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EN
The resources of the family are usually analyzed in the context of the resources which the family has as a system, this pays special attention to the strengths of the parents. The discussion in this area is a paucity of content related to seniors, which are also members of the family. The potential of the elderly, which can also be seen as family resources, can’t be overestimated in many difficult situations, and especially in a crisis that plagued the modern family. Around these issues are focused reflections included in this text. The article contains the results of empirical research on seniors as family resources conducted among people who are in the early and middle adulthood.
EN
One of the broadly discussed issues, in particular in societies with poor infrastructure of formal care of dependent people (i.e. Poland), is the effect of the ageing process on the efficiency of informal care of the elderly by family members, friends, neighbors, and local communities. The complex situation of elderly care resulting from dropping fertility is further complicated when the emigration rate is high in a given country, such as Poland. The problem is often conceptualized in terms of moral panic. It needs to be emphasized that intergenerational transfers are not unidirectional and not always necessary, as exemplified by parents often helping their children working abroad, and not all elderly parents need care. In this article, I will emphasize the point of view of the parents of migrants, by focusing on the functioning of the transnational system of social security that consists of different actors (migrating and relatively immobile) in both sending and receiving societies. Quantitative and qualitative data from the field studies carried out from 2010–2012 will be used for the purpose of this text.
EN
This article concerns the dimensions of old age in the perception of children and adolescents. The inspiration for its creation was the analysis of explorations of the perception of old age and old people in society, especially in perception of children and adolescents. This issue is a significant problem because analyzes and reports on the subject, emphasize that the least favorable attitudes towards the elderly manifests indicated young generation. Children and adolescents usually speak out not very friendly about old age and the old people and build their opinions on the basis of generally negative stereotype of old age and the old people in the society. Hence, it is interesting to present dimensions of old age formed by the younger generation because they become important for establishing and building intergenerational contacts and relationships. Repeatedly these dimensions which are relying on the little benevolent and not always accurate information prevent mutual and shared communion of both generations. Awareness of their specificity is important to take action aimed at the direction of formation of relevant attitudes toward the old man and old age.
Vox Patrum
|
2011
|
vol. 56
199-230
EN
The article talks about the medical care for older people in ancient Greco-Roman world. The Presocratic theory about warm and moisture was generally admitted in Antiquity. They confected that the human body receives the most portion of warm and moisture with birthday human being and lost this in the course of life. After all, as the elderly is cold and dry. The Treatment of disease rested on prevention of Dehydration and Hypothermia by appropriate diet. The article is consisting of three chapters: The first chapter reminds essential theory about warm and moisture, and presented the types of medicine especially from Hippocrates school. The Hippocratic myth has been popularized by Aristotle. The followers of Hippocrates have detected diseases and afflictions of old age. Their therapy was restricted to apply alimentary diet. The second chapter appears analogous therapy, which had been presented in the patristic period, moved by Galen and his followers. Their therapy included not only alimentary diet, but also massages, gym­nastics, walks, baths, moistening and rubbing a diseased part with soil, pharmaceutical, aesthetic or surgical therapy. The third chapter deals with two proposals of old people therapy – Galen’s (diet, exercises, program of old man life and emulation the way of life long-lived people) and Celsius’s (adjustment of diet to the age and season) then surgical, pharmaceutical and aesthetic therapies, which were applying for the meantime. The arti­cle concludes that Ancient Christians, in addiction to this issue, created the germs of old people’s homes (Gerontocomia).
Vox Patrum
|
2011
|
vol. 56
371-382
EN
From John Chrysostom’s writings – and especially his homilies – quite a picturesque portrait of old people emerges. Generally speaking, in this instance the golden-mouth preacher talks as a representative of early-Christian writers, who gave old people the privi­leged status. However, along with some praises for the elderly and old age we can also find his comments concerning faults of people of advanced age. Chrysostom talks about these faults especially while speaking about the great responsibility of the elderly for the upbring­ing of the young. Trying to stress their responsibility the Antiochene exaggerates their faults in order to motivate them to become models and to set an example to the young generation. In this context he judges old people’s disgraceful behaviour that involves surrendering to weaknesses typical of young age, frequenting hippodromes and theatres, giving bad exam­ple, lack of proper care about children’s upbringing, or even teaching the young some wrong ways. The consequence of such behaviour is that the old themselves contribute to the process of diminishing the value of ‘silver hair’ and lack of esteem the old demand from the young because of their advanced age.
