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EN
The study concerns mandatory conditions for cancelling the conditional suspension of sentence. The provision referred to concerns Article 75§1 of the Polish Penal Code which has been declared unconstitutional from the perspective of the judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 17 July 2013. This ruling shall trigger a whole series of consequences regarding conditional suspension of sentence and other similar regulations in the criminal law.
PL
This article refers to the changes of regulations in Polish penal law connected with conditional suspension of sentence and execution of such sentence. The paper describes the main problems that may occur during execution of such sentences by probation officers.
PL
For many years, there has been a tendency in Poland to organize preventive and rehabilitation activities for offenders as much as possible in environment of freedom.This results, among other things, from criticizing the penalty of deprivation of liberty, which does not fully implement the goals set for it, disappointing with its results and thus searching for more effective ways of transforming, modifying or modeling the attitudes and behaviors of socially maladjusted people. The probation officer is an important instrument of social control and social rehabilitation impact on both minors and adults. He faces new challenges resulting from socio-economic changes, and in the changing social reality, the behavior of defendants also changes. This requires the probation officer to be mindful, flexible, and respond quickly to the rehabilitation needs of supervised.
EN
Probation officers carry out tasks, defined by law, relating to education, resocialisation, diagnostics, prevention and control among offenders, also in penal institutions (Act of 27 July 2001 on Probation Officers, Journal of Laws 2001 No. 98 item 1071, Article 1). In penal institutions probation officers co-develop and then implement the so-called “freedom plans”. These are sets of actions, preceded by a diagnosis of needs and deficits, which are derived from the possibilities and potential of offenders as well as shortcomings needed to be overcome in order to achieve the minimum objective — prevention of reoffending.
EN
In the catalog of penalties imprisonment emerged as penalty signifying progress and improvement of customs. Numerous defects identified prompted the search for alternative measures. The result of this search is the development, on the international forum — both in the universal and regional planes, of alternatives to imprisonment and the rules for their application. Given that in our country the population of prisoners serving a term of imprisonment as well as awaiting it is steadily increasing, it seems appropriate to search for the causes of this condition, especially that such a situation is not justified by the increase in the number of crimes committed. A glimpse at the existing regulations and the practice emerging from them warrants the works on amendments to the codification of the criminal law.
EN
Obligation of remedying harm appears in the Penal Code in two different forms; as an unaided penal measure and as a probative measure associated with the institution of conditional extinction/redemption of criminal proceedings, conditional suspension of execution of the sentence, restriction of liberty. This article contains an assessment of legal regulations concerning probative remedying of harm resulting from crime. After discussing the presumptions of remedying ruling as a probative measure, the author shows the selected aspects concerning the ruling issues. She introduces a separate place for this measure in the system of legal and penal reaction to crime. The article also attempts to answer the question: What is the actual function of probative remedying of harm resulting from crime?
EN
The paper considers the past, the present and the future of probation in Poland, within the context of its origins and tradition. The paper concludes with a discussion of the successes and failures in practice, and the feasibility of probation in the current criminal policy context, and considers the theoretical implications for the process and outcomes of connecting probation with restorative justice for adults within criminal justice.
EN
Suspended sentence in Polish criminal law has afairly long traditionThis institution has found its place in the Penal Code of 1932 (Art. 61–64), the Penal Code of 1969 (Art. 73–79), as well as — in asignificantly expanded form — in the Penal Code of 1997. Suspended sentence of imprisonment has in the course of the last several years become the main means of penal policy in our country, leading to awhole range of problems. The aim of the paper is to analyze the very far-reaching modification of this institution which took place in connection with the adoption of the Act of 20 February 2015.
EN
The aim of the study is to elaborate on conditional release (parole) in view of the evolution and development of contemporary criminal executive law. One of the objectives of the study is to contemplate on the meaning of the notion of criminological forecasting as well as the rules and the way to set its direction. The study also investigates the problem of realization of political-criminal assumptions which can be formulated for the institution of parole and the influence of these assumptions on the regulations determining the content of parole.
EN
In Poland in the last years the provisions regulating the content of both the penalty of liberty limitation and the manner of its implementation were significantly changed. In 2015 the penalty was converted into generic penalty. Generic community penalty also exists in other countries, including England and Wales. Unlike Poland, the introduction of the penalty to the English criminal justice system was preceded by multiannual and multidirectional changes in the areas of justifications for community penalties and the model of probation activities. In the last decades the changes resulted from the adaptation of community sanctions and measures to current trends in the criminal policy, such as managerism, punitivism and ‘new resocialization’. At the same time, the traditional role of the probation officer connected with the offender support and help on the basis of mutual trust was remodeled. In England, generic community penalty is a coherent element of the criminal justice system. In Poland, the legislator did not provide courts with a broad scope of information about the accused person which would allow the purposeful choice of components of the generic penalty. As a result, in the Polish criminal justice system the generic community penalty seems to be based more on the intuition of judges than on bright and clear prin­ciples of its imposition.
