Search results

1

Uporczywość jako znamię wykroczenia skarbowego z art. 57 § 1 k.k.s. – wybrane problemy interpretacyjne i dowodowe

100%

Marciniak M.

Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne

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2016

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vol. 14

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issue 1

59-76

EN

Article 57(1) of the Fiscal Criminal Code penalises a fiscal misdemeanour that consists in a taxpayer’s persistent failure to pay tax on time. The element of ‘persistence’ is subject to assessment, giving rise to many doubts and controversies. As regards the offences described in Articles 209(1), 218(1a) and 190a(1) of the Criminal Code, an objective-subjective understanding of that element is prevalent, which takes into account the prolonged nature and repeatability of conduct in question, as well as the perpetrator’s special, negative attitude to his obligation. It is emphasised, at the same time, that the persistence element is only established when the perpetrator has an objective possibility to fulfil his obligations. However, in its order of 28 November 2013, the Supreme Court adopted a partly different interpretation of ‘persistence’, according to which it may be indicated not only by the cyclic nature of the conduct, but also by a onetime, but prolonged, omission to pay a tax that is payable on a one-time basis. That interpretation has been criticised by many legal scholars. It is, nevertheless, frequently applied in the practice of the justice system. Following amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure, introduced by the Act of 27 September 2013 on amending the Code of Criminal Procedure and certain other acts, which came into force on 1 July 2015, evidence is taken, on principle, by the parties, after it is allowed by the division president or the court. The court may allow and take evidence exofficio only in exceptional cases justified by special circumstances. Currently, it is, therefore, the trial parties that are required to prove whether the ‘persistence’ element is present or absent. The amendment of the provisions concerned and the existing case law have induced the author to take up the issue in question.

2

The Persistent Legacy of the Fallen Empires. Assessing the Effects of Poland's Historical Partitions on Contemporary Social Norms Regarding Education

71%

Herbst M.

Central European Economic Journal

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2021

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vol. 8

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issue 55

330-351

EN

This paper refers to the historical experience of Poland in order to demonstrate the importance of former institutions on present regional differences in the norms regarding education. Previous studies revealed significant discrepancies between the scholastic achievements of students in different regions in Poland, ones that correspond to the partition of the country by its three neighbours (Austria, Prussia, and Russia), lasting from the late 18th century to the close of WWI. In particular, students in the former Austrian partition perform better than their peers in the two other regions. In this study, a self-designed survey of parents is used to operationalize different kinds of norms regarding education. As it turns out, parents from the region formerly under Austrian rule show more trust in educational institutions, more belief in the formative role of schooling, and less conviction in the material returns from education. The results show that contemporary discussions on the geography of educational achievements need to take into account the broad cultural context of education.

3

Time in Spirituality

71%

Rybicki A.

Verbum Vitae

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2020

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vol. 38

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issue 1

PL

The article addresses aspects of time in the context of selected aspects of Christian spiritual life. Spirituality is associated with an identification and formation of attitudes, therefore the article is an analysis of some elements of a proper Christian attitude towards time. The first element is a Christian understanding of time as both chronos and kairos. The second dimension of a Christian attitude, defined by the biblical words ‘sleep’ and ‘watch’, relates to watchfulness or vigilance as the best form of spending one’s time. The third aspect of a Christian attitude is based on the three dimensions of time – past, present and future – in relation to Christian spiritual life. The last part of the article is devoted to perseverance, which is the greatest challenge given to every Christian during the time allotted to them on earth. In the conclusion, the Christian experience of time shows its originality and theologically rooted wisdom.

4

Income inequality in China 1952-2017: persistence and main determinants

62%

Skare M., Gil-Alana L. A., Claudio-Quiroga G., Pržiklas Družeta R.

