Search results

1

The Effects of Mobile-mediated Explicit and Implicit Feedback on EFL Learners’ Use of English Prepositions

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Babajani Azizi D., Gharanjik N., Dehqan M.

Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition

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2022

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vol. 8

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issue 2

1-19

EN

Making mistakes is a natural part of learning process requiring correction; accordingly, corrective feedback is indispensable. On this ground, the present study compared the effects of mobile-mediated explicit and implicit corrective feedback on Iranian EFL learners’ use of English prepositions of manner and movement. To this end, the participants including 60 learners were randomly assigned to three groups of 20 individuals on WhatsApp application. These three groups included two experimental and one control groups. The treatment groups sat for a pre-test, received instruction on the errors under study, and practiced correcting them in response to the corrective feedback condition. Next, participants took immediate post-test and delayed post-test. The statistical analysis revealed that although the control group was more proficient than its experimental counterparts on the pre-test, their performance did not improve on immediate and delayed post-tests. However, both of the experimental groups significantly improved on immediate post-test and retained their gains on the delayed post-test. The pedagogical implication is provided for both teachers and learners.

2

Надградени показатели на динамичните просторни релации во македонскиот јазик (во балкански контекст)

100%

Марковиќ [Markovikj] М. M.

Slavia Meridionalis

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2015

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vol. 15

EN

Dominant exponents of dynamic spatial relations in the Macedonian language (in a Balkan context)In the Macedonian language, 'doubling' of prepositions is well documented in grammars and monographs, but now we can witness increased use of prepositional sequences both in the modern Macedonian standard and in dialects. The need for more precise spatial determination became necessary, and this is precisely where the role of the (secondary) complex prepositions are used: nasred, nakaj, dokaj, otkaj, etc. However, Macedonian has so-called double prepositions (prepositional sequences), whose main function is more precise spatial determination (od pred, od zad, od pod, do pred, za pred, za vo, za na, etc.). The first preposition in those sequences becomes the dominant exponent of dynamic spatial relation (ablative or adlative) while the second preposition becomes part of the prepositional phrase – the localizer.The high frequency of prepositional sequences is common not only in modern Macedonian but also exists in western peripheral dialects which have had closer contacts within the Balkan linguistic environment.It can be concluded that the balkanised structure of Macedonian language allows certain Balkan tendencies to expand and evolve in some new directions and still retain the primary goal – more transparent and clearer communication among the speakers of the language. Nadrzędne wykładniki dynamicznych relacji przestrzennych w języku macedońskim (w kontekście bałkańskim)Występowanie podwójnych przyimków w języku macedońskim jest dobrze udokumentowane, tak w gramatykach, jak i w odrębnych monografiach. Teraz jednak jesteśmy świadkami niebywałego wzrostu liczby takich konstrukcji we współczesnym macedońskim standardzie oraz w dialektach macedońskich. Powstaje w związku z tym potrzeba bardziej precyzyjnego zdefiniowania relacji przestrzennych, i w tym właśnie punkcie rola (sekundarnych) złożonych przyimków typu: nasred, nakaj, dokaj, otkaj itp. okazuje się przydatna. Jednakże w macedońskim występują również podwójne przyimki (sekwencje przyimków), których główną funkcją jest bardziej precyzyjne nazwanie relacji przestrzennej (od pred, od zad, od pod, do pred, za pred, za vo, za na itp.). Pierwszy przyimek sekwencji jest dominującym wykładnikiem dynamicznej przestrzennej relacji (ablatywnej lub adlatywnej), podczas gdy drugi przyimek stanowi część wyrażenia przyimkowego – lokalizatora.Wysoka frekwencja sekwencji przyimkowych jest cechą nie tylko współczesnego języka macedońskiego, lecz także peryferyjnych zachodnich dialektów, które znajdują się w ścisłym kontakcie z innymi bałkańskimi językami.Można zatem zakładać, że silnie zbałkanizowana struktura języka macedońskiego otwiera się na ekspansję niektórych bałkańskich tendencji i ewoluuje w kierunku bardziej precyzyjnego, dosłownego przekazywania treści.

