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EN
“National literature” (kokubungaku) arose together with the modern national state, and as a building block of Japanese cultural identity, was subjected to cleansing from foreign influences. What was discarded was the “Chinese literature” (kanbungaku) – an intellectual foundation shared by the whole of Eastern Asia. Even though the ideology developed during the Meiji Period and was confronted with the WWII defeat, the tendency lingered and continued on after the war. The stress the university departments of “national literature” (or Japanese literature – Nihon bungaku) put on works created originally in local syllabic kana (instead of in “Chinese writing” – kanbun), like Genji monogatari (The Tale of Genji) or Makura no sōshi (The Pillow Book), give proof to that. On the other hand the year 1900 brought the discovery of the Dunhuang manuscripts. In Japan, the issue of portions of Tang dynasty texts and their old transcriptions, predating the versions compiled during the rule of the Song dynasty, no longer existing in China, have been brought to light since the publication of Keiseki hōkoshi (Bibliography of Chinese Classics), authored by Mori Risshi (1807-1885) among others. However the first ones to notice the Dunhuang documents were the Frenchman Paul Pelliot (1879-1945) and his coworker Luo Zhenyu (1866-1940), who started their research with the Tang dynasty texts preserved in Japan. An increased interest in Chinese classics can be noted at the southeast outskirts of the Chinese civilization area of influence in East Asia at the turn of the 19th to the 20th century. The “national literature”, however, partially dismissing this research, did not try to actively incorporate them into the field. After the cold war, the internationalization and globalization wave reached the world of “national literature” and the consecutive universities went on to change their administrative units’ names from “department of national literature” to “department of Japanese literature”. From the 1990’s research using the term “Eastern Asia” as a keyword is extensive, but this change does not translate into a quality shift in “national literature”. Japanese culture consists of two interconnected layers – Chinese culture and the native culture. The author’s area of research is Japanese kanbun, an intermediate text of sorts between Chinese and native writing. The article stresses the importance of kanbun and organizes the topic of quotations of Chinese classics (bunsen) – the excerpts from Tang dynasty texts (or their transcriptions) – like those that can be found in the diaries of Heian aristocrats, for one example of Japanese kanbun.
EN
The article revolves around the research activity of the historian Ludwig Wachler, professor at the University of Wrocław in the years 1815-1838. In his work, Wachler represents the early German patriotism, for which he was subject to police repression. He is shown primarily as a historian of national literature.
EN
The paper discusses Romantic imagination in two, relatively distant, national literatures. The first part is concerned with the problems comparative literature has faced in recent decades. In the second part, the work of two Slovak Romantic writers, Ján Kollár and Janko Kráľ, is compared to the poetry of Lord Gordon Byron and William Wordsworth. By identifying certain affinities between the discussed literary works, the authors point to the importance of the concept of national literature which has not lost its role even in contemporary literary studies.
EN
This work ana-lyses the relationship between axiological setups of postcolonial critique and virtue criteria set up by modern literature. The essential thesis is that postcolonial studies criticize the virtue crite-ria of modern literature as politically repressive, while at the same time they themselves estab-lish the criterion of political activism as a relevant criterion for valuing the worth of literary work. In conclusion of this work, the analysis is focused on the repercussions of this feature of postcolonial studies and their effect on modern Serbian literature and critique practice. Three conclusions are derived: 1. Serbian literature in order to be accepted within the domain of the postcolonial concept of literature has to become a hybrid literature, thus it has to denounce its national prefix 2. The postcolonial concept is going to initiate a thematic shift within Serbian literature to direction of thematic hybrid situation – affirmation of Megalopolis by newcomers from the countryside 3. The concept of postcolonial literature is going to lead to ideology of literal critics via the phenomenon of critique inquisition: critique that derives from a priori moral inferiority of literal text.