EN
The article covers the issue of the health condition of elderly people and their needs regarding medical care. The author introduces the analysis of the health condition of elderly people in Poland on the basis of statistical data. Next, the following issues concerning senior citizens are described: benefits of physical activity, poverty and its influence on health condition, sick leave absence and its influence on social insurance system, nursing and medical care system, social services. In the conclusion the author gives his forecast on the demand of medical care for elderly people in the context of demographic changes.
EN
The aim of this article is to introduce the issue of the living conditions in pensioner households in comparison with other households in Poland. The article begins with a general background on features and statistics of old‑age pensioners households. Next, the author discusses following questions related to pensioners’ situation in Poland: their income and expenditures in comparison with other social groups, housing conditions, risk of poverty and results of a pension system reform of 1999 on their financial situation. The articles is based on data from Household Budget Survey by Central Statistical Office (GUS) and other scientific research.
EN
This paper provides an overview of measures taken by governments and other organizations towards senior citizens. This article first provides theoretical introduction, presenting definitions of policy on ageing, policy on elderly people and difference between these notions. In the next section the author introduces various policy tasks undertaken by governments, local governments, international organizations and other institutions towards ageing and elderly people.
EN
The elderly in the Church are assured of being under pastoral care. Nevertheless everyday experiences demonstrate that this part of pastoral care to seniors is usually mentioned in the first place, namely the preaching of the gospel of God is quite underdeveloped, if not neglected or even ignored. Indeed, do they not feel that in this respect as being cast away? The current article presents the problem of a special or profiled parochial gospel proclamation for people who are advanced in years. It is performed in three steps: firstly by substantiation, the need of such a proclamation on the grounds of homiletics and pastoral theology; secondly by discussion of its situation, forms and content; thirdly by defining and describing its basic theme that is life. The ‘profiled’ proclamation to seniors is understood here as special, regarding its forms, language and content, preaching of the gospel of God to people who are along in years. Preaching that is directed at them and having an impact on them.
PL
Ludzie starsi w Kościele mają prawo do przepowiadania specjalnego, profilowanego, tzn. ukierunkowanego na nich, obejmującego ich swoim oddziaływaniem. Słowo Boże powinno być głoszone wszystkim ludziom w każdym czasie, w każdej sytuacji, na każdym etapie ich życia. Jeśli zatem widzimy potrzebę profilowanego przepowiadania do dzieci, do młodzieży czy do dorosłych, to nie możemy nie zauważać jej w odniesieniu do seniorów. Konieczność taką tłumaczą też względy duszpasterskie. Według nauczania Kościoła duszpasterze powinni pomóc osobom starym realizować swoje powołanie w Kościele i świecie, tak aby pojmowali swoją starość jako naturalny etap życia, jako czas wartościowy, który należy i można przeżywać w postawie zaufania Bogu, a także – jeśli to możliwe – zaangażowania dla wspólnoty. Specjalne kaznodziejstwo dla seniorów stanowi jeden z istotnych przejawów tej troski. Można je realizować, posługując się albo tradycyjnymi i sprawdzonymi formami przepowiadania, takimi jak homilie, kazania, nauki rekolekcyjne czy katechezy, albo ostrożnie wprowadzając nowe – np. homilie dialogowane czy świadectwa. Ważne jest przy tym, aby kaznodzieje zadbali o odpowiedni język przekazu ewangelicznego, adekwatny do sytuacji, mentalności, doświadczeń i problemów seniorów. Podstawowym motywem przepowiadania dla ludzi starych, tych, których życie doczesne dobiega kresu, powinno być życie, życie silniejsze niż śmierć.
EN
This article describes the family situation and caretaking needs of elderly people in the light of the quantitative research results. The author introduces various aspects of senior citizens family conditions in Poland, including their marital status, generational composition of families and their living situation. The next part of the article is devoted to caretaking needs. As the elderly people need help with their everyday activities, the author discusses the following issues: indicators of caretaking needs, size of the population that requires an assistance, role of family and state institutions in that respect.