Oeconomia Copernicana

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2021

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vol. 12

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issue 4

863-888

EN

Research background: China's economic growth, however remarkable, is due to the Harrod-Domar nature of economic growth and, therefore, limited. The main limitation lies in the extension of the neoclassical growth model and the government need to decrease regional disparities using new migration, urbanization and social policy. Purpose of the article: It is the rising regional disparity in the total factor productivity to cause the income inequality increase (measured by GINI index) in China from 1952-2017. Our paper brings new insight into the main inequality determinants and causes in China, using a fractional integration modeling framework. Methods: Using fractional integration, we find total factor productivity (TFP), real gross domestic product per capita and growth and expenditures for the social safety net and employment effort to have a statistically significant impact on GINI. Income inequality in China is of a persistent nature with the effects of the shocks affecting the GINI index enduring over time. Findings & value added: The results of this study highlight the importance for model/policy changes by the policy makers and practitioners in China to deal with the inequality issue. This involves improving the growth model through innovation and technological advancement, relaxing TFP dependence on the physical inputs (labor and capital) to reduce income inequality.

5

First Year Students’ Perceptions in Transition to University: The Students’ Experience

62%

Freixa-Niella M., Dorio-Alcaraz, I., Corti F.

Multidisciplinary Journal of School Education

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2019

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issue 16

25-56

EN

Studies about the transition to university emphasise the importance of the process of adaptation in the first year as a determining persistence factor. This article presents the results of the focus groups held with students of two undergraduate degree programmes, Pedagogy and Business Management and Administration, at the Universityof Barcelona(Catalonia, Spain) that dealt with the more significant situations they experienced in the process of adapting to life at university. The results are based on the five main tasks in the process of transition to university: starting and developing new social relationships; adjusting expectations about the university and degree programme; adapting to new academic codes at university; coping with academic/exam results; and construction of the university identity. These five tasks are identified in three moments in the initial period of adaptation. This study forms part of a Research+Development project.

6

Gender, Stress, Satisfaction, and Persistence: The Complex State of Digital Games as Leisure

62%

Tomlinson University of California, School of Social Sciences C.

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2022

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vol. 5

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issue 1

42-58

EN

Digital games have long been investigated for links to negative influences, but they exert a range of impacts on players. A variety of factors can contribute to stressful experiences in play, including game content, player interactions, and gender. This project uses qualitative methods to better understand how players experience and perceive these stressors and why they persist despite them. There are a surprising number of ways that players’ experiences align in spite of gender. Players encounter stress with both design and social experiences, are inclined to “rage quit” if stressors are substantial enough, and are increasingly averse to toxic communities. However, there are also gender-specific experiences. Men are much more concerned with the skillsets of other players, while women worry about their own performance. Further, these experiences of stress complicate our understandings of distress and eustress, with players less motivated by stressors than they are by the anticipated future relief from distress.

7

Pairs trading with the persistence-based decomposition model

54%

Rende J.

Managerial Economics

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2019

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vol. 20

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issue 2

151-180

EN

Recently, the persistence-based decomposition (PBD) model has been introduced to the scientific community by Rende et al. (2019). It decomposes a spread time series between two securities into three components capturing infinite, finite, and no shock persistence. The authors provide empirical evidence that the model adopts well to noisy high-frequency data in terms of model fitting and prediction. We put the PBD model to test on a large-scale high-frequency pairs trading application, using S&P 500 minute-by-minute data from 1998 to 2016. After accounting for execution limitations (waiting rule, volume constraints, and short-selling fees) the PBD model yields statistically significant and economically meaningful annual returns after transaction costs of 9.16 percent. These returns can only partially be explained by the exposure to common risk. In addition, the model is superior in terms of risk-return metrics. The model performs very well in bear markets. We quantify the impact of execution limitations on risk and return measures by relaxing backtesting restrictions step-by-step. If no restrictions are imposed, we find annual returns after costs of 138.6 percent.

8

Future Primary School Teachers’ Achievement Motivation in Remote Learning Process

54%

Stramkale L.