PL
W pracy analizowana jest zależność między założeniami aksjologicznymi krytyki postkolonialneja kryteriami wartościującymi, przyjętymi w opisie literatury. Główna teza tekstu głosi, żebadania postkolonialne, uznające obecne w literaturze współczesnej kryteria wartościujące jakorepresywne w sensie politycznym, jednocześnie same przyjmują kryteria zaangażowania politycznego, jako relewantne narzędzie służące ocenie wartości tekstu literackiego. W części końcowej pracy przedstawiono rozważania poświęcone wpływowi specyfiki badań postkolonialnychna stan literatury i krytyki literackiej. Przedstawiono tu trzy wnioski: 1) literatura serbskamusi się stać literaturą hybrydyczną, aby mogła się przyjąć na gruncie postkolonialnej koncepcjiliteratury, co oznacza, że powinna się wyzbyć swojego narodowego przedznaku; 2) postkolonialnakoncepcja literatury zainicjuje w literaturze serbskiej przesunięcia tematyczne na korzyśćsytuacji hybrydycznych – czyli afirmacji Megalopolis ze strony przybyszów z prowincji; 3) koncepcja literatury postkolonialnej doprowadzi do zideologizowania krytyki literackiej za pośrednictwem fenomenu krytyki inkwizycyjnej, czyli takiej, której punkt wyjścia stanowi aprioryczna niższość moralna tekstu literackiego.
PL
Przekład artystyczny jest najbardziej reprezentatywnym rodzajem kontaktów (dialog, polilog) między literaturami narodowymi. W artykule omówiono zagadnienie elementu narodowego w tłumaczeniach utworów literackich na język obcy. Wykorzystano przekłady Maksima Bagdanovicha, Rygora Baradulina, Alesya Razanava i Vladimira Karatkevicha. Zwrócono uwagę na funkcję komunikatywną przekładu artystycznego.
EN
Artistic translation is one of the most productive types of relation (dialogue, polilogue) of national literatures. In the article the author analyzes the question of national element in the translation of literature into foreign languages. The translations of Maksim Bagdanovich, Rygor Baradulin, Ales Razanav i Vladimir Karatkevich have been taken into consideration. Special attention is devoted to communicative function of artistic translation.
EN
The article discusses the Gérard de Nerval’s voice in the debate on the sources and origins of French national literature. The main subjects of analysis are two of his articles from 1830, the prefaces to choice of poems of Ronsard, Du Bellay, Baïf, Belleau, Du Bartas, Chassignet, Desportes, and Régnier, as well as to selection from German poetry. In the light of the dispute in the second half of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century over the greater importance of trouvères or troubadours as the fathers of national literature, Nerval’s position is less rigid and lacking pathos. He recalls the medieval noble and folk literature, one which is the product of chivalric culture unifying many groups and the other, “Gallic” which does not include a large part of the nation but which goes deeper into it and is more emotional in its expression. In the second type he mentions less popular occasional genres, for instance farces, fabliaux, facetiae and puts them as the examples of literature “from the heart of France”, “capable to inspire” and “to supply great ideas”. This type encompasses the sacred and profane, the multilingual, the seriousness of spiritual themes along with pure comedy. All these qualities according to Nerval reflect the French spirit and may be the sources of revival for true French romantic poetry.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia głos Gérarda de Nervala w dyskusji o źródłach i początkach francuskiej literatury narodowej. Przedmiotem analizy są dwa artykuły z 1830 r., wstępy do Choix des poésies de Ronsard, Du Bellay, Baïf, Belleau, Du Bartas, Chassignet, Desportes, Régnier oraz Poésies allemandes. W kontekście sporu o wyższość truwerów lub trubadurów jako „ojców współczesnej literatury” i „wychowawców narodu”, który toczył się ostatnich dziesięcioleciach XVIII i na początku XIX wieku, stanowisko Nervala jawi się jako budujące mosty między zwaśnionymi stronami, oryginalne i wyzbyte niepotrzebnego patosu. Nerval przypomina, że w średniowiecznej literaturze francuskiej można dostrzec dwa prądy: „rycerski”, na który składają się m.in. powieści, poematy alegoryczne, ballady, oraz „galijski”, który przejawia się np. w misteriach, moralitetach, farsach i facecjach. Taka literatura, łącząca sacrum i profanum, różne języki, śmiech z nauką, oddaje zdaniem Nervala ducha narodu i w niej tkwią źródła odrodzenia francuskiej poezji.