Studia BAS
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2012
|
issue 2(30)
151-168
EN
This article is devoted to the question of retaining people that reached retirement age on labour market, what is essential for European economies in the light of ongoing demographic changes. This paper begins with an analysis of regulations on retirement age in EU member states. Then, the author examines why the rate of the older population aged 50–64 that are working in Poland is one of the lowest among OECD countries. In the last section the author focuses on various measures directed at enabling senior citizens to continue working, including government programs.
EN
Introduction. Frailty resulting from the reduced effi ciency of physiological systems, ischaracterized by reduced functional reserve and lack of resistance to stressors in thebody of the elderly.Aim. Analysis and assessment of the relationship between physical fi tness of olderpeople and the potential occurrence of frailty.Study group and methods. The study was conducted in a group of 104 patients aged60–101 years. Physical fi tness was assessed by measuring the criteria of the frailty, i.e.weakening of muscle strength (in relation to BMI and sex of the subjects), slowed gait,unintentional weight loss, exhaustion, reduced physical activity. In assessing muscularstrength, the following measures were used: maximum handshake and body massindex (BMI).Results. Following the progress of ageing the percentage of people physically fi t decreases and the percentage of disabled people evidently increases. The percentageof physically disabled people is the highest (39%) among men whereas it is the percentage of physically weakened people (51%) that occurs among women. 26 people(25%) were not-frail in the group of the weakened and disabled physically, 23 people(22.12%) were pre-frail and 37 people (35.58%) were frail.Conclusions. The higher frequency of frailty in older people is connected with females and with the institutionalized. There is a close connection between the darkening of one’s mood or depression and the loss of physical fi tness in old age. The loss ofphysical fi tness may be a warning sign of the progress of frailty.
PL
Wstęp. Zespół słabości, wynikający z obniżonej wydolności układów fi zjologicznych, charakteryzuje się zmniejszoną rezerwą czynnościową i brakiem odporności na czynniki stresogenne w organizmie osób starszych. Cel pracy. Analiza oraz ocena związku sprawności fi zycznej osób w wieku starszym z potencjalnym wystąpieniem zespołu słabości. Grupa badana i metody. Badania przeprowadzono w grupie 104 pacjentów w wieku 60–101 lat. Sprawność fi zyczną oceniono, dokonując pomiarów kryteriów zespołu słabości, tj.: osłabienie siły mięśniowej (w odniesieniu do BMI i płci badanych osób), spowolnienie chodu, niezamierzone zmniejszenie masy ciała, wyczerpanie, obniżona aktywność fi zyczna. W ocenie siły mięśniowej posłużono się: pomiarem siły maksymalnego uścisku dłoni oraz wskaźnikiem masy ciała (BMI). Wyniki badań. Wraz z wiekiem maleje udział procentowy osób sprawnych fi zycznie, a wyraźnie rośnie udział procentowy osób niesprawnych. Wśród mężczyzn największy jest udział procentowy osób niesprawnych fi zycznie (39%), a u kobiet – osób osłabionych fi zycznie (51%). W grupie osób osłabionych i niesprawnych fi zycznie – u 26 (25%) nie wykazano zespołu słabości (not-frail), u 23 osób (22,12%) stwierdzono stan przed wystąpieniem zespołu słabości (pre-frail), u 37 (35,58%) stwierdzono zaś wystąpienie zespołu słabości (frail).
EN
The demography of aging raises questions that answering to will be important for effective, comprehensive care for the elderly and their aging caregivers. Predictions for the future of our society require analyzing different problems: who are long-living people? Will the quality and quantity of services in this area be adequate Why is medical care not always linked to the protection of the mental needs of the patients? But also how is the environmental psychological care over caregivers of older people being formed? Developing a theoretical model of comprehensive senior care and linking it with already existing practice methods can facilitate the interaction of many of its sectors to effectively address the challenges of a “gray society”.
14
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Senior w świecie mediów

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EN
Maria Trzcińska-Król, Senior w świecie mediów [Seniors in the media world]. Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej, nr 22, Poznań 2018. Pp. 51-71. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-391X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ikps.2018.22.04 Nowadays, the media education process begins at a very early stage of life and lasts throughout life. Older people are still in a worse position in this respect. In order to find a place in the information society, they have to master the IT and media skills and competences that allow not only to use new forms of education (e.g. e-learning, distance learning, blended learning), but also to an ever greater extent to handle everyday affairs. (e.g. making a payment, booking a ticket, settling a case at the office). The key role is played by education, computer and internet training and non-institutional support. Among the most frequently cited reasons for not using technology, researchers mention the lack of: motivation; access to media, the Internet; competence; awareness of how, for what use ICT can be used. The main obstacles in the dissemination of new technologies to the public are not hard barriers, like lack of infrastructure or financial constraints, but soft, related to the lack of: knowledge, conscious needs or skills.