EN
This article refers to one of the most important institution in Polish Penal Code which is early conditional release as a part of probation. It is focused on the material circumstance of that institution which is positive criminological forecast. The aim of this article is to describe all the elements that have an influence on the criminological forecast and to decide if all of them are needed and if there is a chance to change the regulation to simplify them.
13
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Social work in probation

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EN
The article aims to present the possibilities of using the potential of social work in the activities of a probation officer. The probation officer widely regarded as a „control” institution in relation to persons subject to criminal sanctions implements measures to improve their quality of life. My goal was to show how effective and useful knowledge of social work can be in achieving the goals of a probation officer. In the final part, the article shows how graduates of social work can apply for a job as probation officers, along with showing the benefits and consequences of exercising this profession.
EN
In 2015 the Probation and Mediation Service of the Czech Republic is celebrating its 15th anniversary. Drawing on the research of the Institute of Criminology and Social Prevention, which study the work of the Service, the authors discuss three topics that the specialist community should focus on. It is a general public knowledge about the Service and about the alternatives to prison that could correlate with public punitivity, the cooperation between the Service and the courts or public prosecutors, and finally, the opinions and attitudes of probation officers towards their clients and towards their work.
EN
The article presents the results of research on the assessments of the programmed influence formulated by the prisoners. There were a lot of hopes pinned on this system introduced to the penitentiary policy by the Executive Penal Code of 6 June 1997. The system proposed modern educational interactions based on cooperation of the prisoners with the prison staff and assumed active participation of prisoners in its implementation. The key issue of the system is to negotiate the individual schemes and voluntary commitment to respect them by prisoners participating in such negotiations. Enforcing convicts’ activity, particularly the juvenile ones, was supposed to create a chance of individual choice of more efective meaures to influence them and to shape a sense of responsibility – and at the same time to prevernt from return to crime. Since this system came into force on 1 September 1998, now almost 11 years ago, an vital task was to investigate not only the various aspects of its implementation, but also an opinion about this system, formulated by members of the prison community, especially by prisoners. So far there were few empirical studies of this system in everyday prison reality. More extensive research in this field includes studies of A. Nawój and E. Silecka, M. Bramska, A. Kurek and D. Schmidt, and A. Szymanowska. With this as the point of departure, the author of the article carried out a survey in the year 2008 to gather the views of the prisoners about the system and its performance. The study included 540 prisoners selected by the criterion of purpose, and participation in the system imprisoned in facilities subordinate to the District Inspectorate of the Prison Service in Poznan. A survey was conducted from October 2008 to March 2009 in 3 closed units in order to obtain homogeneity of the survey sample. Test groups were randomized. It should be emphasized that the randomisation was made in a way which maintained the proportions between the juveniles and adults indicated above. Surveys with opinions of convicted were supplemented with structured interviews with a group of 30 prisoners selected by the randomization from the group surveyed. Studies have focused on issues such as motives of joining of the criminals to the system programmed interaction, participation of criminals in constructing individual programs of interactions and its determinants, the contents of individual programs, interactions, objectives, tasks, rights and obligations of prisoners, cooperation between the prisoners and their teachers in drafting of schemes. The results of the survey lead to the conclusion that the evaluation of the test by the respondents is generally positive in all the subgroups under study. Nevertheless, the prisoners clearly indicate that the use of this program had a formal, official character.
