niej najistotniejsze: Literatura jest opowieścią. Najdawniejszą formą opowieści był mit. Związki pomiędzy tekstem literackim a mitem i związanym z nim ściśle rytuałem nie podlegają dyskusji. Pytanie jednak, czy dziś pozostają nadal żywe? Czy we współczesnej prozie można jeszcze odnajdywać mityczne tropy? W jaki sposób wykorzystują je twórcy? I czy z udzielonych odpowiedzi wynika coś istotnego dla interpretacji, dla czytelnika?1 Zdania te od razu wprowadzają w rzeczowy, logiczny wywód badaczki z Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Ale widzę w nich coś znacznie wykraczającego poza ramy konwencjonalnego wprowadzenia, w którym zarysowuje się obszar badań i formułuje cele pracy. Uderzająca jest dla mnie dobitność już pierwszego sformułowania: „Literatura jest opowieścią”. Tak, to prawda, ale… Od razu rodzi się pokusa, by dodawać wyjaśnienia i zastrzeżenia, rozwijać i problematyzować tę myśl, opatrzyć ją przypisami z licznych prac chociażby z zakresu antropologii literatury/literackiej. Dorota Siwor natomiast dodaje jedynie kolejne zdanie, równie dobitne jak to pierwsze: „Najdawniejszą formą opowieści był mit”. Znów trudno pozbyć się myśli, że w tym miejscu można by od razu spodziewać się, jeżeli nie długiego, erudycyjnego wywodu, w którym pojawiłyby się uwagi na temat problemów związanych z definiowaniem mitu, z nadmiarem znaczeń, to choć krótkiej uwagi o różnych ujęciach badawczych, szkołach, o odejściach od mitu i „błaganiach o mit” w kulturze. Badaczka podejmuje taką refleksję, ale we właściwym miejscu – w pierwszym szkicu, zatytułowanym Wokół mityzacji w polskiej prozie współczesnej – konteksty i strategie. Rekonesans. We wstępie zamiast tego pojawia się, będąca logiczną konsekwencją poprzednich zdań, konstatacja o związkach pomiędzy literaturą a mitem. Skłania ona do postawienia pytań o aktualność i współczesne aspekty tych powiązań. Zatrzymuję się już na Uwagach wstępnych, gdyż pozwalają one od razu poznać autorkę tej pracy jako osobę zdecydowaną, która dobrze wie, czego chce, w jakim kierunku zmierza w swoich analizach i interpretacjach, która nie komplikuje i nie udziwnia wywodu, lecz prezentuje go w sposób ścisły, konkretny i konsekwentny. Żeby tak móc pisać, potrzeba wielu doświadczeń lekturowych, interpretacyjnych, redaktorskich, a przede wszystkim niezbędne jest wypracowanie własnego stanowiska na temat tego, czym jest literatura i czego się w niej szuka.
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