3

Polish and English Locative Expressions: An Overview

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Łozińska J.

Acta Neophilologica

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2013

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issue XV/2

53-61

EN

The aim of the article is to outline the main differences and similarities in the ways spatial relations are expressed by means of prepositions in English and in Polish. The discussion starts with classifying the two languages within the same system of space conceptualization. Then, a description of prepositions is presented. The article concludes with the comparison of the dynamic aspects of the Polish prepositions do ‘to’, ‘into’, w ‘in’, ‘into’ and na ‘on’, ‘onto’ and their English equivalents to, in and on. Next, the main emphasis will be put on the way space is structured in Polish by means of other spatial terms, which include prefixes to the verbs, direction nouns and noun cases.

4

Frekwencja oraz funkcje przyimków złożonych i wtórnych w sprawozdaniach administracyjnych

100%

Wasilewska K.

LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa

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2018

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issue 25

273-291

EN

This paper examines the distribution and functions of compound and complex prepositions in Polish and EU administrative reports. The analysis is conducted in the corpus-based methodology using corpora of reports drafted by the Polish ministries and by the European Commission, and a large reference corpus – the National Corpus of Polish. The findings of the study show that in comparison to the reference corpus, reports demonstrate a strong tendency to use compound and complex prepositions. It is argued that frequent use of prepositions may be deemed a feature of the genre of administrative reports. Moreover, the study revealed that compound and complex prepositions serve mainly referential, causal, temporal, text deixis and measuring functions. This is in line with the main objective of administrative reports, i.e. communicating information to the public.

5

A study on conceptual transfer in the use of prepositions in English writing by Chinese secondary school students

88%

Zhang S., Luo S.

Crossroads. A Journal of English Studies

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2017

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vol. 17

EN

This study addresses the issue of conceptual transfer in Chinese EFL learners’ use of prepositions under the guidance of Image Schema Theory, aiming to explore the cognitive underpinnings of conceptual transfer. By observing linguistic data from the learner corpus WCEL (Writing Corpus of English Learners), part of ICCI (The International Corpus of Crosslinguistic Interlanguage), this study summarises types and manifestations of conceptual transfer in the use of prepositions in English writing by Chinese secondary school students, and analyses corresponding cognitive causes of conceptual transfer. Data processing software, AntConc, is used for observation of concordance lines according to the minimum assumption proposed by Sinclair (2004) in corpus-based studies. It is found that errors made by students in their use of English prepositions are mainly caused by negative conceptual transfer of the Chinese language; positive conceptual transfer also exists. Conceptual transfer is mainly caused by cognitive similarities and differences between English and Chinese, represented by image schemas.

6

The Latin Prope—What Part of Speech Is It?

75%

Górska M.

Roczniki Humanistyczne

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2019

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vol. 67

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issue 3: Filologia klasyczna - Selected Papers in English

7-22

EN

The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne vol. 57, issue 3 (2009). This paper seeks to revise the description of the grammatical properties of the Latin lexeme prope, which are fundamental for its inclusion in specific classes of words (parts of speech). The change proposed here amounts to saying that behind the entry prope there are two parts of speech, and that they are not adverb and preposition but adverb and particle. The particle is prope, meaning almost, nearly—it occurs in the positive degree, does not govern case, and is syntactically related to various parts of speech. In the remaining cases, prope most generally means near (somebody / something); it is a gradable adverb that governs an obligatory point of reference (in the form of the accusative, the dative, or the prepositional phrase a [ab] with the ablative). This point of reference may, however, be subject to context-dependent ellipsis when the recipient has an opportunity to reliably reconstruct it.

7

Przyimki przestrzenne w tekstach pisanych w języku polskim przez osoby niesłyszące - uwagi wstępne

71%

Ruta K., Wrześniewska-Pietrzak M.

