Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 40

first rewind previous Page / 2 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  post-war period
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 2 next fast forward last
EN
The aim of the presenting article is to analyze a phenomenon of the first post-war election to the Central National Assembly the district Banská Bystrica. The author observes the May 26th, 1946 – election in his regional size, but he also notices the context of the whole political development in post – war Czechoslovak republic. A reader is acquointed in the beginning with the short summary of the works of the Slovak historiography published so far, and devoted to this problem and this theme. There´s given attention to individual aspects of this theme in the text. The author gave the analyses of the circumstances of the preparation of the election in the region of Banská Bystrica. He pointed out a picture of the concrete forms of the per-election campaigne. He also gave his attention to the form of a practical organisation of the election – agenda. The top of the article is made by the freatise of the course and the results of the parliamentary election. The author proves the changes in a personal structure of the as nation – wide as the Slovak national organs. The makes it on the base of the research results. The final section of the article contains the short resume of the essential conclusions and acquired knowledges. The presented article should serve as the starting point and as an illustration of the resource in studying the problems of the election on May 26th, 1946.
EN
Since autumn 1948, the Communist Party of Slovakia was territorial organisation of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. Afterthe seizure of power in February 1948, its membership became double during several months mass recruitment; it had more than 400,000 members in the middle of 1948. After the general check of membership at the turn of the years 1948/1949, the number of members and new candidates decreased to less than 270, 000 and continued to decrease. At the end of 1953, KSS had the smallest number of members and candidates, less than 190,000. After that, gradual and continuous increase has started and by the end of 1967, the number of members (the system of candidates was cancelled) exceeded 300,000. Local organisations (in the place of residence) dominated the organisation structure of KSS, the turn came at the beginning of the fifties, when the focus was on organisations in the place of work. Others gradually copied organisation of state administration – these were district and regional organisations. Viliam Široký was a dominant personality both in KSS and Slovakia, mainly after „disclosure“ of so-called bourgeois nationalists (Gustáv Husák and others). Some kind of new ruling triumvirate was formed since 1953, consisting of Karol Bacílek, Pavol David and Rudolf Strechaj; Široký withdrew from Slovakia and acted on a statewide level in Prague. Given „triumvirate“ ended politically in 1963 and Alexander Dubček became the leading person in Slovakia.
EN
he paper aims at characterising the situation related to the re-emigration of Poles from Czechoslovakia to the Western and Northern Territories: historical background, personal motivations of the re-emigrants, travel conditions and re-arranging life in the Polish-German border area. However, it is not possible to fully highlight this issue without considering additional contexts, such as the conditions of residence before the war and in particular: the period between 1945 and 1948, from the end of the war to the moment of departure. The authors distinguish several key factors that can be considered as determinants of the integration of re-emigrants from the areas of eastern Slovakia. The decisive issue was the time of arrival and the fact that most farms that were habitable were occupied by settlers who had arrived earlier. What seems particularly interesting, this issue did not affect the decision on the direction of transport of re-emigrants. Even though the National Repatriation Office had knowledge about the fact that there were not enough farms and land in the district (powiat), the re-emigrants were directed to the West. What is more, the Przewóz commune in 1948 was only colonized in 40%, but this probably indicates that these were rather unattractive areas than forgotten ones. Relevant materials for the present study were collected during a query in the Archives of New Files in Warsaw, the most valuable ones coming from the files of the State Repatriation Office in Łódź together with reports of provincial branches in Rzeszów and Wrocław. Thanks also to the resources from the files of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, it was possible to obtain the information necessary to outline the broader pre-war context, mainly on the basis of notes of the Polish consular institutions in Košice and Uzhhorod. The archival material was supplemented and confronted with the recollections of the re-emigrants, collected by the authors of the text using the spoken history method.