EN
The article discusses the question about a functional model of family guardianship, shaped in practice by provisions of act of 27 July 2001 on court guardians and probation officers. It has been eight years since the act was passed. It is a time long enough to critically review how provisions of the said act function in practice and to evaluate if they have a positive influence on the model of family guardianship. While formulating assumptions to the empirical study of these problems, it was accepted that the model of guardianship can be determined by the method of guardians’ work. The method varies according to if a guardian is a professional guardian or a social worker. The method is also determined by the personal characteristics of a minor, their family situation and environment. The way of supervision over minors is another factor determining a guardian’s work. Polish guardianship is partly professional and partly social service . It results from the act of 27 July 2001 on court guardians and probation officers. Verification how the model assumptions are realised in practice was the first stage of the research. Subsequent stages included research on differences in task performance by professional and social guardians, and in the way of supervision. The study was conducted between March 2008 and November 2009. Guarded minors, their parents were questioned in a questionnaire, guardians themselves were interview. Moreover, court files of guardianships in question were examined. 292 questionnaires were distributed among randomly selected minors supervised by guardians from District Court in Poznań. Out the number of questionnaires 225 could be used. Court files of the minors who returned their questionnaires were examined. The study included 102 professional and 123 social guardians. Data obtained from questionnaires were verified against 45 interviews with professional and 50 social guardians from the District Court in Poznań. The final stage was statistical analysis of the obtained results. The analysis of the professional / social model of guardianship was based on statistics and official documents. They prove that the model, contrary to premises of the act of 27 July 2001 is still rather a social / professional one. As of the end of 2008, there were 2,726 professional and 13,428 social guardians. In the light of the above, it was interesting to compare the methods of work of both groups, particularly methods of their supervision. The comparison can be summarised as follows: 1. Analysis of time spent over activities and the proportion of supervision of minors in the total work time leads to a conclusion that no activity was a predominant one in either of the groups. Guardians’ work cannot be categorised as exclusively educational, controlling, assisting or administrational, it has rather a mixed character.
PL
Z punktu widzenia procesu reintegracji w przypadku tożsamości dewiacyjnej najtrudniejszy jest okres przejściowy, o którym mówi Erikson, że jest to pozostawanie osoby w pewnym dualizmie: pomiędzy tym czy wchodzić głębiej w status osobowy i internalizować coraz to nowe elementy kodeksu zachowań dewiacyjnych i przybierać karierę przestępczą, czy zminimalizować tożsamość dewiacyjną. Pozostawanie na takim rozdrożu jest najtrudniejsze z tego powodu, że bywa ono długotrwałe. Jednostka funkcjonuje przez długi czas z jednej strony w rodzinie, w szkole, w przestrzeni publicznej, a z drugiej wchodzi w podskórny, podkulturowy świat. W związku z tym, jeżeli potrafimy zdiagnozować stopień identyfikacji roli dewianta, to proces reintegracji społecznej jednostki po opuszczeniu placówki powinien polegać na przełamywaniu dewiacji, która, jak wspomniałem wcześniej, wiąże się z oceną, reakcją i postawami społecznymi, w wyniku których tworzy się stygma, czyli naznaczenie społeczne . Na skutek tego naznaczenia następuje eliminacja osoby z życia publicznego. A zatem proces reintegracji będzie zmierzał do destygmatyzacji jednostki. Chcę podkreślić, że osoba czyniąca zło powinna zostać ukarana, ale nie może być potępiona. Powinna ona odpowiadać za swoje czyny, wybory, które są wyborami naruszającymi interes grupy, ale nie może być odrzucona społecznie. Można tu przywołać słowa Jana Pawła II, który powiedział do przestępców w Płocku: „Jesteście przestępcami, ale nie jesteście ludźmi potępionymi”. Papież wskazał na wartość etyczną każdego człowieka. Poprzez wysiłek resocjalizacyjny i pracę własną przestępcy mogą wyjść z roli dewianta i stać się osobami cieszącymi się zaufaniem społecznym. Mówimy wówczas o procesie destygmatyzacji, o którym w swoich pracach pisze Heckert czy Adler . Zjawisko destygmatyzacji – odrzucenia stygmy jest procesem reagowania społeczeństwa na osoby będące dewiantami, które naruszają dobro wspólne. Społeczeństwo powinno nakładać stygmę, ale powinno się też nauczyć ją zdejmować. Stygmatyzacja nie powinna być trwała, nie może mieć charakteru nakładania barbarzyńskich kar, nie może naruszać godności człowieka, być hańbiąca i odbierać człowiekowi szanse na zmianę stylu życia. Proces destygmatyzacji powinien więc być wolny od działań niepożądanych – karzących i restryktywnych, od działań niehumanitarnych i odwetowych . Stygma zasadna to nałożenie kary, która jest zasłużoną dolegliwością. Wychodząc z założeń filozofii Kanta i Hegla, moglibyśmy powiedzieć, że człowiek, który jest istotą wolną i mającą wolną wolę, oczekuje na reakcję karzącą jako usprawiedliwioną, ponieważ swoją wolą indywidualną przeciwstawił się woli grupowej – społecznej. Oczekuje zatem na zasłużoną i sprawiedliwą karę – stygmatyzację społeczną. To nie podawanie wyroku do publicznej wiadomości, ani działania, które mają polegać na potępianiu czy brutalizacji reguł zachowania wobec przestępcy stanowią destygmaty postępowania destygmatyzacyjnego. Ideał braterstwa ludzi, ideał humanizmu nakazuje stygmę jako element zasłużonej dolegliwości. Zasłużona stygma to uznanie swojej winy. Wówczas przestępca wie, że powinien się spotkać z zasłużoną reakcją społeczną, czyli taką, która jest odpowiedzią na jego zachowanie niezgodne z ogólnie przyjętym porządkiem. Natomiast nigdy stygma nie będzie sprawiedliwa, to naznaczenie nie będzie warunkowało zmiany zachowania, jeżeli będzie działaniem o charakterze represyjnym, brutalnym, eliminacyjnym, np. będzie miała charakter trwałej eliminacji jednostki ze społeczeństwa. Jeżeli jednostka-dewiant odbierze taki sygnał eliminacji, to przebieg procesu reintegracji jest wątpliwy .