Polonica

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2017

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vol. 37

137-148

EN

This paper presents the problem of teaching Polish as a foreign language to hearing impaired people, which is the subject analyzed by researchers of glottodidactics or surdoglottodidactics. The analyses conveyed in this paper refer to the problems of using prepositions that express spatial relations between objects in Polish language. Texts written by hearing impaired people show different problems that lead to mistakes occurring in using prepositions and words combined with them. The encountered problems are mostly caused by unawareness of the meaning of the prepositions, the lack of knowledge of the inflection that is obligatory after every preposition (agreement) and that is combined with the semantic of the whole phrase including preposition, and the ignorance of phrasal constructions. The mistakes occur in the analyzed texts, because students (and also their teachers) are unaware of differences between Polish spoken language and Polish sign language (PJM). The knowledge about different modality of each language and their specific subsystems (especially morphosyntactic) would enable teachers to teach Polish as a foreign language better, in more efficient way. They need to understand that Polish language is the educational language for hearing impaired students, the native language as second language, that in most situations functions as their first language.

8

Chorwacki przyimek prema w domenie przestrzeni fizycznej i jego polskie ekwiwalenty tłumaczeniowe

63%

Daković S.

Slavica Wratislaviensia

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2019

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vol. 169

121-135

EN

Croatian preposition prema in the spatial domain and its Polish translation equivalents This paper is an attempt to determine Polish translation equivalents of the Croatian preposition prema (towards) in the spatial domain. The corpus has been collected from pieces of modern Croatian prose translated into Polish. We enumerate Polish equivalents and focus on the most frequent: w stronę + gen., do + gen., na + acc. and ku + dat., by analyzing usage context of prepositions.

HR

Hrvatski prijedlog prema u domeni fizičkog prostora i njihovi poljski prijevodni ekvivalenti Članak je pokušaj utvrđivanja poljskih prijevodnih ekvivalenata hrvatskog prijedloga prema u domeni fizičkog prostora. Materijal se osniva na paralelnom korpusu koji se sastoji od hrvatskih suvremenih književnih djela i njihovih poljskih prijevoda. U slučaju najučestalijih ekvivalenata: w stronę + gen., do + gen., na + acc. i ku + dat. dodatno se određuje konkurentnost kroz istraživanje njihova značenja i konteksta uporabe.

9

Deutsche Präpositionen als Träger lexikalischer Informationen. Eine Segmentierung nach Kriterien lexikalischer Autonomie

63%

López-Campos Bodineau R.

Forum Filologiczne Ateneum

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2019

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vol. 7

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issue 1

123-141

DE

Der vorliegende Artikel untersucht die Aufladung mit semantischer Bedeutung innerhalb der lexikalischen Kategorie der Präpositionen. Präpositionen in der deutschen Sprache sind, wie in den meisten anglo-germanischen Sprachen, im Rahmen zweier sehr bestimmter Satzglieder, der adverbialen Bestimmung und dem Präpositionalobjekt, besonders produktiv. Traditionell sind diese im ersten Fall, insbesondere dann, wenn es gegensätzliche Bedeutungspaare gibt, mit einer semantischen Bedeutung aufgeladen, während sie im Rahmen des zweiten Satzgliedes normalerweise eher rein konventionell und mit spärlicher lexikalischer Motivation verwendet werden. In diesem Artikel wird eine mögliche Relativierung dieses Ansatzes geprüft werden und so die Fälle der Präpositionen mit kaum lexikalischer Bedeutung im Rahmen des Satzglieds der adverbialen Bestimmung und, gleichermaßen, die Fälle von Präpositionen mit semantischem Wert im Rahmen des Satzglieds der Präpositionalobjekte hervorgehoben.

EN

This article is related to the study of the semantic load of the lexical category of prepositions. German prepositions, as in most Anglo-Germanic languages, are especially productive in the framework of two very specific syntactic functions: circumstantial complement and prepositional complement. Traditionally, in the context of the first one some type of semantic load is conferred on them, especially in cases where opposition pairs are available, while in the context of the second function they usually talk about uses of a purely conventional type with little lexical motivation. Through this article the possibility of relativizing this approach will be considered, and, thus, highlighting cases of prepositions with hardly any lexical load within the framework of a function as circumstantial complement, and, in the same way cases of prepositions with some kind of semantic value in the framework of the function as a repositional complement.