EN
The article is devoted to the scale, causes and mechanisms of rotation of party provincial committee first secretaries in the postwar period (1946–1952). The source base of this a research are documents of governing bodies of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks) and its divisions that engaged in personnel work. The study revealed that rotation of the regional leadership was significant, but in 1946–1952 it was updated by about a third. This rotation was largely reduced to the movement of the secretaries from one region to another and from the region to the center and back. Similarly, the problem of the lack of qualified managers was tried. Until the end of 1948 the Central Committee restrained the rotation of obkom first secretaries. In 1949–1952 the personnel rotation was very intensive as the center sought to update the regional leadership, mobilize it to solve current economic problems and prepare for the XIX Party Congress. In some cases, the center replaced not only the first secretary, but also the entire leadership of the region. In the postwar years, such purges were at least two dozen, but only four turned into repression.
EN
Ceramic materials may have multifarious applications, the visual arts being one of them. Furthermore, they have been often used in architecture for decorative purposes. In Poland, the application of ceramics in architecture reached its peak of popularity in the post-WWII period. It was used in mosaics, reliefs, architectural and sculptural details, as well as combined with other materials, like glass or stone. Ceramics was applied for creating various small decorative forms but also large compositions that covered even several dozen or several hundred square metres, in buildings that served various functions, and were situated either indoors or on their external facades. Amongst these, there are buildings which were both important for local communities and became landmarks for particular sites, like modern hotels, railway stations, theatres, museums or academies. The paper is focused on compositions executed for such prestigious edifices.
EN
The aim of this paper is to examine the role of the protected areas (PAs) as investment codes, and their position in the investment landscape of the region as well as in the context of a balanced and eco-oriented postwar market. The authors conducted a quantitative literature review to investigate the market and investment flows, and they used a comparative method to identify the main vectors for renovating the postwar eco-oriented market, attracting investment flows and adapting these tools to the Ukrainian economy. The study reveals that investment coding can be a digital tool for attracting potential investors to cooperate by providing access to important information such as economic, ecological, and statistical data. The introduction of investment coding can increase the amount of investments in the field of protected areas, allowing for faster turnover and more efficient use, and enabling national and foreign investors to enter a renewed eco-oriented area of the national economy, increase profits, and diversify risks. The paper suggests a bilateral business system for the PAs, consisting of both traditional and digital business models. The authors argue that private legal investment tools can stimulate the development of new vectors of entrepreneurial activity, including inclusive eco-business. Overall, this paper highlights the potential benefits of investment coding and private legal investment tools for the development of protected areas and eco-business in the region, and offers insights for policymakers and investors looking to promote sustainable economic growth.
EN
The fall of the Third Reich, turning the “most tragic page” in the history of the Jewish nation, i .e . the Second World War, did not mean the end of the tragedy for Jews on Polish soil. Even before the end of the greatest confl in the history of humankind, in the areas liberated from Nazi Germany occupation, many survivors of the Holocaust experienced acts of ruthless violence. However, very few of the numerous victims of the post-war anti-Jewish terror have been commemorated in public space. To a very small extent the form of public commemoration also covered earlier wartime cases of collective murders committed against Jews by Polish Christians. Even if the sites of the dramatic events which occurred in the shadow of the Holocaust were marked, the complete truth about their course was not restored everywhere.
EN
The article emphasises the value of parish archives in studying the religiousness of the faithful in the period after World War II.
PL
Artykuł zwraca uwagę na wartość parafialnych archiwów dla tematyki badań nad religijnością wiernych w okresie po II wojnie światowej.
EN
The article deals with the problem of the material situation of workers between 1945 and 1956. It was particularly difficult in the first months after the end of the war when “cheap labour’ was the immanent feature of so-called “real socialism”. The problem became even more severe due to the policy of “underconsumption” proclaimed in 1946 by one of the directors of the Central Planning Office and introduced as the basis of financing the investment plan. Keeping a disproportionately high level of accumulation at the expense of consumption was a prominent feature of the system.