PL
Artykuł przestawia w sposób porównawczy wybrane elementy systemu opieki długoter-minowej realizowanej w Finlandii i Hiszpanii . Prezentuje powiązania między niektó-rymi cechami modeli polityki społecznej (np. familizacja, decentralizacja, uniwersalizm, komodyfikacja) a elementami systemów LTC. Do tych elementów zaliczono organizację i finansowanie oraz rodzaje wsparcia usługowego i materialnego dla osób zależnych i ich opiekunów. Procesy starzenia się społeczeństw Finlandii i Hiszpanii powodują rozwijanie systemów opieki długoterminowej. Systemy te z jednej strony różnią się od siebie, na co wpływa realizowany w poszczególnych państwach model polityki społecznej, z drugiej zaś przejawiają cechy wspólne, określone zasadami social service mix state (np. mieszane finansowanie systemu, wielosektorowość usługodawców, indywidualizacja usług).
EN
The article is of a comparative nature. It discusses some elements of long-term care systems implemented in Finland and Spain. It presents the relationship between certain characteristics of social policy models (ex. familization, decentralization, universality, commodification) and such elements of LTC systems as organization, financing, types of service and material support for dependent persons and their caregivers. The basic thesis is: the aging of population in Finland and Spain will foster development of long term care systems. On the one hand, these systems are different, which results from different social policies implemented in these countries. On the other hand, they have similar characte- ristics, defined by the rules of the social service mix state (ex. a mixed funding system, multi-sectoral service providers, individualization of services).
FR
L’article contient l’analyse de la décentralisation en matière de politiques sociales à destination des personnes âgées en France, qu’elle présente comme un processus ambivalent. Cette ambivalence est originelle mais elle est d’autant plus patente aujourd’hui, compte tenu de l’étranglement financier des collectivités locales et des évolutions les plus récentes des interventions publiques sociales. Un certain nombre de solutions est envisagé pour tenter de résoudre cette ambivalence mettant en danger la poursuite même de la gestion locale des politiques sociales. L’auteur avance les solutions qui remettent en cause la décentralisation du « social » et fait les propositions qui recherchent un nouvel équilibre.
PL
Artykuł Francka Gagnaire’a pt. Francuskie wątpliwości związane z decentralizacją polityki społecznej wobec ludzi starych zawiera analizę procesu decentralizacji tej szczegółowej polityki społecznej. Autor zwraca uwagę na istniejące w zachodzącym procesie sprzeczności. Podstawowa sprzeczność ma związek z konkurencyjnością, z jednej strony zasady decentralizacji (zasada samorządności), a z drugiej —zasady powszechnego i równego dostępu do świadczeń i usług społecznych na terenie Francji, związanej z koncepcją solidarności narodowej. Ta pierwotna dwuznaczność, charakteryzująca proces decentralizacji francuskiej polityki społecznej wobec ludzi starych, nabiera obecnie znaczenia w kontekście kłopotów finansowych władz lokalnych oraz współczesnych kierunków ewolucji francuskiej polityki społecznej. W artykule Autor analizuje propozycje pojawiające się we francuskiej doktrynie prawa mające na celu złagodzenie owej ambiwalencji. Wyróżnia dwa kierunki rozwiązań: częściową recentralizację polityki społecznej oraz poszukiwanie nowej równowagi między poszczególnymi poziomami władzy publicznej działającymi w zakresie polityki społecznej.
EN
Franck’s Gagnaire article « French concerns about the decentralization of social policy » presents an analysis of the detailed process of decentralization of social policy. The author draws attention to the existing contradictions in the setting process. The basic contradiction has to do with competitiveness, on the one hand the principle of decentralization (self-rule), and on the other — the principle of universal and equal access to benefits and social services in France, linked to the concept of national solidarity. This original ambiguity, characterized by decentralization of French social policy towards the elderly, but is now irrelevant in the context of the financial problems of local and contemporary trends of evolution of French social policy. In this article the author analyzes the proposals appearing in the French legal doctrine to alleviate this ambivalence. There two lines of solutions: a partial refocusing of social policy and the search for a new balance between the various levels of public authority acting in the field of social policy.