10

La rappresentazione dei significati preposizionali locativi nelle grammatiche italiane: una valutazione dalla prospettiva delle grammaticografia croata

63%

Bjelobaba S.

Italica Wratislaviensia

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2023

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issue 14.1

35-56

IT

L’autore parte dai due presupposti maggiormente accettati e confermati nell’ambito della linguistica cognitiva: (i) i membri della categoria delle preposizioni sono anche portatori di significati autonomi, e (ii) i significati preposizionali sono condizionati considerevolmente dai concetti pertinenti al dominio dello spazio. Alla luce del modello teorico della rappresentazione semantica delle preposizioni precedentemente elaborato dall’autore (2022) e delle sue riflessioni sulla natura del significato preposizionale in generale, questo articolo presenta i risultati di un’analisi svolta su un corpus che comprende tredici grammatiche d’italiano pubblicate negli ultimi sette decenni. Nello specifico, vengono prese in esame le rappresentazioni dei significati locativi delle preposizioni italiane proposte dai grammatici. Dal momento che viene identificata una netta prevalenza degli approcci caratterizzati dall’avvalersi di termini dell’analisi logica per fornire la descrizione semantica di una preposizione, l’autore confronta questa tendenza con alcuni modelli utilizzati all’interno della grammaticografia croata. Nella conclusione vengono indicate vie evolutive alternative della grammaticografia italiana che condurrebbero a un livello più alto di attendibilità cognitiva della rappresentazione della struttura semantica di una preposizione.

EN

The starting point of this study stems from the two assumptions that are commonly accepted and, to a great extent, proven within cognitive linguistics: 1. members of the category of prepositions are bearers of autonomous meanings, and 2. prepositional meanings are conditioned significantly by the concepts pertinent to the domain of space. In the light of the theoretical model of the semantic representation of prepositions previously developed by the author (2022) and his reflections on the nature of prepositional meaning in general, this article presents the results of an analysis conducted on a corpus of 13 Italian grammars published in the last 70 years. Specifically, the representations of spatial meanings of Italian prepositions as proposed by grammarians are examined. Since a clear prevalence of approaches characterised by the use of the terms of logical analysis to provide the semantic description of a preposition is identified, the author compares this trend with some models used within Croatian grammaticography. In conclusion, the author indicates some potential alternative evolutionary paths of Italian grammaticography that might lead it to a higher level of cognitive plausibility of representation of the semantic structure of a preposition.

11

Wszechobecne na, czyli o ekspansji przyimka na we współczesnej polszczyźnie

63%

Waniakowa J., Węgrzynek K.

Język Polski

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2023

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vol. 103

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issue 1

36-54

EN

The text concerns the spread of the preposition na in contemporary Polish. In the broadly understood function of expressing spatial relations, it displaces other prepositions, such as w and even przy and pod. The authors try to find out the reasons for this expansion by analyzing exemplary prepositional phrases concerning static spatial relations and taking into account contemporary Internet and corpus data, as well as confronting them with previous materials and normative recommendations.

PL

Tekst dotyczy szerzenia się przyimka na we współczesnej polszczyźnie. W szeroko pojętej funkcji wyrażania stosunków przestrzennych wypiera on inne przyimki, takie jak w, a nawet przy i pod. Autorki próbują dociec przyczyn tej ekspansji, analizując przykładowe wyrażenia przyimkowe dotyczące statycznych relacji przestrzennych oraz biorąc pod uwagę współczesne dane internetowe i korpusowe, a także konfrontując je z materiałami wcześniejszymi i zaleceniami normatywnymi.