PL
Literatura jako estetyczny „zakrzep” kultury, sposób wymawiania światopoglądu w obrazie werbalnym utrwala własną ontologię w formie sfery pojęciowej. Jednym z podstawowych parametrów pojęcia „koncept literacki” jest wartościowość aksjologiczna jako historycznie i kulturowo uwarunkowana zdolność do bycia wielowymiarowym wykładnikiem idei światopoglądowych, składników światopoglądu, wartości itp.; Autorka proponuje typologię pojęć literackich jako hierarchię powszechnych, narodowych, ogólnych, jednostkowych jednostek literackich. Podstawowymi parametrami sfery pojęciowej literatury narodowej są zdefiniowane historyczność, ontologia, polifonia, znakowanie etno-kulturowe. Konceptosfera literatury narodowej konsoliduje wyniki ogólnej ewolucji literackiej i nowych zjawisk artystycznych, jawi się jako przestrzeń do utrwalania i generowania pojęć.
BE
Мастацкая славеснасць як эстэтычны “згустак” культуры, спосаб прамаўлення светапогляду і светаадчування ў славесным вобразе замацоўвае ўласную анталогію ў выглядзе канцэптасферы. Адным з асноватворных параметраў літаратурна-мастацкага канцэпта вызначана аксіялагічная валентнасць як гістарычна і культурна абумоўленая здольнасць быць шматмерным выразнікам светапоглядных ідэй, кампанентаў светаадчування, каштоўнасцяў і г. д.; прапанавана тыпалогія літаратурных канцэптаў як іерархіі ўніверсальных, агульнанацыянальных, агульналітаратурных, індывідуальна-аўтарскіх адзінак. Базавымі параметрамі канцэптасферы мастацкай літаратуры вызначаны гістарычнасць, анталагічнасць, паліфанічнасць, нацыянальная (этнакультурная) маркіраванасць. Мастацкая канцэптасфера кансалідуе вынікі агульналітаратурнай эвалюцыі і новыя мастацкія феномены, паўстае прасторай захавання і генерыравання канцэптаў.
EN
Literature as an aesthetic “bundle” of culture, a way of pronouncing the worldview in a verbal image fixes its own ontology in the form of a conceptual sphere. One of the fundamental parameters of the literary concept is defined axiological valence as a historically and culturally conditioned ability to be a multidimensional exponent of worldview ideas, components of this worldview, values, etc.; we propose a typology of literary concepts as a hierarchy of universal, national, general literary, and individual units. The basic parameters of the conceptual sphere of national literature are defined historicity, ontology, polyphony, end ethno-cultural marking. The conceptosphere of nationsl literatures consoledates the results of general literary evolution and new artistic phenomena, as well as appearing as a space for the preservation and generation of concepts.
Roczniki Kulturoznawcze
|
2017
|
vol. 8
|
issue 2
139-154
PL
Autor omawia poezję Władysława Młynka, zarówno tę w dialekcie jak i w języku literackim. Autor ze Śląska Cieszyńskiego zajmował się także prowadzeniem miejscowych chórów wokalnych. Autor artykułu poświęca swoją uwagę literackiej tradycji regionu w kontakcie tak z literaturą narodową, jak w kontekście literatury regionalnej.
CS
Autor se zabývá básnickou tvorbou Władysława Młynka, jak v nářečí, tak ve spisovném jazyce. Autor pocházející z Těšínského Slezska se rovněž zabýval sborovou tvorbou. Autor článku se věnuje literární tradici v regionu v kontaktu s národní literaturou a v kontextu regionální literatury.
EN
The author discusses the poetry of the Władysław Młynek, both in dialect and in standard Polish language. Author from Cieszyn Silesia also dealt with choral works. The author’s of the article attention is devoted to the literary tradition of the region in contact with the national literature and in the context of regional literature.
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