Journal of Education Culture and Society

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2022

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vol. 13

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issue 1

225-237

EN

Thesis. The aim of the study was to determine the level of achievement motivation of future primary school teachers during remote learning, as well as to describe each of the study dimensions characterising the achievement motivation. Methods. The study involved 162 (N=162) first-course students from Latvia, two of them were male. The study raised three research questions. RQ1: At what level do students assess each of the study dimensions that characterise the achievement motivation? RQ2: What factors hinder students from taking the initiative in the study process? RQ3: How do students monitor the quality of task performance? This paper defined five study dimensions to be assessed by students: initiative, persistence, quality of task performance, self-efficacy, seizing and exploiting opportunities. Results. The study found that four of the previously mentioned dimensions were highly assessed by the students. The dimension that characterises the persistence was assessed at a medium level. The students believe that lack of time, family conditions, and full-time work accompanying their study are the most common factors that hinder learning initiatives. To monitor the quality of task performance, most students bear in mind the assessment criteria provided by the lecturer, which are used as indicators to achieve an excellent result. Conclusion. The study concluded that the students also have a high motivation for achievement when studying remotely. In further studies, it is necessary to determine if any significant changes happen in the long run related to students’ achievement motivation when remote learning continues.

9

Meandry nowelizacji przepisów dotyczących przestępstwa niealimentacji

45%

Sobczak J.

Themis Polska Nova

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2017

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issue 1(12)

30-48

EN

Non-payment of child support has been penalized since Poland regained its independence, despite doubts sometimes raised. The changes in this respect in the subsequent penal codes of 1932, 1969 and 1997 were in fact not very significant. Changes in the Penal Code concerned the problem of persistence, the inability to meet the basic needs of life, the basis for fixing the maintenance obligation. Amendment of the existing Article 209 of the Penal Code, which lays down the liability for evasion of the maintenance obligation, must be regarded as unsuccessful.

10

Wpływ jakości zysku na zależność pomiędzy zyskiem a stopą zwrotu z akcji na przykładzie GPW w Warszawie

45%

Cieślik R.

Studia i Materiały

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2016

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issue 2/2016 (22), cz.2

60-77

PL

W artykule podjęto próbę oceny tego czy i w jakim zakresie jakość zysku determinuje przydatność wyniku finansowego dla prognozowania ceny akcji (stopy zwrotu) w warunkach polskiego rynku kapitałowego. Dla oceny jakości zysku wykorzystano wskaźniki oparte na czterech jego atrybutach, tj. trwałości, zdolności predykcyjnej, stopniu wygładzania zysku oraz stabilności. Wyniki badania oparte na szerokiej próbie obejmującej wszystkie niefinansowe spółki notowane na GPW w Warszawie w latach 2009–2016 pozwoliły potwierdzić pozytywny wpływ, jaki wywiera jakości zysku na badaną zależność. Należy jednak podkreślić, że siła tego wpływu jest zmienna w czasie i zależy od przynależności sektorowej badanej spółki.

EN

The paper examines whether and how earnings quality affects the returns-earnings relationship taking into consideration four earnings attributes including persistence, predictability, smooth ness and stability. For a large sample of non-financial firms listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange over the period 2009–2016, the study showed that earnings quality has a positive influence on the tested relationship. Moreover, the nature (parameters) of the returns/earnings relation exhibits considerable instability over time and across sectors.

11

Efektywność inwestycyjna polskich funduszy emerytalnych przy zmianie benchmarku rynkowego

45%

Karpio A., Żebrowska-Suchodolska D.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia

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2017

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vol. 51

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issue 5

EN

The paper examines the investment effectiveness of open-end pension funds existing on the Polish capital market. Information Ratio and Sharpe-Israelsen’s indicators are considered to be the basis of assessment. In the paper, the market indicator was defined showing legislation limits put on open-end pension funds’ portfolios. The period 2008–2017 was divided into sub-periods, in each of these the rankings, based on both indicators, were obtained. Next, the stability of the market position of open-end pension funds was calculated in the successive years.

PL

Praca poświęcona jest badaniu efektywności inwestycyjnej otwartych funduszy emerytalnych funkcjonujących na polskim rynku kapitałowym. Podstawą oceny są wskaźniki Information Ratio oraz Sharpe’a-Israelsena. W opracowaniu zdefiniowano wskaźnik rynkowy odzwierciedlający ustawowe ograniczenia nałożone na portfele funduszy emerytalnych. Okres 2008–2017 został podzielony na podokresy; w każdym z nich wyznaczono rankingi oparte na obu wskaźnikach. Następnie zbadano stabilność pozycji rankingowych zajmowanych przez fundusze emerytalne w kolejnych latach.