12

O slovním přízvuku na jednoslabičných předložkách v češtině:

63%

Skarnitzl R.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

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2014

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vol. 97

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issue 2

78-91

EN

Monosyllabic prepositions in Czech are known to attract the stress of the words following them (e.g., 'jedu 'do Prahy, I’m going to Prague, rather than 'jedu do 'Prahy). However, certain factors have been recognized which allow for the shift of stress from the preposition to the following word. This study examines these factors in two types of speech material, in read newscasts on Czech Radio and in spontaneous dialogues. The length (number of syllables) of the preceding word has a clear effect, with longer words attracting stress more than shorter ones. Stress also tends to be shifted less when the following word is a noun and more when it is an adjective modifying a noun. Perhaps most interestingly, a great majority of the instances when stress was shifted resulted in a more rhythmical configuration, in a more regular number of syllables in neighbouring stress groups.

13

La didattica delle preposizioni in italiano L2: un approccio semantico-cognitivo

63%

Tucci I.

Italica Wratislaviensia

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2018

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issue 9.2

277-303

EN

This paper presents a series of reflections aimed at simplifying and rationalising the teaching of Italian prepositions in plurilingual learning classes, with particular attention paid to how to classify prepositions and what the best strategy is to introduce them. Generally, Italian L2 books present prepositions in a disordered manner, spread over numerous units. Especially in monographs, prepositions are described within more organic categories; nevertheless, this setting exhausts its explanatory aims by matching the various cases to specific nomenclatures, similar to those used by logical analysis, and mostly exemplified by fictitious examples. We noticed that this strategy disorients the learner, who often fails to fully understand the meanings associated with the various Italian prepositions and opts for mnemonic learning. The danger is also that the student more willingly entrusts the translation of certain meanings from L1 to L2, resulting in fossilisations that are difficult to “correct.” In the preparation of the didactic materials designed for students enrolled in the Centro di Cultura per Stranieri–University of Florence, Italian prepositions have been grouped into four macro-categories, which, from the semantic-cognitive point of view, have intrinsic affinities in many spoken languages, although they do not fall under the same grammatical nomenclature. In this way, the learner is given the opportunity to actively participate in the formation of an L2 competence and to consider the differences and similarities in L1.

IT

Il contributo presenta una serie di riflessioni volte a semplificare e a razionalizzare la didattica delle preposizioni italiane in classi di apprendenti plurilingue, con particolare attenzione alla questione della classificazione e del metodo con cui introdurle. Generalmente nei manuali di italiano L2 le preposizioni vengono presentate in modo disordinato e “sparso” nelle varie unità, o, specialmente in monografie dedicate, sono organizzate e descritte entro categorie più organiche, le quali però esauriscono la portata esplicativa facendo corrispondere ai vari ‘casi’ nomenclature simili a quelle dei complementi dell’analisi logica, corredate da esempi perlopiù fittizi. Abbiamo notato che impostazioni di questo tipo disorientano l’apprendente, il quale spesso rinuncia a comprendere appieno i significati associati alle varie preposizioni dell’italiano e opta per un apprendimento mnemonico. Il pericolo è anche che lo studente si affidi più volentieri alla traduzione di certi significati dalla L1 alla L2, con esiti di fossilizzazioni difficili da “correggere”. Nell’impostazione dei materiali didattici pensati per gli studenti iscritti al Centro di Cultura per Stranieri dell’Università di Firenze, le funzioni assolte dalle preposizioni sono state raggruppate in quattro macro categorie che dal punto di vista semantico-cognitivo hanno affinità intrinseche in molte lingue parlate nel mondo, pur non ricadendo sotto la medesima nomenclatura grammaticale. In questo modo all’apprendente è stata data l’opportunità di partecipare attivamente alla formazione della propria competenza in L2 e di considerare le differenze e le somiglianze con la L1.

14

Przyimki na, w oraz do przed nazwami państw, krajów i krain. Historia i współczesne wahania normatywne

63%

Łaziński M.