EN
The nationalisation of industry after 1945 is a topic of great importance for the history of Poland after the Second World War, which, however, has been insufficiently explored, especially with regard to in-depth research of particular cases. The takeover of industrial plants by the state authorities was complicated, especially in the Recovered Territories, where both everyday life and the administrative structures of the Polish state were in turmoil. The preserved archival materials made it possible to trace the process of nationalising several important food industry plants, namely the breweries in Szczecin, Słupsk and Szczecinek. The article analyses the intricate history of the takeover of these plants by the state authorities. In the course of research it was determined that although the Main Office of the Temporary State Administration, and later the District Liquidation Offices, had the best legal basis to have the full right to these plants, there were many more institutions interested in taking them over. On the local government level these were the City Board, the Provincial Office and the District Office, and on the state level the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the Ministry of Recovered Territories and the Central Planning Office. Additionally, producer cooperatives, initially supported by state authorities after the end of the war, also became involved. It was not until the late 1940s that these breweries came under the control of central state authorities, which took place at the expense of the producer cooperatives and local governments and, moreover, in a manner that raised legal questions.
Mäetagused
|
2018
|
vol. 71
175-196
EN
Children who lived in the WWII and post-war period, under the occupation of Nazi Germany (1941–1944) and the Soviet Union (1944–1991), had their own assortment of games. Estonia suffered the fate of being on the battlefront twice – in 1941 and 1944. Among the traces of war that inspired children’s games were munitions scattered around the terrain. In 2013, the Estonian Folklore Archives of the Estonian Literary Museum organised a competition for collecting children’s games. In this paper, I examine the accounts about playing with munitions – mainly cartridges found on the terrain and real gunpowder – collected from people born in the period between the late 1920s and late 1940s. From a folkloristic perspective, I study the descriptions of games collected in the competition in two ways. First, I situate them in their historical-cultural context. The use of left-behind munitions for playing was characteristic of WWII as well as the post-war period and mostly typical of boys. The descriptions emphasise spectacular fireworks and loud cracking. The use of various means (e.g. glowing embers by children herding animals) for making loud sounds, but also real gunpowder in toy guns (sussik in Estonian) was also present in the earlier tradition. Although the respondents might not have perceived the risks associated with these activities back when they were children, their descriptions usually also include their adult point of view: these games were very dangerous. Some claim that they were not aware of the risks; others that they were able to assess them well; still others that they were simply foolhardy. The descriptions of games also reveal a certain perplexity – adult respondents are at a loss to explain why they did those things as children. Left-behind munitions could be obtained quite easily, while conventional toys or means for making them were severely lacking at the time. Thus, children played with whatever they could find and the use of munitions diversified the range of toys available to them. Secondly, I interpret the games with left-behind munitions as a type of game that tests the daring and foolhardiness of players. Dangerous games and risky-play games are discussed in several accounts of children’s games. Researchers suggest that playing dangerous games is driven by the will to make sense of risk-taking and responsibility. Child and developmental psychologists find that such games are characteristic of childhood and adolescence, and that playing them is necessary for normal development. Children’s risk-taking behaviour and testing the boundary between the possible and impossible is an integral part of coming of age and self-realisation during adolescence. Yet, development in the preschool age likewise implies testing one’s capabilities and experiencing the feeling of fear. Munitions were novel and fascinating, and enabled children to apply their inventiveness, sense their bravery, and experience excitement. On the other hand, due to frequent injuries and accidents, one could also find exactly the opposite attitudes toward munitions. Thus, for some people who grew up in that era, munitions are associated with games and new toys, but for others, they are associated with pains of loss and tragedy.
12
75%
PL
Artykuł porusza problem ewolucji socjologii miasta w ostatnim pięćdziesięcioleciu. Tłem do prezentacji różnych poglądów i nurtów socjologicznych są zachodzące zmiany społeczne, ujęte w trzy okresy. Pierwszy to rekonstrukcja gospodarki i miast zniszczonych w wyniku działań wojennych. W drugim okresie rozwoju gospodarczego (lata 1955-1975) formułowano liczne modele państwa dobrobytu, ale przede wszystkim następowały procesy suburbanizacji i metropolizacji, a także poprawy warunków mieszkaniowych w miastach. Trzeci okres (1975-2000) przejawia się pogłębianiem różnic społecznych, konfliktami miejskimi i polaryzacją, zarówno regionalną, jak i wewnątrz ośrodków miejskich.