12

Wytrwałość i skuteczność działania: wpływ kontekstu sytuacyjnego i siły woli

45%

Kadzikowska-Wrzosek R.

Roczniki Psychologiczne

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2011

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vol. 14

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issue 2

159-187

PL

Zaprezentowane w artykule badanie miało na celu ujawnienie wpływu na wytrwałość i skuteczność działania - z jednej strony - kontekstu sytuacyjnego (kontrola vs autonomia), z drugiej strony - różnic indywidualnych w sprawności mechanizmów kontroli działania - sile woli. Podstawę teoretyczną operacjonalizacji zmiennych niezależnych stanowiły teoria autodeterminacji (Self Determination Theory) Ryana i Deci oraz koncepcja siły woli Kuhla. Uzyskane w badaniu rezultaty (N = 120) potwierdziły interakcyjne oddziaływanie określonych sposobów motywowania (presja vs pozytywne zaangażowanie) oraz różnic w sprawności mechanizmów kontroli działania na przyjęte w badaniu wskaźniki skuteczności i wytrwałości. Osoby zorientowane na stan uzyskały najwyższe rezultaty wytrwałości i skuteczności w warunkach presji, zewnętrznej kontroli. Osoby zorientowane na działanie w mniejszym stopniu podlegają różnicom w sposobie motywowania (kontrola vs autonomia), ale jednocześnie w warunkach nasilenia zarówno presji, jak i pozytywnego oddziaływania wykazały one istotnie niższe wskaźniki wytrwałości i skuteczności. Istotne różnice między osobami zorientowanymi na stan i na działanie ujawniły się w kontekście stwarzającym presję i wzbudzającym poczucie autonomii. W warunkach presji wyższe wyniki w zakresie wytrwałości i zarazem skuteczności uzyskiwały osoby zorientowane na stan, w warunkach autonomii - wyższe wyniki osiągnęły osoby zorientowane na działanie.

EN

The purpose of the present study (N = 120) was to examine whether persistence and effectiveness of goal directed activity depend on situational context (control vs. autonomy support) and individual difference in efficiency of control action mechanisms. The theoretical background for the choice of independent variables included Richard M. Ryan and Edward L. Deci's Self-Determination Teory and Julius Kuhl's strength of will conception. The results confirmed the interactional effect of the situational context (control vs. autonomy support) and individual difference in the efficiency of action control mechanisms on persistence and effectiveness. The indexes of persistence and effectiveness were greater for state-oriented participants with externally controlled instructions than for individuals who received autonomy-supportive instructions. Action-oriented participants were less influenced by the specific way of motivating (control vs. autonomy), however, when the effect of the situational context was stronger, action-oriented participants had lower indexes of persistence and effectiveness. In the context of external control, state oriented participants had higher indexes of persistence and effectiveness as compared to action-oriented participants. In the autonomy-support context, action-oriented participants had higher indexes of persistence and effectiveness than state-oriented participants.

13

Sisu – emocja kulturowa, schemat poznawczy czy słowo klucz do tożsamości Finów?

45%

Adamczewski J., Obrębska M.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio J – Paedagogia-Psychologia

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2018

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vol. 31

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issue 4

EN

The aim of the article was to examine the relationship between the mother tongue and the sense of national identity on the example of the Finnish word sisu. Sisu is understood in this work as a cognitive script which consists of the set of psychological traits, and emotions as well as a key-word approach which helps to understand the Finnish culture. 140 Finnish citizens who speak Swedish and Finnish participated in the study. All participants were paired and their results were compared by using the following: a self-made questionnaire about the sisu identity, the Persistence Scale from B. Zawadzki and J. Strelau Temperament Questionnaire, H.J. Eysenck i S.B.G. Eysenck Questionnaire Risk Scale, The General Self-Efficacy Scale of R. Schwarzer and M. Jerusalem. Although the assumed hypothesis has not been entirely proven, the results still should encourage reflection and lead to further research in this area.