Język Polski

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2022

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vol. 102

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issue 1

26-40

PL

Artykuł przedstawia zmienną w dziejach polszczyzny łączliwość przyimków na, w i do z nazwami państw, krajów i regionów. Najwięcej uwagi poświęcono łączliwości przyimków z nazwami wschodnich sąsiadów Polski, która jest dziś tematem społecznej debaty. Według słowników i wydawnictw poprawnościowych nazwy Ukraina, Białoruś łączą się z przyimkiem na, nazwa Litwa dopuszcza wariantywnie lokatywne w i adlatywne do, czyli przyimki typowe dla ogromnej większości nazw niezależnych państw z wyjątkiem wysp i półwyspów. Kwerendy w trzech korpusach historycznych pokazują, że połączenia w Litwie i w Ukrainie przeważały w polszczyźnie do końca XVIII wieku, a były typowe jeszcze w wieku XIX. Jednocześnie wyraźna jest historyczna tendencja wzrastającej łączliwości przyimka na z nazwami tych krajów i regionów, które należały do wspólnego organizmu państwowego, niekoniecznie pod nazwą Polska. Tendencja ta dotyczy regionów, które stanowiły część jagiellońskiej unii dynastycznej oraz niektórych krajów i regionów słowiańskich w ramach państw zaborczych. O wyborze między przyimkami decydują także inne czynniki historyczne, kognitywne i socjolingwistyczne opisane w tekście. Wszystkie one skłaniają jednak do tego, by uznać dziś za poprawne połączenia nazw krajów z regularnymi przyimkami w i do, w tym wyrażeń w Ukrainie, w Białorusi i w Litwie, obok tradycyjnych połączeń z na.

XX

The article presents historical changes of prepositions preceding names of states, countries, and regions in Polish with the main focus on the contemporary discussion about the choice of the prepositions with names of eastern neighbours of Poland. According to dictionaries and grammars these names: Ukraina, Białoruś, and Litwa require the preposition na instead of the locative w and the adlative do, which are typical for the vast majority of land names, except for islands and peninsulas. Query in historical corpora since the 17th century showed that the preposition na had proliferated in reference to regions which belonged to the same country, importantly, not only with reference to Poland. It is also attested for pats of the Jagiellonian dynastic union or lands that had belonged to states that ruled parts of Poland under Partition. Despite this tendency, before the 19th Century, the preposition most frequently used with the names Litwa and Ukraina were the locative w and the adlative do. The traditional use of w and do in the past, typical colocations of na with regions rather than independent states, an animated discussion in the media, and the fluctuation of norm attested in the dictionaries of the last century – all these factors weigh in favour of admitting both prepositional patterns: na and w/do with the names of three states, eastern neighbours of Poland. The article was written a year before the Russian aggression against Ukraine, which changed the typical usage in Polish public discourse in favour of the prepositions w and do that seem to stress the independence of the invaded state.

15

Il caos preposizionale: analisi dell’errore e didattica

63%

Citraro C.

Italica Wratislaviensia

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2018

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issue 9.2

81-92

EN

The use of prepositions is difficult to learn. To examine this fact, mistakes in the usage of prepositions were collected from 108 assignments completed by Italian secondary-school students. In this article, these errors are listed and several causes for them have been hypothesised: mistakes due to dialectal interference (type 1; a, b); errors in polyrhematic units (type 2; c, d, e); mistakes due to paradigmatic interference (type 3; f, g, h, i, l); errors due to loss of syntactic orientation (type 4; m, n, o). Following this, teaching strategies based on mistakes are proposed. Finally, an in-depth review of recent grammars and dictionaries is carried out in order to verify how the sections related to prepositions are structured and if the new cognitivist models have been accepted within these didactic instruments.

IT

L’apprendimento degli usi delle preposizioni rappresenta una crux della didattica. Sono stati raccolti gli errori negli usi preposizionali presenti in 108 elaborati prodotti da studenti italiani della scuola secondaria superiore. Gli errori sono stati poi suddivisi e ne sono state ipotizzate le cause: errori dovuti a interferenza dialettale (tipo 1; a, b); errori in espressioni polirematiche (tipo 2; c, d); errori dovuti a interferenza paradigmatica (tipo 3; f, g, h, i, l); errori dovuti alla perdita di orientamento sintattico nel testo (tipo 4; m, n, o, p). Sono state poi suggerite alcune strategie didattiche differenziate in base alle tipologie di errore individuate. Si è infine proceduto a uno spoglio di alcune grammatiche e di alcuni dizionari di nuova generazione al fine di verificare in quale modo siano strutturate le parti relative alle preposizioni e se i nuovi modelli di matrice cognitivista siano stati recepiti all’interno di questi strumenti per la didattica.