EN
This paper is a comparative study of main social theories of urban development in the last fifty tears. The author presents various approaches and social theories from across the world. He divides the after-war period into three phases according to the profound social changes. the first one covers the years of ending the post-war reconstruction of economy, infrastructure and cities damaged by the war. the second phase includes "the golden years" between approximately 1955 and 1975, when the formation of different types of welfare state, but mainly the urban population growth, suburbanization and metropolization processes and improvement of living conditions and urbanities took place. the third phase, covering the years between 1975 and 2000, is marked by the first signs of the decline of the welfare state accompanied by deepening social inequalities increasing urban poverty, marginalization of some groups of the population, political radicalization and urban conflicts as well as by urban and regional polarization.
PL
Nowe społeczności lokalne, powstałe po II wojnie światowej na tzw. Ziemiach Odzyskanych, potrzebowały wielu lat, by wytworzyć więzi i zagospodarować obce im zupełnie środowiska. Artykuł omawia zachodzące wówczas zjawiska. Publikację Autor podzielił na dziewięć rozdziałów, w których opisuje najistotniejsze zagadnienia i procesy przejmowania Ziem Odzyskanych przez polskich osadników. Autor uwzględnił m. in. dramat ucieczki i wysiedlania ludności niemieckiej, rządy sowieckich komendantów wojennych, katastrofalny w skutkach szaber, niezwykle istotny społecznie proces polonizacji nazewnictwa, podziemną działalność niepodległościową oraz tworzenie pierwszych organów administracji lokalnej. Artykuł wieńczy obfita bibliografia oraz wykaz źródeł archiwalnych i wspomnień bezpośrednich świadków historii.
EN
It took many years for the new local communities that were formed after the World War II on so called Recovered Territories to form bonds between one another and develop the environment that used to be completely unfamiliar for them. The article ‟The formation process of Polish local community in Siciny in Lower Silesia in the years 1945–1956” written by Paweł Wróblewski, addresses the events occurring at that time. The publication is divided into nine chapters in which the author describes the most significant issues and processes of acquisition of the Recovered Territories by Polish settlers. In his paper, Wróblewski included, among others, the tragedy connected with the escape and expulsion of the German inhabitants, the soviet war commendats’ reign, disastrous looting, extremely important in social context process of giving Polish place names, underground independence movement and the formation of first local administration authorities. The article ends with rich bibliography, a list of archives and memories of direct witnesses to history.
EN
After the Second World War, Poland underwent the process of Sovietisation. The entire activity of the new authority was confined to the collectivization of agriculture and the fight with the Church. It is true that in the years 1944-1947 the authorities adopted a relatively liberal policy towards the Church, which did not exclude, however, repression against clandestine activities of the clergy, and even assassinations. Soon, an open dispute arose between the authorities and the Episcopate, which was caused, among other things, by the cancellation of the concordat, the decree establishing the obligation of civil marriages and authorities’ interference in the church administration on the Recovered Territories (Western and Northern part of Poland). The communist authorities denounced the Catholic clergy for pathological hostility towards communism and post-war reality. Without good reason, they accused the Church of using the pulpit and confessional in this fight and supporting anti-communist underground. The period of severe repression against the Church lasted in the years 1948-1955 . It was the period of arrests, trials and bishops’ removal from their dioceses. To fight with the Church, the authorities created a separate Department IV in the Ministry of Home Affairs, whose structure survived until the fall of the Communism. The whole clergy was under control. Their activities were documented in the fi les of the operational records; from 1963 each clerical student joining the seminary had his fi le. The authorities also restricted the activities of the Catholic University of Lublin and created the Academy of Catholic Theology from the departments in Krakow and Warsaw. In addition, seminarists were obliged to do military service, the aim of which was to disorganize the teaching at the seminary. To settle the conflict in relations between the state and the Church, the Mixed Commission was established at the initiative of. Its purpose was to resolve conflict issues. In fact, despite the signed agreement, the communist authorities did not keep their commitments from the beginning. They started subversive activities in the Church, forming the movement of the “patriotic priests” attached to The Society of Fighters for Freedom and Democracy. They were given, among other things, the stolen property of the charitable church organization “Caritas”. Throughout the whole period of the Communism in Poland (1944-1989) the authorities used repression against 704 diocesan priests and 211 monks. Repressive measures of the Communists against the Church, which lasted from the end of the Second World War to 1989, are part of the martyrdom of the Catholic Church in the 20th century. In the following years only the methods and means changed in the fight with the Church, the essence remained always the same-to remove religion from public life.