PL

Celem artykułu było zbadanie związku pomiędzy językiem ojczystym a poczuciem narodowej tożsamości na przykładzie fińskiego słowa sisu. Jest ono rozumiane w tej pracy jako skrypt poznawczy, zawierający zarówno zbiór cech, emocji, jak i potencjalnych zachowań, a także jako swoiste słowo klucz, umożliwiające zrozumienie kultury Finów. W przeprowadzonym badaniu własnym wzięło udział 140 Finów posługujących się językiem fińskim i szwedzkim. Badanych dobrano parami i porównano ich wyniki przy zastosowaniu własnego kwestionariusza dotyczącego identyfikacji z sisu, Skali Wytrzymałości z Kwestionariusza Temperamentu FCZKT B. Zawadzkiego i J. Strelaua, Skali Skłonności do Ryzyka z Kwestionariusza IVE H.J. Eysencka i S.B.G. Eysenck oraz Skali Uogólnionej Własnej Skuteczności GSES R. Schwarzera i M. Jerusalema. Pomimo niepotwierdzenia zakładanych hipotez uzyskane wyniki skłaniają do refleksji i dalszych badań w tym obszarze.

14

The Subject of Creatio Continua and Its Ecclesial Aspect

45%

Liszka P.

|

2016

|

vol. 63

|

issue 2: Teologia dogmatyczna - English Version

135-148

EN

It is God who is the subject of creatio continua; in Christianity it is a triune God. Fundamentally divine nature, Divine Persons: God the Father, God the Son and the Holy Spirit, who in the logic of the internal life of the Trinity is third and in relation to the world the most direct. The personal specificity of the Third Divine Person predestines it to activity, creativity, to stirring creative power and action in created beings. The Holy Spirit develops and unites, creates the interior of the beings, combines them and strengthens the link with the Creator. This ongoing creation is encoded in the act of creation and is in keeping with the workings of Providence, which also is a creation of the Trinity, and indirectly a creation of people: individuals and societies. Participation in the act of creation stands in proportion to the growth in holiness, which means it is proportional to becoming a person. Created beings personalize themselves through participation in creatio continua, and by participating in this act, they personalize themselves. All this is implemented though the activity of the intellect, will and emotions. It is Jesus Christ in his capacity of God and man who occupies the centre stage of the ongoing creation.

15

Trynitarny aspekt creatio continua

38%

Liszka P.

Poznańskie Studia Teologiczne

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2016

|

issue 30

369-383

EN

The act of creation on the part of God is unique, but it has a trinitarian shape, since it is contained in the internal life of God. The act of creation is the action of Divine Persons. It culminated in the world, created living and non-living, material and non-material beings. From the perspective of world history the act of creation may be looked upon as an act of God that brought about the existence of the world and also as God’s ongoing effort aimed at sustaining the world in its existence and constant bringing about new beings. Creation in general, including creatio continua, has a trinitarian shape. It is an act of three Divine Persons, and especially an act of the Son of God, who as the only one of the Trinity, has the ability to embrace our human condition. This ability found its reflection in the Incarnation. Being both God and man, Christ is not only an acting subject but also a personified Coming into existence.

16

NOWELIZACJA ART. 209 KODEKSU KARNEGO. ANALIZA PROPONOWANYCH ZMIAN

36%

Rosiak Ł.

Zeszyty Prawnicze

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2017

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vol. 17

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issue 2

103-129

EN

Summary This paper examines child maintenance evasion as a criminal offence under Polish law. It analyses the proposed amendment to the Polish Criminal Code. For years the overall payment of child maintenance has been low. To deal with problems with the efficient collection of child maintenance the Ministry of Justice has submitted a draft amendment to the Criminal Code. The defective mechanism for the collection of maintenance due from those the courts have ruled are liable to pay means that in many cases the state budget is providing the funds due to eligible recipients. It is society’s duty to promote responsible attitudes and stigmatise child maintenance evasion. The right attitude and appropriate measures such as appropriate criminal law provisions and administrative measures may reduce the number of such offences. The proposed amendments to the Criminal Code are streamlined and can increase the efficiency of maintenance collection. Society should promote a responsible attitude for personal liabilities.