EN
After completing the rehabilitation process in a closed institution, the individual is released. Social reintegration is nothing more than just the process of overcoming the ensuing oppressive situation. The individual expects help and change in their existing situation, and when these are not the case there appears humiliation which transforms into trauma. The latter can change into polytrauma and then a person com¬mit s acts against their own will, harm¬ing themselves. Social reintegration is an individualized process whereby an individual has a chance to me et a specialist who can neutralize difficult states and situations. It is a matter of time whether or not the person in the specialist’s care will respond with their humiliation to integration rationaliza¬tion. The question is if an individual will settle for being socially marginalized, underpriviliged and pauperized, or – by rejecting these states of identity - will turn them into socially accepted behaviour. Thus, what is meant here is per¬sonal traits which are essential for the role of reintegration process perform¬er – on the one hand as a protector, educator and helper, and on the other one – as an expert and advisor. When establishing normative law and an in¬stitutional system, what must be de¬veloped is such solutions which would allow probation officers to perform the above functions. Consequently, the prabation officer, counselor or social therapist, as reintegration experts with appropriate skills and techniques, are able to bring about a temporal and interpersonal change in an individual. A new image and lifestyle of the person undergoing therapy will be shaped through the strategy of destigmatisation and overcoming stress, i.e. getting out of an oppressive situation. This is a methodical, targeted and organized process, which has specific phases: successful institutional rehabilitation followed by rehabilitation in the open system. Its aim is to prepare an in¬dividual to change their former image and lifestyle through developing rel¬evant competencies, knowledge, selfassessment and motivation. Given the above, there should be developed individual rehabilitation programmes, Le. offers of change. The word “offer” im¬plies that one person proposes changes, and the other participates in the process by jointly determining aims and tasks which can result in the programme implementation. In order for an offer to bring about a real change in an individual’s behaviour, there must be provided proper means and tools necessary to accomplish direct and indirect services of a formative and therapist nature. This can be don e by means of original rehabilitation offers. What is necessary on the part of the community, however, is a network of institutionalized specialist services as a response to honesty, diligence and usefulness, i.e. axiological paradigm of social identity which is really put into operation.
PL
Niniejszy tekst stanowi spostrzeżenia zawodowego kuratora sądowego dla osób dorosłych na kwestię współpracy instytucjonalnej podejmowanej w ramach wykonywanych czynności. Autor przedstawia podmiot i przedmiot oddziaływań kuratora sądowego. Omawia czynności niezbędne dla prawidłowego przebiegu procesu resocjalizacji. Przedstawia obowiązki kuratora sądowego spoczywające na nim przy sprawowaniu dozorów. Wskazuje obowiązujące akty prawne i umocowanie czynności w obowiązującym stanie prawnym. Przedstawiając kolejne zadania, do których należą m.in. czynności kontrolne, działania wychowawcze i motywacyjne, diagnostyczne i weryfikacyjne, a także dyscyplinujące lub penalizacyjne, wskazuje podmioty, których pomoc jest niezbędna dla prawidłowego ich wykonywania. Wymienione zadania to świadome i intencjonalne działania kuratora sądowego podejmowane w procesie resocjalizacji i społecznej readaptacji dozorowanych. Podejmowane one są przy zachowaniu podmiotowości i indywidualności osoby dozorowanej, adekwatnie do możliwości percepcyjnych i intelektualnych podopiecznego, a także do jego właściwości psychicznych. Autor wskazuje, że prowadzenie pracy resocjalizacyjnej przez kuratora sądowego, bez współpracy z innymi instytucjami byłoby niemożliwe, gdyż przeczyłoby ogólnym i elementarnym zasadom probacji. Współpraca kuratora sądowego z innymi instytucjami stanowi nierozłączny i integralny aspekt pracy wychowawczo-resocjalizacyjnej, realizowanej w środowisku otwartym.