EN
Getting old is not a new phenomenon. People have been getting old for ages – it is normal. However, over the recent years it can be observed that Polish society is ageing. It happens as progress in medicine gives the opportunity to increase average lifespan; at the same time the birth rate is decreasing dramatically. The elderlies are becoming more and more numerous group. That is why it is important to get knowledge on the ageing process as well as on the problems of existential nature including the sense of the life meaning among the people entering into the old age.
PL
Starzenie się nie jest zjawiskiem nowym. Ludzie od zawsze się starzeją i to jest normalne. Na przestrzeni ostatnich lat można jednak zauważyć, że społeczeństwo w Polsce się starzeje. Dzieje się tak, ponieważ postęp w medycynie daje możliwość wydłużenia życia ludzkiego, przy czym liczba urodzeń drastycznie spada. Osoby starsze stają się coraz liczniejszą grupą, dlatego ważne jest poznanie specyfiki procesu starzenia się oraz potrzeb, jakie mają ludzie starsi. Istotne jest również, by skupić się na problemach natury egzystencjalnej, m.in. na poczuciu sensu życia osób w podeszłym wieku.
EN
The term of spatial mobility applies to all age groups of the population. Among researchers there is a lively debate about migration of older people caused by still progressive problem of aging. The article brings up the problem of spatial mobility in old polish and oversees research. Population of elderly people divides into three subpopulations: young seniors, older seniors, the oldest seniors. Motives, migratory patterns and socio-economic features are different in every group. Author presents research results concerning senior migration in therms of theoretical conceptions, reasons, direction and socio-economic structures.
PL
Mobilność przestrzenna dotyczy wszystkich grup wiekowych ludności. Postępujący proces starzenia się ludności wpływa na coraz częstsze poruszanie problematyki migracji osób starszych przez badaczy. Artykuł podejmuje problematykę badań dotyczących mobilności ludzi starych w polskich oraz zagranicznych badaniach naukowych. Populacja osób starszych dzieli się na trzy suppopulację, tj. młodych seniorów, starych seniorów oraz najstarszych seniorów. Motywy, przebieg migracji oraz cechy społeczno-ekonomiczne migrantów są inne w każdej z tych grup. Autorka przedstawia stan badań dotyczących migracji seniorów z uwzględnieniem koncepcji teoretycznych, przyczyn, kierunków oraz struktury społeczno-ekonomicznej migracji osób starych.
EN
Over the recent years, it can be observed that society in the world is ageing. It happens because the birth rate is decreasing dramatically and progress in medicine gives the opportunity to increase average lifespan. Older people are becoming a bigger group. It is important to pay attention to the different problems of seniors, for example, the issue of caring for an older person and the caregiver’s work. This article is about the dangers of caring for an older person.
PL
Na przestrzeni ostatnich lat możemy zauważyć, że społeczeństwo na świecie się starzeje. Dzieje się tak, ponieważ wskaźnik urodzeń drastycznie spada, a postęp w medycynie daje możliwość zwiększenia średniej długości życia. Osoby starsze stają się coraz większą grupą. Istotne jest, by skupić uwagę na różnych problemach seniorów, np. na problematyce sprawowania opieki nad osobą starszą i pracą opiekunów. Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy zagrożeń związanych z opieką nad osobą starszą.
EN
The need for security is one of the basic human needs with the Maslow’s pyramid. Senior houses are a specific form of housing for the elderly people, where it forms a social group, including community of residence. In designing time this building we need remember about: • physical security inhabitant- prevent for falling, physical injury as a consequence of inadequate arrangement of living spaces and public spaces. • Mental Safety-the need for privacy and personalization space (eg. private objects, colors affect positively or negatively) • health security- related to the observation and monitoring of resident heaiht, while respecting the private and intimate sphere, • Security related to the state of emergency such as evacuation situations-compliance with the relevant legal requirements. An attempt was made to create guidelines that will help ensure the elderly people need for feeling security.
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