PL

W niniejszym artykule rozpatrywane jest zagadnienie przestępstwa niealimentacji (zwłaszcza, gdy pokrzywdzonymi są dzieci). Artykuł dotyczy analizy nowelizacji polskiego kodeksu karnego. Przez lata ściągalność roszczeń alimentacyjnych pozostawała na niskim poziomie. Właśnie w celu poprawy skuteczności egzekucji świadczeń alimentacyjnych Ministerstwo Sprawiedliwości przygotowało zmianę w obszarze kodeksu karnego. Nieprawidłowości w sferze ściągalności świadczeń alimentacyjnych na rzecz osób uprawnionych do alimentacji od zobowiązanych do uiszczania świadczeń powodują znaczne obciążenie budżetu Skarbu Państwa. Społecznym obowiązkiem pozostaje promowanie odpowiedzialnych zachowań oraz swoista stygmatyzacja osób uchylających się od alimentacji. Odpowiednie nastawienie społeczne oraz akceptowalne sankcje (karne, jak również administracyjne) mogą przyczynić się do redukcji skali przestępstwa niealimentacji. Zmiany w obszarze znowelizowanego przestępstwa są wyważone oraz mogą przyczynić się do sprawniejszej ściągalności alimentów. Społeczeństwo powinno promować odpowiedzialne podejście do osobistych zobowiązań wobec innych.

17

Argumenty na rzecz nieredukcyjnego ujęcia tożsamości osobowej

36%

Grygianiec M.

Analiza i Egzystencja. Czasopismo Filozoficzne

|

2016

|

vol. 34

5-28

EN

In the debate on personal identity many different criteria of identity are proposed and defended. Criteria of identity are usually taken to state necessary and sufficient conditions of identity and are viewed, in their metaphysical interpretation, as providing truth conditions of relevant identity statements. In my paper I argue that this view is misconceived and I present some arguments for the simple view of personal identity, according to which there are no noncircular and informative criteria of identity for persons. In particular, I argue that there are no other facts of the matter than identity itself which would serve as truth conditions of statements concerning numerical identity. I also try to justify the view that in most cases criteria of identity should be interpreted either epistemically as a means for finding out whether identity holds or not or metaphysically as criteria of genidentity, which provide appropriate persistence conditions for objects of a given kind.

18

Rozróżnienie realne esse-essentia w metafizyce według Leonarda Polo

36%

Sołomiewicz k. A.

Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne

|

2023

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vol. 32

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issue 1

37-51

EN

In order to lead metaphysics out of the crisis, according to Leonard Polo it is necessary to recover for philosophy its greatest achievements and rethink its fundaments and correct possible aporias. These include Aristotle’s too narrow approach to the concept of potency (substances are in fact potential), or the adoption of too many acts of existence and essences in physical reality. According to Polo, the world has one act of existence and one essence, while the multiplicity of beings comes from the interaction of four physical causes: material, formal, causative and final. The unity of the order of these co-causes creates one essence, which corresponds to one act of existence of the world: persistence. The existence of the universe is the first principle of non-contradiction, while the first principle of identity is the Creator, from whom everything comes. The object of Leonardo Polo’s metaphysics is the act of existence of the physical world, whereas the created acts of spiritual existence (persons) are the object of transcendental anthropology, which stands above metaphysics.

19

Pojęcie przedmiotu trwającego w czasie w rozumieniu przedstawicieli Szkoły Lwowsko-Warszawskiej

32%

Gryganiec M.

Folia Philosophica

|

2017

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vol. 38

EN

There is considerable convergence between the views of many members of the Lvov-Warsaw School and the positions endorsed in the current debate on persistence through time. But there are some significant differences, too. In this paper, I am going to reconstruct and to analyse several positions of some representatives of the Lvov-Warsaw School on the issue in question. Then I shall identify and shortly describe those elements of the reconstructed accounts which are, on the one hand, specific to the Lvov-Warsaw School and, on the other hand, mostly ignored in the present-day metaphysical dispute. The general message of the paper is the contention that although there were no systematic separate research within the Lvov-Warsaw School on persistence through time, some solutions and interpretations put forward by its members can serve as an interesting enrichment of the ongoing debate.