16

Die polnische Präposition 'na' in der Rechtssprache und ihre Entsprechungen im Deutschen

63%

Osiewicz-Maternowska M.

Colloquia Germanica Stetinensia

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2021

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issue 30

73-89

EN

The paper contains an analysis of the Polish preposition ‘na’ in sentences randomly selected from the National Corpus of Polish (NKJP) which pertain to legal issues. The generative linguistic description of ‘na’ at the syntactic and semantic level is followed by a list of Polish legal language phrases compared with their translations into German. The analysis shows that the majority of these phrases are also translated as prepositional phrases. The preposition ‘na’ is, however, replaced by various prepositions: ‘an’, ‘auf’, ‘aufgrund’, ‘für’, ‘gegen’, ‘in’, ‘infolge’ and ‘von’, whereby ‘auf’ is the most commonly used one. The results of the analysis could provide aid in translation of Polish legal language sentences with preposition ‘na’ into German.

PL

Artykuł zawiera analizę polskiego przyimka ‘na’ w wybranych losowo z Narodowego Korpusu Języka Polskiego zdaniach dotyczących zagadnień prawnych. Generatywny opis ‘na’ na płaszczyznach składniowej i semantycznej poprzedza zestawienie polskich fraz języka prawa z ich tłumaczeniem na język niemiecki. Z ich analizy wynika, że większość fraz jest tłumaczonych na język niemiecki również jako frazy przyimkowe, jednakże polskie ‘na’ występuje pod postacią różnych przyimków: ‘an’, auf’, ‘aufgrund’, ‘für’, ‘gegen’, ‘in’, ‘infolge’ i ‘von’, przy czym najczęściej stosowany jest przyimek ‘auf’. Wyniki badania mogą być pomocne przy tłumaczeniu polskich zdań w języku prawa zawierających ‘na’ na język niemiecki.

DE

Der Beitrag enthält eine Analyse der polnischen Präposition ‚na‘ in zufällig aus dem Nationalen Korpus der Polnischen Sprache (NKJP) gewählten Sätzen, die rechtswissenschaftliche Fragen betreffen. Der generativen Beschreibung von ‚na‘ auf der syntaktischen und semantischen Ebene folgt eine Zusammenstellung polnischer rechtswissenschaftlicher Phrasen mit ihren jeweiligen Übersetzungen ins Deutsche. Aus der Analyse ergibt sich, dass die meisten von ihnen auch als Präpositionalphrasen übersetzt werden, jedoch wird ‚na‘ durch unterschiedliche Präpositionen ersetzt: ‚an‘, ‚auf‘, ‚aufgrund‘, ‚für‘, ‚gegen‘, ‚in‘, ‚infolge‘ und ‚von‘, wobei ‚auf‘ am häufigsten auftritt. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung können bei der Übersetzung polnischer rechtswissenschaftlicher Sätze mit ‚na‘ ins Deutsche behilflich sein.

17

English language and research: the most common traps

63%

Wasilewski W.

Medical Science Pulse

|

2017

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vol. 11(1)

24-28

EN

O angielskim często się mówi, że jest językiem „uniwersalnym”. Wiele osób decyduje się studiować go z różnych przyczyn: by poznać kulturę krajów anglojęzycznych, zdobyć narzędzie do komunikacji międzykulturowej, znaleźć pracę itd. W Polsce, studenci poznają gramatykę oraz teorię uczenia się języka obcego równolegle z praktyczną nauką angielskiego. W rezultacie częste błędy gramatyczne towarzyszą im przez cały proces nauki. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia listę błędów gramatycznych popełnianych często przez osoby uczące się angielskiego oraz porady, jak poprawić swoją gramatykę i na co zwracać uwagę. null

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