EN
The article presents the origins, development and liquidation of the Jewish cooperative movement in Poland after the Second World War. It outlines the socio-political background, which contributed to the creation of a kind of national-cultural autonomy for the Jews, including one of its pillars - the cooperative movement. The functioning of cooperative institutions was analyzed for the structure of the industry, distribution and their number, and the number of workers employed there. I also assessed the role that their own cooperatives played in the reconstruction of post-war life of the Jewish population in Poland, both in the material as well as social and psychological fields, and also in the development of the cooperative movement in general.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono genezę, rozwój i likwidację żydowskiego ruchu spółdzielczego w Polsce po drugiej wojnie światowej Nakreślono uwarunkowania społeczno-polityczne, które przyczyniły się utworzenia swoistej autonomii narodowo-kulturalnej dla Żydów, w tym jednego z jej filarów – spółdzielczości Funkcjonowanie placówek spółdzielczych analizowano pod kątem struktury branżowej, rozmieszczenia oraz liczby ich i pracowników w nich zatrudnionych Dokonano również oceny roli, jaką własne spółdzielnie odegrały w odbudowie powojennego życia ludności żydowskiej w Polsce, zarówno w sferze materialnej, jak i społecznej oraz psychologicznej, a także w rozwoju ruchu spółdzielczego w ogóle.
19
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

The Silence of Judaica

63%
EN
"The National Library of Poland holds a vast collection of Yiddish prints, both pre and post-war, issued mainly in contemporary and former territories of Poland. Thanks to the effort of the Library and years of digitizing the material, about 25 thousand Yiddish newspaper issues, hundreds of books, posters and leaflets were published online and made available for free at the Library’s digital library polona.pl. Although the researcher’s dream has not yet been fulfilled and the Yiddish OCR system has not yet been implemented in polona.pl, Yiddish scholars in Poland received a powerful and user-friendly research tool. Furthermore, by publishing scans of newspapers from big cities and smaller towns, polona.pl has revealed a forgotten or suppressed multi-linguistic and social landscape of pre-war Poland. Even if some Poles living in, for instance, present day town of Chełm knew about their town’s rich Jewish history and its importance in Jewish folklore already ten or so years ago, the image was surely vague. Today, by a single click, one can literally immerse oneself into the world of pre-war Polish-Jewish reality of a small town and – even withoutunderstanding Yiddish, but simply by browsing the papers and reading Polish fragments appearing there from time to time – find out that it was more complex than one might think [...]".
EN
The Jewish minority in Poland after 1989 is a small, well-educated community of a few thousand people, most of them with a dual Jewish and Polish national identity, mainly secular. Despite their small numbers, Jews in Poland have an extensive organizational life. Indeed, the cultural, religious and educational life of this small community is quite well organized and visible. Every year there are many Jewish cultural events, which bring closer the history and culture of the Polish Jews. There are a few titles of Jewish press and private Jewish schools.
PL
Mniejszość żydowska w Polsce po 1989 roku to niewielka, kilkutysięczna, dobrze wykształcona społeczność, w większości o podwójnej tożsamości narodowej żydowskiej i polskiej, głównie świeckiej. Mimo niewielkiej liczebności Żydzi w Polsce mają bogate życie organizacyjne. Rzeczywiście, życie kulturalne, religijne i edukacyjne tej małej społeczności jest dość dobrze zorganizowane i widoczne. Każdego roku odbywa się wiele żydowskich wydarzeń kulturalnych, które przybliżają historię i kulturę polskich Żydów. Istnieje kilka tytułów prasy żydowskiej i prywatnych szkół żydowskich.
first rewind previous Page / 2 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.