EN
This text is the observation of the adult’s probation officer about institutional cooperation done as pa part of actions he made. The author presents the subject and the object of the actions of probation officers. He also discusses the actions that are necessary for the rehabilitation process to be effective. Presents duties of the probation officers. Shows the current legal instruments and routines established according to the civil code. By means of duties such as inspection, education, motivation and also diagnostical, verifying, disciplinary and penal actions, the author points at subjects that are necessary for the help to be effective. The tasks, that are done during rehabilitation process and social readaptation of the supervised, are conscious and intentional actions of the probation officers. They are done by means of attaining the subjectivity and individuality of the supervised. They are also adequate to their perceptual, intellectual and mental abilities. The author emphasized the fact that rehabilitation process would not be possible without the cooperation with other institutions as it would contradict the general and fundamental rules of the probation process. The cooperation, that is done in an open environment, is inseparable and integral aspect of educational-rehabilitation work.
PL
Artykuł omawia aspekty prawne warunkowego przedterminowego zwolnienia i wpływ prognozy kryminologiczno-społecznej na probację. Jeżeli skazani czynią postępy w resocjalizacji w warunkach penitencjarnych, mogą zostać przedterminowo zwolnieni przez sąd z odbycia reszty kary. Dalsze traktowanie osób warunkowo zwolnionych w okresie próby zależy od przebiegu resocjalizacji na wolności.
EN
The paper presents legal aspects of conditional early release, and it focuses on the influence of socio-criminological forecast on probation. If prisoners make substantial progress in their resocialisation in correctional unit, they can be conditionally early released by the court. Further treatment of convicts depends on the course of their social rehabilitation process at large.
PL
Artykuł ma charakter prekonceptualizacyjny, stanowi bowiem przyczynek do planowanego projektu badawczego ugruntowanego w pedagogice resocjalizacyjnej. Wobec ostatnich zmian w systemie zapobiegania przestępczości, tak na etapie stanowienia, jak i wykonywania prawa, autorzy widzą potrzebę poddania analizie aktualnych tendencji i zmian w kontekście funkcji, ról i kompetencji kuratora sądowego, który jest podstawowym „narzędziem” wymiaru sprawiedliwości w obszarze zapobiegania przestępczości. Tradycyjne modele pracy, określane jako case work w rożnych jego odmianach, wydają się nie do końca adekwatne do realizacji tych zadań, które zostały podczas ostatnich nowelizacji ustawowych przypisane kuratorowi sądowemu. Ten zaś, jako „pedagogiczne ramię wymiaru sprawiedliwości”, kształcony w tradycyjnym modelu przygotowania zawodowego, staje przed nowymi wyzwaniami nie tylko organizacyjnymi, ale i tymi związanymi z pracą w wymiarze wychowawczym. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi zarys koncepcji badawczej nakierowanej na diagnozę adekwatności kompetencji i modeli pracy kuratora realizowanych w ramach nowych zadań wynikających ze zmian normatywnych w wymiarze sprawiedliwości i w systemie resocjalizacji. Artykuł zawiera obszerne uzasadnienia podjętego problemu badawczego oraz ramy koncepcji metodologicznej.
EN
The article has a pre-conceptual character, as it contributes to the planned research project established in rehabilitation pedagogy. Due to recent changes in the crime prevention system, both at the stage of establishing and executing the law, the authors recognise the need to analyse these current trends and changes in the context of the functions, roles and competences of the probation officer, which is the basic “tool” of justice in the area of crime prevention. Traditional work models referred to as case work in its different varieties do not seem to be entirely adequate in terms of the implementation of the tasks that have been assigned to probation officers during the recent statutory amendments. This means that they, as a “pedagogical arm of the judiciary” educated in the traditional model of professional preparation, face new challenges, not only organisational, but also those related to working in an educational dimension. This article is therefore an outline of a research concept aimed at diagnosing the adequacy of competences and models of the probation officer’s work for new tasks resulting from normative changes in the justice and rehabilitation system. The article contains extensive justifications for the research problem undertaken and the framework of the methodological concept.
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