PL

W 1951 roku na łamach Sprawozdań Towarzystwa Naukowego w Toruniu ukazał się tekst Tadeusza Czeżowskiego Identyczność a indywiduum i jego trwanie. Tekst ten stanowi swoistą dokumentację poglądów przedstawicieli Szkoły Lwowsko-Warszawskiej na zagadnienia trwania i identyczności przedmiotów w czasie. Praca ta jest użytecznym drogowskazem w odszukaniu, identyfikacji i analizy wspomnianych stanowisk w dostępnym materiale historycznym. Tekst Czeżowskiego dostarcza bardzo interesujących szczegółów interpretacyjnych, dotyczących omawianych stanowisk, które są nieobecne we współczesnych dyskusjach na trwaniem w czasie. Niniejsza praca stawia sobie za cel, po pierwsze, zanalizowanie wspomnianego tekstu Czeżowskiego, po drugie, identyfikację i opis stanowisk wybranych przedstawicieli Szkoły w odniesieniu do anonsowanej problematyki, po trzecie zaś – wychwycenie w rekonstruowanych stanowiskach tych wątków interpretacyjnych, które – z jednej strony – są nieobecne we współczesnych dyskusjach, a które – z drugiej strony – nawet dzisiaj mogą stanowić ich interesujące wzbogacenie. Ogólnym przesłaniem tekstu jest przekonanie, że choć w obrębie Szkoły Lwowsko-Warszawskiej nie prowadzono systematycznych analiz problematyki trwania w czasie, to jednak jej przedstawiciele, po pierwsze, byli świadomi tej problematyki, po drugie zaś, zaproponowali kilka rozstrzygnięć, które z dzisiejszego punktu widzenia zaskakują swoją odwagą i nowatorstwem.

20

Podmiot creatio continua − aspekt eklezjalny

32%

Liszka P.

|

2016

|

vol. 63

|

issue 2: Teologia dogmatyczna

171-185

EN

It is God who is the subject of creatio continua; in Christianity it is a triune God. Fundamentally divine nature, Divine Persons: God the Father, God the Son and the Holy Spirit, who in the logic of the internal life of the Trinity is third and in relation to the world the most direct. The personal specificity of the Third Divine Person predestines it to activity, creativity, to stirring creative power and action in created beings. The Holy Spirit develops and unites, creates the interior of the beings, combines them and strengthens the link with the Creator. This ongoing creation is encoded in the act of creation and is in keeping with the workings of Providence, which also is a creation of the Trinity, and indirectly a creation of people: individuals and societies. Participation in the act of creation stands in proportion to the growth in holiness, which means it is proportional to becoming a person. Created beings personalize themselves through participation in creatio continua, and by participating in this act, they personalize themselves. All this is implemented though the activity of the intellect, will and emotions. It is Jesus Christ in his capacity of God and man who occupies the centre stage of the ongoing creation.

PL

Podmiotem creatio continua jest Bóg, w chrześcijaństwie Bóg Trójjedyny. Fundamentalnie natura boska, Osoby Boskie: Ojciec, Syn i Duch Święty, który w logice wewnętrznego życia Trójcy jest trzeci, a wobec świata najbardziej bezpośredni. Specyfika personalna trzeciej Osoby Boskiej predysponuje do aktywności, do kreatywności, do wzbudzania w stworzeniach kreatywnej mocy i stwórczego działania. Duch Święty rozwija i jednoczy, tworzy wnętrze bytów, wiąże je ze sobą i umacnia więź ze Stwórcą. Ciągłe stwarzanie zakodowane jest w akcie stwórczym i współbrzmi z działaniem Opatrzności, która też jest dziełem całej Trójcy, a wtórnie również dziełem ludzi: jednostek i społeczeństw. Uczestniczenie w dziele stwórczym jest proporcjonalne do wzrastania w świętości, a tym samym do bycia osobą. Byty stworzone personalizują siebie poprzez uczestniczenie w creatio continua, a uczestnicząc w tym dziele personalizują się. Dokonuje się to na drodze aktywności intelektu, woli oraz uczuć. W centrum ciągłego stwarzania znajduje się Jezus Chrystus, jako Bóg i jako człowiek.

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